甲醇水蒸气重整制氢CuO/CeO2-ZrO2/SiC整体催化剂的研究

采用浸渍法和溶胶凝胶法制备了CuO/CeO₂-ZrO₂/SiC整体催化剂，并将其用于甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应中。结果表明，与CuO/CeO₂-ZrO₂颗粒催化剂相比，CuO/CeO₂-ZrO₂/SiC整体催化剂催化活性较好，产氢速率较快且重整气中CO体积分数较低。进一步探究了涂层涂覆量和CuO负载量对催化性能的影响，结果表明，当CeO₂-ZrO₂复合氧化物涂层涂覆量在15%±1%，CuO负载量为5%±1%时，催化性能较好；当反应温度为340℃，水醇物质的量比为1.2，甲醇水蒸气气体空速为4840 h^-1时，甲醇转化率为86.0%，产氢速率为1490.0 L/（m³·s），重整气中CO体积分数为1.55%。最后通过单因素实验法探究了甲醇水蒸气气体空速、水醇物质的量比和反应温度对反应的影响。结果表明，随着气体空速变大，甲醇转化率下降，产氢速率上升，重整气中CO体积分数下降。随着水醇物质的量比增加，甲醇转化率先上升后下降，产氢速率先上升后下降，重整气中CO体积分数下降。随着反应温度的升高，甲醇转化率、产氢速率和重整气中CO体积分数均上升。     

La对柴油车尾气中可溶性有机物氧化催化剂CeO2-ZrO2的影响

采用共沉淀法分别制备CeO₂-ZrO₂(质量比60:40)和CeO₂-ZrO₂-La₂O₃(质量比60:30:10)催化剂.利用热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)对柴油车尾气中可溶性有机物(SOF)的催化活性进行测试.结果表明La改性的CeO₂-ZrO₂催化剂相较于CeO₂-ZrO₂催化剂表现出更好的活性, SOF的起燃温度为164 ℃,最大失重点温度为212 ℃;对CeO₂-ZrO₂来说, SOF在168 ℃开始转化, 221 ℃转化最快. X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明, La的添加有效降低老化催化剂的晶粒尺寸增大速率. N₂吸附-脱附的结果说明La的添加有利于增大CeO₂-ZrO₂催化剂的比表面积; O₂-程序升温脱附(O₂-TPD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明La的改性有效增加化学吸附氧含量.因此, CeO₂-ZrO₂-La₂O₃催化剂表现出较好的催化活性和抗老化性.     

含稀土复合氧化物催化剂的催化活性和晶体结构

本文研究了Ln_0.7Sr_0.3MnO₃(Ln为稀土)系列催化剂上CO和C₂H₆完全氧化的活性规律。对于不同稀土Ln的取代物,其催化剂的晶体结构差别很大,有的呈正交的钙钛矿晶型,有的呈三方的钙钛矿晶型,还有的不是单一晶型的钙铁矿。实验中发现它们对于CO氧化和对C₂H₆氧化的活性不同。从CO氧化和C₂H₆氧化催化反应机理的不同,解释了这一现象。     

柴油尾气DOC催化剂Pt-Pd/CeO2的活性和抗硫性

采用浸渍法制备了不同Pt、Pd比例的Pt-Pd/CeO₂催化剂,考察了其催化氧化模拟柴油车尾气的活性,并测试了抗硫性。活性测试结果表明,Pt、Pd协同降低了催化剂的起燃温度,其比例对催化剂性能影响很大,其中,Pt_0.2Pd_0.8/CeO₂催化剂在模拟柴油车尾气(丙烯(C₃H₆)、一氧化碳(CO)和一氧化氮(NO))中的催化活性最高;C₃H₆的t₅₀降到170℃,CO的t₅₀降到了150℃,显示了良好的Pt、Pd协同效应;H₂-TPR表征和抗硫性结果分析表明,高比例Pt/Pd催化剂具有更多的表面活性氧,其相对数值与催化剂抗硫性能的关联度高,在催化剂硫酸盐中毒的条件下,更有利于催化反应的进行。     

