微乳液相色谱法同时测定降压中成药及保健品中添加的10种化学药物

建立了微乳液相色谱(MELC)同时测定中成药及保健品中添加的10种降压药物的分析方法。考察了微乳流动相的组成成分(包括表面活性剂、助表面活性剂、油相的种类及质量分数)、pH值和固定相种类对分离效果的影响。同时利用星点设计-响应面优化法进一步优化微乳组成。实验得到的最佳分离条件:色谱柱为Agela Promosil C18(2)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);微乳流动相为5.6%(质量分数)十二烷基聚乙二醇醚(Brij35)-0.17%(质量分数)十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)-5.1%(质量分数)正丁醇-0.46%(质量分数)环己烷-水(pH 3.0);流速为1.0mL/min;检测波长为230 nm;柱温为30℃。该方法具有灵敏度高、稳定性好和环保的优点。     

微乳液相色谱法同时测定山楂叶提取物中4种黄酮成分

建立了一种新的微乳体系,用于微乳液相色谱同时分析山楂叶提取物中牡荆素鼠李糖苷、芦丁、牡荆素及金丝桃苷4种黄酮成分.通过对影响分离选择性的主要因素进行考察,得到最佳微乳体系的组成为: 1.0%(w/w) 聚氧乙烯月桂醇(Brij35)-1.1%(w/w)正丁醇-0.1%(w/w)正辛醇-0.3%三乙胺(V/V)(H_3PO_4调节至pH 2.5).在此微乳体系中,表面活性剂类型和浓度、油相种类、添加剂三乙胺、流动相的pH值对4种黄酮成分的分离起到了重要的作用.选择Venusil ASB C_(18)色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm),流速为0.8 mL/min,检测波长为360 nm,柱温为35 ℃.结果显示,4种黄酮成分在27 min内达到基线分离,在0.95～140.8 mg/L范围内,4个黄酮成分的线性相关系数r≥0.9995,平均回收率98.6%～101.6%.本方法可应用于山楂叶提取物中4种主要黄酮成分的质量分析.     

微乳液相色谱法同时分离7种水溶性维生素

采用微乳液相色谱法同时分离7种水溶性维生素(V_(B1)、V_(B2)、V_(B6)、VB_(12)、叶酸、烟酰胺和VC)。考察了微乳流动相体系中表面活性剂、油相、助表面活性剂的种类以及流动相的pH值、柱温等对水溶性维生素分离的影响。优化后微乳体系的组成为:十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)/聚氧乙烯月桂醇醚(Brij35)/正丁醇/乙酸乙酯/水(质量比为2∶60∶66∶8∶864)。色谱柱为Agilent TC C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),柱温为30℃,检测波长为254 nm,流速为0.5mL/min。7种水溶性维生素在20 min内达到基线分离。在4~36 mg/L范围内,7种水溶性维生素的质量浓度与峰面积的相关系数均大于0.999 1。不同添加水平下,V_(B1)、V_(B2)、V_(B6)、VC和烟酰胺的平均回收率为93.9%~102.9%。该方法可用于食品和药品中的多种水溶性维生素的分离、鉴别及快速测定。     

微乳液相色谱法测定人血浆中丙泊酚浓度

建立了基于微乳液相色谱(MELC)的人血浆中丙泊酚浓度的测定方法。采用Hypersil BDS C18色谱柱分离,并考察了微乳流动相中各组分对溶质洗脱的影响。优化的色谱条件: 以0.5%醋酸（含有3.0%十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）,0.8%正庚烷,6.0%正丁醇）微乳为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,荧光检测器激发波长(λex)为274 nm、发射波长(λem)为312 nm,柱温为室温。人血浆样品用流动相稀释并离心后,直接进样分析。丙泊酚在0.25～10 μg/mL质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,方法的回收率为(98.2±1.9)%～(104.6±2.2)%;日内测定峰面积的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.42%～2.43%,日间测定峰面积的RSD为2.75%～4.79%。该方法简便可行、重复性好,可用于人血浆中丙泊酚浓度的测定。     

清开灵注射液中黄芩苷含量的微乳液相色谱法测定

建立了微乳液相色谱(MELC)测定中药复方制剂清开灵注射液中黄芩苷含量的分析方法,并考察了微乳流动相的组成及pH值等影响因素.最佳条件为:采用Hypersil BDS C18 5 μm(4.6 mm×150 mm)色谱柱,柱温30 ℃,以3%十六烷基三甲基溴化铵-0.8%乙酸乙酯-7%乙腈-0.01 mol/L 四丁基溴化铵(磷酸调pH至3.0)为流动相,检测波长276 nm.对照品和样品均用70%甲醇处理.结果表明,黄芩苷的线性范围为25 ～100 mg/L,相关系数r=0.999 9.精密度实验和稳定性实验的RSD分别为1.0%(n=6)和0.50%(n=5),平均加标回收率和RSD值(n=6)分别为99%、1.9%.市售9批样品中黄芩苷的质量浓度为4.05 ～5.05 g/L,符合药典规定.     

