聚苯乙烯阴离子交换树脂固定α—淀粉酶的研究（Ⅱ）

用聚苯乙烯阴离子交换树脂作载体，采用吸附法将ａ一淀粉酶固定化，研究了固定化条件和固定化酶的性能。固定化条件为：酶浓度１０ｍｇ／ｍｌ，固定化ｐＨ６．８，吸附时间１６ｈ，吸附温度６℃。固定化酶的ｐＨ稳定性、热稳定性、贮存稳定性都有一定的提高。最适作用温度及ＰＨ较自由酶为高，Ｋｍ值为自由酶的１．６倍。同时也进行了固定化酶的操作稳定性研究。     

青霉素酰化酶在甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯共聚物上的固定化

 用共价键合法将青霉素酰化酶固定化在珠状多孔的甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（GM）共聚物上，研究了固定化反应时间、温度、pH值和酶液用量对固定化青霉素酰化酶的表观活性、表观偶联效率、活性回收及稳定性的影响．将GM共聚物载体加入到磷酸缓冲液（0．1mol／L，pH10．8）与青霉素酰化酶液（每克干载体用酶液1ml）的混合溶液中，在30℃下反应72h，单位质量（干重）固定化酶的表观活性为348U／g，表观偶联效率为66．7％，活性回收为31．7％．     

磁性高分子微球固定化中性蛋白酶的研究

以表面带羟基的磁性高分子微球为载体，对位苯醌活化后，通过共价结合修饰中性蛋白酶，得到比活性为１０００Ｕ／ｇ的磁性固定化酶。偶联蛋白量２０～３０ｍｇ／ｇ载体，固定化酶活性保持达４０％，自由酶和固定化酶相比，最适温度从５０℃变到５０～６０℃，最适ｐＨ从７．５变到６．５，Ｋｍ从０．０５４％变到０．０８８％酪蛋白溶液，ｐＨ稳定性、热稳定性、贮存稳定性都有较大提高．     

谷氨酸脱羧酶在新型羧甲基化交联烯丙基葡聚糖凝胶树脂上的固定化

本文首次用合成的羧甲基化的以N，N’-甲叉双丙烯酰胺交联的烯丙基葡聚糖（简称CM—CADB）凝胶生化树脂为新型载体，研究了谷氨酸脱羧酸在CM—CADB树脂上的固定化与环境的依赖关系。确定了酶固定化最佳条件：缓冲体系为pH4．4，0．10mol／L磷酸氢二钠-0．05mol／L柠檬酸，载体为交联度35％，交换容量3．0meq／g的CM－CADB凝胶树脂，吸附平衡时间4h以上，酶用量为30．0mg／gdryresin，固定化环境温度控制在40℃。从理论上分析了上述结果。     

含环氧基的交联聚合物载体的制备方法对固定化青霉素酰化酶活性的影响

 以甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯为单体，N，N′－亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂，采用两种方法合成了大孔、珠状的交联聚合物固定化酶载体．用红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜及N2吸附等方法测定了其结构、比表面积、孔径分布和表观活性．结果表明，以液体石蜡为主介质、甲醇水溶液为致孔剂合成的聚合物GM1（60）作载体时，固定化酶水解青霉素G的活性达537U／g；以正庚烷与四氯乙烯混合溶剂为介质、甲酰胺为致孔剂合成的聚合物GM2（60）作载体时，固定化酶的活性较低，为426U／g．在37℃下连续进行10次间歇操作（每次反应10min）后，前者活性降至487U／g，保持了初始活性的90．7％；后者活性降至378U／g，保持了初始活性的88．7％．二者催化活性的不同是由于两种方法制备的载体在结构与性能上存在着明显的差异．GM1（60）载体孔径大，水中溶胀性能好，对青霉素酰化酶的偶联作用强，固定化效果显著．     

胶囊固定化辣根过氧化物酶酶促体系引发丙烯酰胺聚合研究

研究了以海藻酸钠／壳聚糖／海藻酸钠为囊壁材料的胶囊固定化辣根过氧化物酶的制备及其影响因素,并将肢囊固定化辣根过氧化物酶／乙酰丙酮／H2O2酶促体系用于引发丙稀酰胺的聚合。结果表明,作为囊壁材料之一的壳聚糖的平均分子量以1万左右为宜,以柠檬三酸钠溶液为溶芯荆的溶芯时间控制在2～4min时,固定化率可达60％,相对于游离酶,其相对活力约为60％。胶囊固定化辣根过氧化物酶／乙酰丙酮／H2O2酶促体系可引发丙稀酰胺的聚合。     

