摩擦焊接工艺对PP焊缝结构和力学性能的影响

将聚丙烯树脂PP(API-2208 HFP2B-S0219)在一定注塑工艺条件下制备成用于焊接用的拉伸制件,经过振动摩擦焊接形成拉伸样条,通过万能试验机和二次元影像,研究摩擦焊接工艺条件对PP焊接缝结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明,摩擦焊接时的振幅、压力、深度、时间、保持时间与保持压力对焊接缝结构和力学性能有着明显的影响。在适当的焊接条件下,焊接振幅大于0.9 mm,压力在3.5~4.5 MPa,深度为1.2 mm,保持压力4~6 s,保持压力3.0 MPa,得到的焊接样条焊缝质量较好,焊接样的拉伸强度可达16.1 MPa,为母体材料的53.7%(母体拉伸强度为30 MPa)。     

狼尾草特性及狼尾草/PP复合材料性能研究

对狼尾草茎秆进行拉伸性能测试和长径比测量、并进行X射线衍射图谱、红外光谱和热重分析,分别以三种粒径(40目、60目、80目)狼尾草茎秆纤维为填充材料,以聚丙烯(PP)为基体材料,使用模压成型工艺制备三种不同粒径的狼尾草/PP复合材料。对制备的复合材料进行了接触角测量、吸水性能和力学性能测试,并用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了复合材料拉伸断面微观结构。结果表明:狼尾草茎秆纤维素类型为I型,相对结晶度为44%;40目、60目和80目三种目数狼尾草/PP复合材料24h吸水厚度膨胀率分别为7.7%、4.2%和4.4%;其中40目狼尾草/PP复合材料有较好的结合界面和较好的力学性能,其拉伸强度、弯曲强度、弯曲模量和冲击强度分别为10.47MPa、15.98MPa、1.9GPa和3.7kJ/m~2。由此得知,40目狼尾草/PP复合材料力学性能最好,但吸水性较强;60目狼尾草/PP复合材料具有较好的力学性能和一定的抗吸水性,综合性能最佳。     

磨盘碾磨制备PA6/PP/SBS共混物的结构与性能

采用磨盘形力化学反应器,在室温下制备了PA6/PP超细混合粉体,与SBS共混制得PA6/PP/SBS共混物,测定了材料的力学性能并用TEM研究了材料在不同加工温度下相结构的变化.结果表明,通过固相力化学粉碎制备的PA6/PP混合微粉,改善了PA6与PP和SBS的相容性,促进了PA6及PP的分散和与SBS的相界面结合.在微粉填充量为4%～8%(质量分数)时,材料的拉伸强度大幅度提高,扯断伸长率保持不变.加工温度变化引起材料相结构的变化对材料性能产生显著影响.在PP熔融温度下加工,PP粒子产生粘连形成链状结构,可提高材料的力学性能.     

滑石粉及混炼顺序对PA6/PP/MAPP合金相形态及力学性能的影响

通过挤出和注射成型制备了滑石粉(Talc)填充的尼龙6/聚丙烯/马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯(PA6/PP/MAPP)合金, 研究了Talc和混炼顺序(一步法和PA6母料法)对合金相形态和力学性能的影响. 场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)分析结果表明, 添加Talc后注射样条中心部分的PP相由球状转变为沿流动方向取向的有分支的条状结构, 且用PA6母料法制样比用一步法制样的相形态更为精细. 溶解PA6相后对PP相进行热重分析(TGA), 确定了Talc在PA6相和PP相中的分布比例, Talc选择性分布于PA6相中. PA6母料法中Talc的分散好于一步法. 研究了材料的拉伸、 弯曲、 冲击、 热变形温度和动态力学性能, Talc的添加能够明显提高材料的刚性, 且母料法样品的性能优于一步法样品.     

超细聚酰胺6粒子增韧聚丙烯体系的研究

采用磨盘形力化学反应器室温下制备了聚丙烯 (PP) /聚酰胺 6 (PA6 )超细粉体 ,研究了其粒度、粒度分布及PA6超细粒子填充对PP力学性能的影响 .结果表明 ,磨盘形力化学反应器可有效实现PP/PA6的粉碎 ,所得粉体平均粒径达微米级 ,初级粒子尺寸甚至可达纳米级 ,粒度分布呈双峰分布状态 .在PA6和PP熔点之间的温度下加工可制得PA6超细粒于填充的PP/PA6共混体系 ,其力学性能明显好于PP/PA6简单共混体系 ,30 %PA6用量下 ,拉伸强度由 2 3 .2MPa提高至 2 9 3MPa ,Izod缺口冲击强度由 4.6 2kJ/m2 提高到6 .34kJ/m2 .形貌分析结果表明 ,由于基本保持了PA6超细粉体的原始尺寸 ,填充体系中PA6相区尺寸小、分布均匀 ,与使用增容剂得到的相区结构类似 .     