固相萃取-微乳液相色谱法对化妆品中8种激素的同时测定

建立了固相萃取-微乳液相色谱同时测定化妆品中糖皮质激素、雌激素、雄激素、孕激素等8种激素药物的新方法。化妆品样品用甲醇超声提取,经Cleanert ODS-SPE固相萃取柱纯化后,以Venusil ASB C8(T)(4.6 mm×200 mm,5μm,30 nm)为色谱柱,3.0%十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)-6.6%正丁醇-0.8%正辛烷-89.6%水为流动相,检测波长为240 nm。结果表明,8种激素在15 min内达到基线分离,线性范围为0.5~30 mg/L,相关系数r均大于0.999 5。在低、中、高3种加标水平下,8种激素的平均回收率为82%~109%;相对标准偏差为1.5%~5.4%;检出限为0.04~0.07 ng。     

微乳液相色谱测定药物的油-水分配系数的新方法研究

建立快速微乳液相色谱法(MELC)测定药物的油-水分配系数(log P)的方法. 选择5种模拟生物膜的微乳流动相体系, 以7个标准药物的log P对保留因子(log k)的回归线性方程, 计算被测药物的log P值. 并以药物文献的log P值对实验测得log k值的线性相关系数为参数, 对微乳体系的表面活性剂和油相的种类进行考察, 得到测定非同类的中性、碱性药物的油-水分配系数最佳流动相体系为6.0% Brij35-6.6%正丁醇-0.8%正辛醇-86.6%磷酸缓冲液(0.05 mol• L－1, pH 7.0), 其测得值与文献的实验值平均相差0.3个对数单位. 结果显示该方法可靠、高效、重现性好, 可用于药物的油-水分配系数log P的测定.     

高效液相色谱手性固定相法拆分阿折地平对映体

建立了阿折地平对映体的高效液相色谱拆分方法。采用Chiralpak AD-H (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5.0 μm, Daicel公司)手性色谱柱在正相条件下直接拆分阿折地平对映体,考察了固定相种类、流动相组成及柱温等对阿折地平对映体分离的影响。确定了最佳的拆分条件: 流动相为正己烷-异丙醇(90:10, v/v),流速为0.8 mL/min,检测波长为254 nm;柱温为20 ℃;在此条件下阿折地平对映体的分离度为3.3。该法简单快速,重现性好。     

超声辅助离子液体分散液液微萃取-反相液相色谱法测定水中丁醚脲残留

建立了超声辅助离子液体分散液液微萃取-反相液相色谱法分析水中丁醚脲残留的新方法。采用疏水性离子液体1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([OMIM]PF6)为萃取剂,乙腈为分散剂。考察了萃取剂和分散剂的种类及体积,超声、静置、离心时间,溶液pH值及盐度等因素对萃取效果和富集倍数的影响。使用Hypersil C18柱(200 mm×4.6mm i.d.,5μm ODS C18)液相色谱分离测定萃取液,流动相为100%甲醇、流速0.8mL/min、柱温25℃、检测波长为245nm。在优化实验条件下,丁醚脲的富集倍数、线性范围和检出限分别为358、0.01～1.0mg/L和0.8μg/L。运用此方法成功测定了实际水样(自来水、地下水、矿泉水)中的丁醚脲,样品的加标回收率和相对标准偏差(n=6)分别为81%～98%和1.2%～8.9%。     