α，ω─二羧基聚乙二醇磁性毫微粒固定化碱性蛋白酶的研究

本文用共沉淀法制备了平均直径为３８４纳米的α，ω─二羧基聚乙二醇磁性毫微粒．碱性蛋白酶通过吸附交联法被固定于磁性毫微粒．研究了制备过程中的吸附时间、给酶量、戊二醛浓度、ｐＨ和离子强度对磁性固定化酶活力及酶固定化率的影响．比较了磁性蛋白酶磁性固定化酶与自由酶的酶学性质，磁性固定化酶的最适温度有改变，但热稳定性显著提高；磁性固定化酶的最适ｐＨ向酸性方向移动了１．０个ＰＨ单位。     

游离和溶胶-凝胶固定化甲醛脱氢酶酶促反应动力学的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法对甲醛脱氢酶进行固定化，酶的包埋率超过了98％．在pH7附近、37℃下，以游离酶和固定化酶作催化剂，NADH为电子供体，进行了甲酸转化为甲醛的酶促反应．游离和固定化甲醛脱氢酶酶促反应都遵循Michaelis-Menten反应机理，用Dalziel提出的双底物酶促反应动力学方程进行拟合．固定化酶酶促反应速率为游离酶酶促反应速率的50％左右．固定化酶的动力学常数φ和米氏常数K高于游离酶，估计是凝胶基质孔中存在扩散效应所致．     

环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的固定化及其应用研究．Ⅱ．壳素糖作载体固定化环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的研究

使用经戊二醛处理过的壳素糖作载体固定化环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶，研究了给酶量、吸附时间等对固定化效果的影响。考察了固定化后酶学性质的变化。实验表明，酶经固定化后，热稳定性提高，最适ｐＨ值向前移１个单位。１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＣａＣｌ２可以使酶活力有较大提高。     

谷氨酸脱羧酶在新型羧甲基化交联烯丙基葡聚糖凝胶树脂上的 …

本文首次用合成的羧甲基化的以Ｎ，Ｎ’－甲叉双丙烯酰胺交联的烯丙基葡聚糖（简称ＣＭ－ＣＡＤＢ）凝胶生化树脂为新型载体，研究了谷氨酸脱羧酸在ＣＭ－ＣＡＤＢ树脂上的固定化与环境的信赖关系。确定了酶固定化最佳条件：缓冲体系为ｐＨ４．４，０．１０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸氢二钠－０．０５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ柠檬酸，载体为交联度３５％，交换容量３．０ｍｅｑ／ｇ的ＣＭ－ＣＡＤＢ凝胶树脂，吸附平衡时间４ｈ以上，酶用量为３０．０ｍｇ／ｇ     

Enzymatic Synthesis of a CCK-8 Tripeptide Derivative

The enzymatic synthesis of CCK-8 tripeptide derivative Phae-Met-Asp(OMe)-Phe-NH2 is reported.Starting with Phac-Met-OCam,we have successfully synthesized the target tripeptide with three free or immobilized enzymes, α-chymotrypsin,papain and thermolysin in reasonable yields.The key steps in this synthesis were the coupling of Phac-Met-OCam and H-Asp(OMe)2 to from Met-Asp peptide bond catalyzed by α-chymotrypsin and the selective hydrolysis of α-ester of Phac-met-Asp(OMe)2 catalyzed by papain.     

Enzymatic Synthesis of a CCK-8 Tripeptide Fragment

A process for the synthesis of CCK-8 tripeptide H-Gly-Trp-Met-OH catalyzed by immobilized enzyme was reported. Enzymes were used for the formation of peptide bonds and the removal of protecting group. Starting with phenylacetyl (PhAc) glycin, N-protected dipeptide PhAc-Gly-Trp-OMe was obtained by coupling PhAc-protected glycine carboxamidomethyl ester (OCam) with Trp-OMe catalyzed by immobilized papain in buffered ethyl acetate. Then the condensation between PhAc-Gly-Trp-OMe and Met-OEtoHC1 was carried out by immobilized α-chymotrypsin catalysis in solvent free system. Basic hydrolysis was followed getting PhAc-Gly-Trp-Met-OH. The PhAc-group was removed with penicillin G amidase and H-Gly-Trp-Met-OH was obtained in an overall yield of 43.9%. The reaction conversion of tripeptide in solvent free system was strongly affected by the system of basic salts added. The influence of the support materials used to deposit enzymes and structures of acyl donor and nucleophile on the reaction was also investigated.     