激光功率和积分时间对表面增强拉曼光谱的影响EI北大核心CSCD

表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术能够有效增强低浓度样品的拉曼光谱强度,然而由于SERS的结构、材质等工艺原因,SERS实际应用中往往由于未能正确选择激光功率与积分时间而导致测量效果显著下降。本文以浓度为2,0.08μg/mL的三聚氰胺溶液样品、Au@Ag NPs纳米柱结构固态SERS基底为例,使用自主搭建的便携式拉曼光谱仪,采集不同激光功率和积分时间下的SERS光谱,使用算法平滑光谱、计算光谱基线,得到样品SERS光谱强度和SERS光谱基线强度变化趋势。实验表明,激发光源功率和积分时间改变时,SERS光谱基线强度在不同光谱区域变化幅度不同,部分光谱区域基线强度的变化幅度远大于样品光谱强度,导致使用拉曼光谱仪进行光谱测量时极易造成光谱强度饱和,影响低浓度样品的测量。临时更换样品试剂或SERS基底又会增加成本,且操作繁琐。研究发现,通过控制激光功率和积分时间这2个简单可控的变量,可以在一定程度上抑制SERS光谱基线、提高样品光谱强度,从而避免因光谱强度易饱和而无法测得低浓度样品光谱信号的问题。     

大分子相容剂改性Mg(OH)2/PP阻燃材料的性能

用双螺杆挤出机熔融挤出法制备了相容剂改性氢氧化镁/聚丙烯[Mg(OH)2/PP]阻燃材料。研究了马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯(PP-g-MA),马来酸酐接枝(乙烯/辛烯)共聚物(POE-g-MA)和马来酸酐接枝聚醋酸乙烯酯(EVA-g-MA)3种大分子相容剂对阻燃材料的熔体流动性、结晶行为、力学性能和断口形态的影响。结果表明:相容剂PP-g-MA和POE-g-MA的加入使阻燃材料的熔体流动速率降低,PP结晶温度提高,EVA-g-MA的加入使阻燃材料熔体流动速率数提高;Mg(OH)2对PP结晶存在异相成核作用,Mg(OH)2的加入使PP的冲击强度、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率降低,杨氏模量提高;相容剂改性后Mg(OH)2/PP阻燃材料的拉伸强度提高,其中以PP-g-MA最为明显,而POE-g-MA则提高了阻燃材料的冲击强度。     

振动注塑PP的拉伸蠕变研究

分别通过改变机械振动注塑机的频率(5~25 Hz)和压力(10~18 MPa)获得不同条件下成型的PP样条,然后在各种成型条件下的PP样条上分别施加相同的拉伸力(F=125 N),进行24 h拉伸蠕变实验.结果表明,在相同的振动频率(10 Hz)和不同的振动压力下成型的PP试样,其24 h蠕变量随着压力的增大而减小;在相同振动压力(12 MPa)和不同的振动频率下成型的PP试样,其24 h蠕变量随着频率的增大而增大.当振动频率达到f=10 Hz的时候,其24 h拉伸蠕变量的变化趋于平缓.同时,也对不同振动条件下注塑的PP试样进行拉伸实验,冲击实验和动态力学性能测试,讨论了成型条件对性能的影响.     