反向模式-强阳离子交换-反向模式二维色谱法测定人血浆中甲氨蝶呤浓度

建立了反向模式-强阳离子交换-反向模式(Reversed phase-strong cation exchange-reversed phase)二维色谱平台测定人血浆中甲氨蝶呤浓度的方法。样品经三氯醋酸沉淀蛋白后,在ASTON C8一级柱(100 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)上完成初分离,通过六通阀切换,经ASTON SCX中间级(20 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)二次分离和储存,在SAC C8二级柱(100 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)上完成最后分离,并测定。一级柱流动相为10 mmol/L醋酸铵-乙腈(90∶10,V/V,以醋酸调至p H 3.8),流速为1.0 m L/min;中间级流动相为10 mmol/L H3PO4溶液(p H 3.0);二级柱流动相为50 mmol/L醋酸铵-乙腈(87∶13,V/V,以醋酸调至p H 5.2),流速为1.2 m L/min,检测波长306 nm。单次分析时间4 min,线性范围0.09~5.1μmol/L,检出限为0.005μmol/L,日内RSD小于1.8%,日间RSD小于3.5%,相对回收率99.1%~101.25%,绝对回收率85.7%~86.4%。本方法简便、准确,适合日常血药浓度监测和药代动力学研究。     

微乳液相色谱法同时测定4种脂溶性维生素

建立了一种新的微乳体系,并成功地应用于微乳液相色谱法(MELC)快速分析脂溶性维生素VA、VD2、VD3和VE。通过对影响分离选择性的主要因素进行考察,得到最佳微乳体系组成为98%(v/v)(50 g/L十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)-10%(质量分数)正丁醇-1.0%(质量分数)正辛烷-84%水(质量分数))-2%(v/v)乙腈。该微乳体系中,表面活性剂类型和浓度、油相正辛烷的含量、有机添加剂乙腈对脂溶性维生素的分离起到了重要的作用。以Venusil ASB C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm)为分离柱,流速为0.7 mL/min,检测波长为265 nm,柱温为40 ℃, VA、VD2、VD3和VE在20 min内达到基线分离。4种脂溶性维生素的保留时间和峰面积的相对标准偏差(RSD) (n=5)分别小于2.3%和3.0%; VA、VD2、VD3和VE的线性范围分别为22.0～88.0 mg/L、20.2～81.0 mg/L、24.3～97.2 mg/L和125.0～500.0 mg/L,相应的线性相关系数r2分别为0.9996、0.9994、0.9998、0.9998;检出限(S/N=3)分别为0.37、0.34、0.41和2.12 mg/L。本方法已成功应用于多维元素片(21)中VA与VE的测定,结果令人满意。     

Chiral separation of β‐blockers by MEEKC using neutral microemulsion: Analysis of separation mechanism and further elucidation of resolution equation

Based on the investigation of the effect of microemulsion charge on the chiral separation, a new chiral separation method with MEEKC employing neutral microemulsion was established. The method used a microemulsion containing 3.0% (w/v) neutral surfactant Tween 20 and 0.8% (w/v, 30 mM) dibutyl l ‐tartrate in 40 mM sodium tetraborate buffer to separate the enantiomers of β‐blockers. The effect of major parameters on the chiral separation was investigated. The applied voltage had little effect on the resolution, but the chiral separation could be improved by suppressing the EOF. Nine racemic β‐blockers obtained relatively good enantioseparation after appropriate concentrations of tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide were added into the microemulsion to suppress the EOF. These results were explained based on the analysis of the separation mechanism of the method and deduced separation equations. The resolution equation of the method was further elucidated. It was found that the fourth term in the resolution equation, an additional term compared to the conventional resolution equation for column chromatography, represents the ratio of the relative movement distance between the analyte and microemulsion droplets relative to the effective capillary length. It can be regarded as a correction for the effective capillary length. These findings are significant for the development of the theory of MEEKC and the development of new chiral MEEKC method.     

Retention modelling in liquid chromatographic separation of simvastatin and six impurities using a microemulsion as eluent

A novel and unique approach was used for retention modelling in the separation of simvastatin and six impurities by liquid chromatographic using a microemulsion as mobile phase. A microemulsion is a modification of a micellar system where a lipophilic organic solvent is dissolved in the micelles; for that reason, microemulsions are usually treated as solvent-modified micellar solutions. When microemulsions are used as eluents in HPLC separations, solutes partition between the charged oil droplets and the aqueous buffer phase. The complexity of the composition of the microemulsion permits extensive manipulations to be made during method development in order to achieve acceptable resolution of such a complex mixture of substances. In order to avoid a laborious "trial and error" procedure, a 2(3) full factorial design was applied for choosing an optimal microemulsion composition to obtain good separation in a reasonable run time. Organic solvent, sodium dodecyl sulphate, and n-butanol content were varied within defined experimental domain. Optimal conditions for the separation of simvastatin and its six impurities were obtained using an X Terra 50 x 4.6 mm, 3.5 microm particle size column at 30 degrees C. The mobile phase consisted of 0.9% w/w of diisopropyl ether, 2.2% w/w of sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS), 7.0% w/w of co-surfactant such as n-butanol, and 89.9% w/w of aqueous 25 mM disodium phosphate pH 7.0.     