Simultaneous immobilization of glucose oxidase and peroxidase to urea derivative of regenerated acetylcellulose granules

A method for simultaneous covalent immobilization of glucose oxidase and peroxidase with previously oxidized carbohydrate residues to urea derivative of regenerated acetylcellulose granules is described. The effect of immobilization on the catalytic properties of the separately immobilized enzymes are studied. The immobilized enzymes manifested no change in their pH and temperature optima and slight increase ofK _m x compared to data for the soluble enzymes. A column packed with simultaneously immobilized enzymes is used for manual glucose determination in blood sera. The results are in high correlation with those obtained by the Beckman Glucose Analyzer method (r = 0.976). The method is economic (the enzyme-carrier conjugate may be used more than 300 times), easy to perform, and less time consuming than the manual methods utilizing soluble enzymes. The established manual method can be proposed for emergency clinical analysis and smaller clinical laboratories.     

Selective removal of enzymes from substrate and products. An alternative to immobilization for enzymes acting on macromolecular or solid substrates

A new approach for the control and interruption of enzymatic reactions via selective enzyme immobilization has been developed. The technique was exemplified by the use of three model enzymes with the corresponding macromolecular substrates: α-amylase/starch, trypsin/ insoluble collagen, and alkaline phosphatase/plasmid DNA. Prior to incubation with its substrate, each enzyme was provided withde novo thiol-groups by a two-step reaction involvingN-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) and DTT. The chemical modification was achieved such that at least 80% of the native enzyme activity was preserved in all cases. In order to interrupt rapidly the reactions in which the enzymes were used, the modified enzyme was immobilized by reaction via its thiol groups on a thiolsulfinate-agarose derivative. The gel-bound enzyme could then be easily removed from unreacted substrate and product by filtration or centrifugation. Comparative studies showed that the immobilized enzymes had much lower activities in the reactions studied than the corresponding soluble ones. The potential for enzyme reuse was also demonstrated with the a-amylase derivatives, which were quantitatively released and eluted in fully active form from the agarose. We have shown that it is possible to achieve practically complete enzyme immobilization in short times and thus to control the progress of the reactions. Because of its simplicity and high efficiency, this approach may represent an interesting alternative for biotechnological processes involving macromolecular or solid substrates.     

Base-atom recognition in protein adsorption to alkyl agaroses.

The three proteins phosphorylase b, calmodulin and fibrinogen are adsorbed onto thioalkyl derivatives of Sepharose much more strongly than onto gels carrying the same alkyl residue coupled via a carbamate linkage. This enhancement of binding onto alkyl-S-Sepharoses compared with alkyl-N-agaroses is not primarily due to an increase in the extent of conformational changes of the proteins occurring on the gel surface. This can be shown in experiments with the tripeptide Trp-Trp-Trp. The Trp tripeptide is also adsorbed with a much higher affinity to butyl-S-Sepharose than to butyl-N-Sepharose, showing that the primary interaction between the immobilized alkyl residue and the amino acids of the protein is decisive for adsorption. A model stressing the strong influence of an atom or a group of atoms at the base of an immobilized alkyl residue is described as "base-atom recognition".     

Total Enzymatic Synthesis of the Cholecystokinin Octapeptide (CCK‐8)

The enzymatic synthesis of the cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK‐8) is reported. The target octapeptide CCK‐8 is the minimum active sequence with the same biological activity as naturally occurring cholecystokinin and is a potential therapeutic agent in the control of gastrointestinal function as well as a drug candidate for the treatment of epilepsy and obesity. The protected CCK‐8 was obtained by incubation of Bz‐Arg‐Asp(OEt)‐Tyr‐Met‐OAl and Gly‐Trp‐Met‐Asp(OMe)‐Phe‐NH₂ with immobilized α‐chymotrypsin. The Bz‐Arg group was used as an N‐terminal protecting group in the synthesis of the tripeptide fragment. The protected CCK‐8 was treated with trypsin to remove the Bz‐Arg group successfully. Free or immobilized enzymes were used as catalysts. The effect of the acyl donor ester structure, the C(α) protecting group of the nucleophile, reaction media, enzyme, and the carrier of the enzymes on the outcome of the coupling reaction was studied.     