固相力化学方法回收利用废弃聚丙烯/废旧电路板的研究

采用固相力化学技术制备废旧电路板非金属材料(WPCB)改性粉体,填充废弃聚丙烯(PP),制备了高性能废旧PP/WPCB复合材料,研究了固相剪切对WPCB粒度、粒度分布以及PP/WPCB复合材料结构、流变性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,磨盘碾磨使WPCB粉体体积粒径由282.4μm降到63.5μm,比表面积由0.06m2/g提高到0.14m2/g,粒度分布明显变窄,玻纤与环氧树脂剥离效果明显。固相力化学方法制备WPCB粉体填充废旧PP后,其分散大幅改善,加工性能明显优于未碾磨体系,复合材料力学性能优于纯PP和未经固相力化学处理的PP/WPCB复合材料,相对于纯PP拉伸强度提高14.6%,弯曲模量提高82.5%,缺口冲击强度提高11.2%。得到的材料表面色泽均一、成本低廉,具有良好工业化前景。     

汽车用塑料材料耐溶剂性能测试方法影响因素研究

针对吉利和奔驰两大汽车主机厂汽车用塑料材料耐溶剂测试标准中的不确定因素进行分析,考察了在不同的测试条件下,20%滑石粉填充聚丙烯(PP+T20)和30%玻纤增强尼龙(PA6+GF30)两款材料耐溶剂性能的影响因素。结果表明擦拭速度和擦拭面积对测试结果没有影响,样品色差、样品光泽残存率和测试布沾色灰度等级几乎没有变化;随着擦拭的力值逐渐增加,样品表面状态变化不大,但是擦拭布沾色程度逐渐加重;同时,随着擦拭次数增多,样品色差增大、光泽残存率减小、测试布灰度等级变差,对结果影响显著;PA6+GF30材料的耐溶剂性能优于PP+T20材料。     

Drawing behavior and characteristics of laser‐drawn polypropylene fibers

Drawing behavior, flow drawing, and neck drawing, was studied for isotacticpolypropylene fibers in CO₂ laser drawing system, and the fiber structure and the mechanical properties of drawn fibers were analyzed. For a certain laser power, flow drawing of polypropylene (PP) was possible up to draw ratio (DR) 19.5. Though the drawing stress was very low, the flow‐drawn PP fiber exhibited oriented crystal structure and improved mechanical properties. On the other hand, neck‐drawing was accomplished from DR 4 to 12, with significant increase in drawing stress that enhanced the development of fiber structure and mechanical properties. Unlike PET, the drawing stress depends not only on the DR, but on irradiated laser power also. The 10–12 times neck‐drawn fibers were highly fibrillated. The fibers having tensile strength 910 MPa, initial modulus 11 GPa, and dynamic modulus 14 GPa were obtained by single‐step laser drawing system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 398–408, 2006     

聚丙烯釜内合金性能及微观形态

通以磷酸酯化合物为内给电子体的球型齐格勒纳塔催化剂,在本体-气相聚合装置上制备了己烷可溶级分含量不同的高熔融指数的聚丙烯釜内合金,考察了其微观形态与力学性能。 结果表明,随己烷可溶组分含量的增加,冲击强度明显增加, 冲击强度从4.4 kJ/m2增加至52.7 kJ/m2,弯曲强度和拉伸强度略有减小。 拉伸强度从28.6 MPa下降至19.5 MPa,弯曲强度从37.2 MPa下降至21.5 MPa。 扫描电子显微镜照片显示,橡胶相均匀分散在聚丙烯基体中形成“核-壳”结构。     

Effect of micro-arc oxidation treatment on laser joint microstructures of Ti-6Al-4V alloy/CFRP

Resin-based carbon fibre reinforced composite (CFRP) with excellent properties has been widely applied in aerospace industry. In this study, polyether ether ketone enforced composite (PEEK-CFRP) and Ti-6V-4V titanium alloy had been joined by laser welding process. Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) process was conducted on the surface of titanium alloy to improve the joint property. Fractures and mechanical properties of joints were analysed. Interfacial microstructures of the joints had been investigated, and the formation mechanism of joint had been figured out. The results showed that after MAO treatment, the joint strength had been greatly improved and the shear strength reached to 42.3 MPa compared with pretreated sample. The wettability of CFRP on titanium alloy was rising with the contact angle of 68.8°. Fracture showed that cohesive failure contributed to the main fracture mode. As joints were formed by both mechanical bonding and chemical bonding, ‘anchor-shaped’ structures were found in the joint to enhance the mechanical bonding effects due to the flowing of the melted resin. (−OH) bonds were identified at the surface of MAO-treated titanium alloy that provided conditions for hydrogen bond interaction. TiO₂, TiO and Ti–V–C phase were found at interface, whereas Ti–F and Ti–O–F bonds were generated during the welding process, which made great contribution to the chemical bonds between titanium alloy and CFRP.     