Separation of corticosteroids by microemulsion EKC with diethyl L-tartrate as the oil phase

A novel microemulsion based on a mixture of diethyl L-tartrate (DET) and SDS was developed for the microemulsion EKC (MEEKC) determination of structurally related steroids. The system consisted of 0.5% w/w DET, 1.7% w/w SDS, 1.2% w/w 1-butanol, 89.6% w/w phosphate buffer (40 mM, pH 7.0), and 7% w/w ACN. With an applied voltage of +10 kV, a baseline separation of aldosterone (A), cortisone acetate (CA), dexamethasone (D), hydrocortisone (H), hydrocortisone acetate (HA), prednisolone (P), prednisolone acetate (PA), prednisone (Ps), triamcinolone (T), and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) could be achieved. Under the optimized conditions, the reproducibility of the retention time (n = 4) for most of the compounds was less than +/-0.8% with the exception of A, Ps, and T. The average number of theoretical plates was 18 800 plates/m. The results were compared with those achieved by the modified micellar EKC (MEKC). MEEKC showed obvious advantages over MEKC for the separation of highly hydrophobic substances. To further evaluate the system, we tested the MEEKC method by analyzing corticosteroids in a spiked urine sample.     

Separation and determination of two sesquiterpene lactones in Radix inulae and Liuwei Anxian San by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography

A novel microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) method for separating and determining two sesquoterpene lactones, alantolactone (AL) and isoalantolactone (IAL), in Radix inulae and Liuwei Anxian San has been developed. The effects of several important factors such as internal organic phases, concentration of microemulsion, concentration of acetonitrile, injection time and running voltage were systematically investigated to determine the optimum conditions. The optimum microemulsion system was composed of n-hexane (0.32% w/w), SDS (1.24% w/w), 1-butanol (2.64% w/w), acetonitrile (10% w/w) and 10 mm sodium tetraborate buffer (85.80% w/w, pH 9.2). The applied voltage was 20 kV. The analytes were detected at 214 nm. Regression equations revealed linear relationships (correlation coefficients 0.9950 for AL and 0.9946 for IAL) between the peak area of each analyte and the concentration. The limits of detection (defined as a signal-to-noise ratio of about 3) were approximately 0.45 microg/mL for AL and 0.56 microg/mL for IAL. The levels of the analytes were successfully determined with recoveries ranging from 98.2 to 104.3%. Furthermore, a simple and effective extraction method, with methanol in an ultrasonic water bath for 60 min, was used for sample preparing. Also, MEEKC was compared with micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and shown better separation results.     

微乳液毛细管电动色谱法快速测定消炎利胆片中的穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯

建立了微乳液毛细管电动色谱同时分析消炎利胆片中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的方法。考察了缓冲溶液的浓度、pH值、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)以及助表面活性剂的含量对分离测定的影响。在由乙酸乙酯-SDS-正丁醇-30 mmol/L硼砂缓冲液(pH 9.5)（质量比为0.5∶0.6∶6.0∶92.9）组成的微乳液体系中,两种内酯在6 min内完成分离。该法简便、快速、选择性好,用于实际样品中穿心莲内酯和脱水穿心莲内酯的分析,获得了满意的结果。     

Enantioseparation of chiral tropa alkaloids by means of cyclodextrin-modified microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography

CD-modified microemulsion EKC as a CE technique has been applied to the chiral separation of atropine, scopolamine, ipratropium and homatropine. Enantioseparations of these tropa alkaloids were optimized by using a standard oil-in-water (O/W) microemulsion and varying the nature and concentration of CD additives as well as of the organic modifier (methanol, 2-propanol or ACN) whilst keeping the applied voltage of 15 kV and capillary temperature of 30 degrees C constant. The standard (O/W) microemulsion BGE solution consisted of 0.8% w/w octane, 6.6% w/w 1-butanol, 2.0% w/w SDS and 90.6% w/w 10 mM sodium tetraborate buffer (pH 9.2). Enantioseparations with high resolution and short migration times of all tropa alkaloids were achieved by using heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-sulfo)-beta-CD and sulfated beta-CD in the microemulsion BGE and were superior to corresponding CD-modified CE methods.