Disposable Amperometric Sensors for Thiols with Special Reference to Glutathione

The antioxidant ‘reduced glutathione’ tripeptide is conventionally called glutathione (GSH). The oxidized form is a sulfur‐sulfur linked compound, known as glutathione disulfide (GSSG). Glutathione is an essential cofactor for antioxidant enzymes; it provides protection also for the mitochondria against endogenous oxygen radicals. The ratio of these two forms can act as a marker for oxidative stress. The majority of the methods available for estimation of both the forms of glutathione are based on colorimetric and electrochemical assays. In this study, electrochemical sensors were developed for the estimation of both GSH and GSSG. Two different types of transducers were used: i) screen‐printed three‐electrode disposable sensor (SPE) containing carbon working electrode, carbon counter electrode and silver/silver chloride reference electrode; ii) three‐electrode disposable system (CDE) consisting of three copper electrodes. 5,5′‐dithiobis(2‐nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) was used as detector element for estimation of total reduced thiol content. The enzyme glutathione reductase along with a co‐enzyme reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate was used to estimate GSSG. By combining the two methods GSH can also be estimated. The detector elements were immobilized on the working electrodes of the sensors by bulk polymerization of acrylamide. The responses were observed amperometrically. The detection limit for thiol (GSH) was less than 0.6 ppm when DTNB was used, whereas for GSSG it was less than 0.1 ppm.     

Immobilization-stabilization of Penicillin G acylase fromEscherichia coli

We have developed a strategy for immobilization-stabilization of penicillin G acylase from E. coli, PGA, by multipoint covalent attachment to agarose (aldehyde) gels. We hve studied the role of three main variables that control the intensity of these enzyme-support multiinteraction processes: 1. surface density of aldehyde groups in the activated support; 2. temperature; and 3. contact-time between the immobilized enzyme and the activated support prior to borohydride reduction of the derivatives. Different combinations of these three variables have been tested to prepare a number of PGA-agarose derivatives. All these derivatives preserve 100% of catalytic activity corresponding to the soluble enzyme that has been immobilized but they show very different stability. The less stable derivative has exactly the same thermal stability of soluble penicillin G acylase and the most stable one is approximately 1,400 fold more stable. A similar increase in the stability of the enzyme against the deleterious effect of organic solvents was also observed. On the other hand, the agarose aldehyde gels present a very great capacity to immobilize enzymes through multipoint covalent attachment. In this way, we have been able to prepare very active and very stable PGA derivatives containing up to 200 International Units of catalytic activity per mL. of derivative with 100% yields in the overall immobilization procedure.     

Differential pulse polarographic determination of the n-nitroso derivative of a tripeptide in pharmaceutical dosage forms

A method is described for determining a tripeptide (pareptide) in tablets and capsules, which is based on the pulse polarographic measurement of itsN-nitroso derivative. The electrochemical behavior of the derivative was found to be similar to that of other N-nitrosamines with regard to the effects of temperature, pH, and mercury pressure. The reduction process is irreversible and complicated by adsorption. Optimum conditions for preparation of the N-nitroso derivative, which appear to be atypical, are presented. Spectroscopic data from i.r., m.s., n.m.r. and u.v. analyses suggest that the derivative differs from the parent compound only in that it has a single N-nitroso group on the proline segment of the tripeptide chain. Replicate assays on tablets containing 2 mg of pareptide gave excellent precision with a coefficient of variation of 0.37 %. Comparison of results obtained on capsules containing 2 mg of pareptide and stored at high temperatures showed good correlation between the polarographic and an h.p.l.c. method. Results obtained with a number of possible decomposition products indicate that the polarographic method is specific for pareptide.     

Possibilities of study of the human plasma cholinesterase variants by affinity electrophoresis

Affinity electrophoresis has been applied to the study of the multiple molecular forms of three human plasma cholinesterase phenotypes (usual enzyme U, atypical enzyme A and intermediate UA). Electrophoreses were carried out in polyacrylamide gels containing a water-soluble macromolecular derivative of m-amino-(substituted)-phenyltrimethylammonium immobilized within the gel network. Apparent dissociation constants (KD app) were estimated from the mobilities of the enzymes versus ligand concentration. The ratio of KD app values of the molecular forms of phenotypes A and U which is approximately 2 is consistent with the hypothesis that the anionic site is altered in atypical enzyme.