THE EFFECT OF EC ON ORIENTATION AND RELAXATION OF PP OBTAINED VIA DYNAMIC PACKING INJECTION MOLDING

As a long term project aiming at engineering plastics based on polypropylene (PP), in this work, we report the effect of ethylene-cellulose (EC) on the orientation and relaxation of PP obtained via dynamic packing injection molding (DPIM). 2d-WAXD results showed that PP with a highly oriented structure and a shish-kebab structure were achieved by DIPM, leading to an increase of tensile strength from 35.0MPa to 48.6MPa. The degree of orientation of PP was increased by adding only 1% of EC, resulting in a further increase of tensile strength from 48.6MPa to 53.8MPa. Shish was found to exist not only in the oriented layer but also in the core of the sample after adding EC, as evidenced by DSC result.This was understood as due to the overall decrease of viscosity by the addition of EC, thus an increasing of shear rate. Higher shear rate can favor the orientation of molecules and continuous growth of shish structure, resulting in a change of shish distribution along the sample thickness. On the other hand, the relaxation mode of shish in the melt recrystallization of PP is also greatly affected by the presence of EC. A retarded relaxation of PP macromolecules was seen.Even more, SEM results showed that EC could form the short fibers in PP matrix along the shear flow direction. Compared with the morphology obtained by conventional injection molding, a much better dispersion and easy break-up of EC in PP matrix were observed for samples obtained by dynamic packing injection molding.     

Surface properties of polymers treated with F2 laser

Selected polymers (polyethylene‐PE, polypropylene‐PP, polytetrafluoroethylene‐PTFE, polystyrene‐PS and polyethylenterephthalate‐PET) were irradiated with the linearly polarized light of a pulsed 157 nm F₂ laser. The irradiation results in degradation of polymers and ablation of polymer surfaces. Contact angle, measured by goniometry, was studied as a function of the number of laser pulses. The volume of the ablated polymer layer was determined by gravimetry. Changes in surface morphology and roughness were observed using atomic force microscopy. Surface chemistry of the samples was investigated by electrokinetic analysis and by XPS. While PET and PE exhibit small ablation, the ablation of PS and PTFE is more significant, and the most pronounced ablation is observed on PP. Contact angle of all polymers, with the only exception of PP, is a decreasing function of the number of laser pulses up to 2000 pulses. Laser irradiation leads to a refinement of the polymer surface morphology and a decrease of their surface roughness. Electrokinetic analysis and PS show changes in the surface chemistry of polymers after the laser treatment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Additive manufacturing of continuous carbon fiber reinforced poly-ether-ether-ketone with ultrahigh mechanical properties

Continuous carbon fiber reinforced poly-ether-ether-ketone (CCF/PEEK) composites have attracted significant interests in mission-critical applications for their exceptional mechanical properties and high thermal resistance. In this study, we additively manufactured CCF/PEEK laminates by the Laser-assisted Laminated Object Manufacturing technique, which was recently reported by the authors. The effects of laser power and consolidation speed on the flexural strength of the CCF/PEEK composites were studied to obtain the optimal process parameters. Hot press postprocessing was performed to further improve the mechanical properties of the composites. Various fiber alignment laminates were prepared, and the flexural and tensile properties were characterized. The hot press postprocessing 3D printed unidirectional CCF/PEEK composites exhibited ultrahigh flexural modulus and strength of 125.7 GPa and 1901.1 MPa, respectively. In addition, the tensile modulus and strength of the composites reached 133.1 GPa and 1513.8 MPa. The results showed that the fabricated CCF/PEEK exhibited superior mechanical performance compare to fused filament fabrication (FFF) printed carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTP).     

Employment of Carbon Nanomaterials for Welding Polyethylene Joints with a Nd:YAG Laser

Single-lap polymeric joints can be obtained using laser welding overlapping two polymeric sheets, with one laser transparent and the other laser adsorbent. In this study we employed crystalline carbon nanomaterials (in amounts of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 wt.%) as filler to enhance the absorption of polyethylene (UHMWPE type). A Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm was used as a power source to make the welded joints. Morphological, mechanical, and calorimetrical tests were carried out to study the strength of the joints made. Serious attention was paid to find the best compromise between exposure time to laser light and filler amount. We found that in the optimal conditions (with 0.2 wt.% filler and 60 s exposure time) the joint exhibits a good shear strength with a regular welded area. In fact, the best conditions guarantee proper absorption power of the laser light and deep interpenetration of the chains between the two polymeric sheets without any damage.     

Simultaneously Improving the Tensile and Impact Properties of Isotactic Polypropylene with the Cooperation of co-PP and β-nucleating Agent through Pressure Vibration Injection Molding

In this article, crystalline morphology and molecular orientation of isotactic polypropylene(i PP), random copolymerized polypropylene(co-PP) and ?-nucleating agent(?-NA) composites prepared by pressure vibration injection molding(PVIM) have been investigated via polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Results demonstrated that the interaction between co-PP and i PP molecular chains was beneficial for the mechanical improvement and the introduction of ?-NA further improved the toughness of i PP. In addition, after applying the pressure vibration injection molding(PVIM) technology, the shear layer thickness increased remarkably and the tensile strength improved consequently. Thus, the strength and toughness of i PP/co-PP/?-NA composites prepared by PVIM were simultaneously improved compared to those of the pure i PP prepared by conventional injection molding(CIM): the impact toughness was increased by five times and tensile strength was increased by 9 MPa. This work provided a new method to further enhance the properties of i PP/co-PP composites through dynamic processing strategy.     

Development of continuous process enabling nanofibrillation of pulp and melt compounding

Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), a mechanically fibrillated pulp mostly consisting of nanofibrils, is a very attractive material because of its high elastic modulus and strength. Although much research has been done on composites of MFC and polypropylene (PP), it has been difficult to produce such composites at an industrial level because of the difficulties in using MFC in such composites are not only connected to the polarity (that can be improved with compatibilizers), but also with the challenge to make a homogeneous blend of the components, and also the low temperature stability of cellulose that could cause problems during processing. We developed a new processing method which enables continuous microfibrillation of pulp and its melt compounding with PP. Never-dried kraft pulp and powdered PP were used as raw materials to obtain MFC by kneading via a twin-screw extruder. Scanning electron microscopy showed nano to submicron wide fibers entangled in the powdered PP. MFC did not aggregate during the melt compounding process, during which the water content was evaporated. Maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) was used as a compatibilizer to reinforce interfacial adhesion between the polar hydroxyl groups of MFC and non-polar PP. We investigated the effect of MAPP content on the mechanical properties of the composite, which were drastically improved by MAPP addition. Needle-leaf unbleached kraft pulp (NUKP)-derived MFC composites had better mechanical properties than needle-leaf bleached kraft pulp (NBKP)-derived MFC composites. Injection molded NUKP-derived MFC composites had good mechanical and thermal properties. The tensile modulus of 50 wt% MFC composite was two times, and the tensile strength 1.5 times higher than that of neat PP. The heat distortion temperature of 50 wt% MFC content composite under 1.82 MPa flexural load was increased by 53 °C, from 69 to 122 °C. This newly developed continuous process using powder resin has the potential for application at an industrial level.     

Studies on partial compatibility of PP and PS

<正>Blends of polystyrene(PS) and polypropylene(PP) were prepared through melt compounding.With an increase of PS content up to 30 wt%,the tensile strength of PP/PS blends increased from 37.4 MPa to 42.2 MPa,although the blends were widely regarded as immiscible.The DSC results showed that there's slight decrease in melting temperature of PP, showing insufficient evidence for partial compatibility between PP and PS.Almost no variation of distinct characterization peaks were observed in FTIR spectra of PS/PP blends compared with those of neat PP and PS,indicating there is no chemical interactions between PP and PS.Since the morphology investigation showed a droplet structure as PS content was up to 30 wt%,the improvement of tensile strength could be simply considered as due to the reinforcing effect of dispersed rigid PS particles on the PP,combining with partial compatibility between them as evaluated by change of C_p at glass transition for both PS and PP.More interestingly,DSC and DMA results showed that the blending of PS and PP could lead to a substantial decrease of the glass transition temperature(T_g) of PP,and increase of T_g of PS.The annealing experiment was carried out to understand the change of T_g in PP/PS blends.It is believed that the compressive stress generated by the contracting PP should be the dominant mechanism for the T_g elevation of PS.On the other hand,the T_g decrease of PP is likely owing to the creation of a large amount free interface of PP and the dilatation of the PP phase resulting from the corresponding tension exerted by PS during cooling.