CuO/CeO2-ZrO2/SiC整体催化剂催化甲醇水蒸气重整制氢的研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了CeO₂-ZrO₂固溶体载体涂层, 再经浸渍法制备了高空速下性能较好的甲醇水蒸气重整制氢xCuO/CeO₂-ZrO₂/SiC整体催化剂. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积测试(BET)、H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂进行了表征, 结果表明, 催化剂活性主要与Cu比表面积、活性组分与载体之间相互作用以及氧空穴量有关. 其中5%CuO/CeO₂-ZrO₂/SiC整体催化剂的Cu比表面积较大, 活性组分CuO与CeO₂-ZrO₂固溶体氧化物之间相互作用较强, 氧空穴量较多, 因此表现出较好的催化性能. 在反应温度为360 ℃、水醇物质的量比为1.2、甲醇水蒸气气体空速为4840 h^–1的条件下, 甲醇转化率为89.9%, 产氢速率为1556 L•m^–3•s^–1. 与传统颗粒催化剂相比, SiC基整体催化剂的产氢速率更高, 更适用于高空速下的甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应, 有利于小型化制氢反应器的集成.     

整体式Pd/La_2O_3-Al_2O_3和Pd/CeO_2-ZrO_2-Y_2O_3催化剂上汽油车尾气净化性能的比较

采用共沉淀法制备了耐高温高比表面积的La2O3-Al2O3(LA)材料和CeO2-ZrO2-Y2O3(CZY)储氧材料,并用浸渍法制备了整体式Pd/LA和Pd/CZY汽油车尾气净化三效催化剂,考察了它们的三效催化性能和空燃比性能,并单独通过水煤气变换和CO氧化反应性能的考察,探讨了两种催化剂空燃比窗口扩大的原因.结果表明,Pd/CZY催化剂三效窗口明显较宽,且催化氧化CO的性能明显更优;对于CO+NO反应,Pd/CZY催化剂的活性较高.当反应中逐步通入O2后,抑制了该反应的进行,但CO氧化的转化率升高,而NO转化率降低,直至CO+NO反应完全被抑制,表明CO氧化反应对于抑制催化剂在NO贫燃方向的窗口具有一定的作用.另外,Pd/CZY催化剂上对于水煤气变换反应性能明显优于Pd/LA催化剂,在一定温度下逐步通入O2后,不会抑制水煤气变换反应的发生;当逐步通入NO时,可以促进水煤气变换反应的进行,表明Pd/CZY催化剂在富燃时对扩展CO转化窗口的性能明显优于Pd/LA催化剂.     

Co3O4/CeO2 CO氧化的原位红外光谱研究

采用沉淀氧化法制备了Co₃O₄/CeO₂催化剂。分别在干、湿条件下进行了一氧化碳氧化反应研究。运用FT-IR表征手段,在钴铈复合氧化物上进行了CO吸附及CO/O₂共吸附研究。结果表明,与纯的Co₃O₄样品相比,Co₃O₄/CeO₂具有明显的抗湿气能力。Co₃O₄/CeO₂催化剂在进行CO氧化时,表面形成了类碳酸盐物种。当环境温度低于453 K时,催化剂上类碳酸盐的生成与形成类碳酸盐物种后受热分解存在着动态平衡。当环境温度高于493 K,催化剂上生成的类碳酸盐物全部受热分解。氧化铈的加入提高了催化剂的抗湿气性能。较小粒径的Co₃O₄与CeO₂产生的强相互作用可使CeO₂向Co₃O₄提供氧,因而间接提供了CO氧化需要的氧。     

CeO2对CuCl/活性炭吸附剂C2H4/C2H6吸附分离性能促进作用

通过等体积浸渍方法制备了添加CeO₂助剂的用于C₂H₄/C₂H₆吸附分离的CuCl/活性炭(AC)吸附剂,使用氮气吸附-脱附曲线、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量分散X射线光谱(EDX)等分析方法对吸附剂进行了表征.结果表明,吸附剂表面Cu(II)在氮气气氛焙烧过程中被部分还原成Cu(I).重点研究了Ce元素的添加对于吸附剂的C₂H₄/C₂H₆吸附分离性能的影响,等温吸附曲线结果表明添加了CeO₂的吸附剂通过降低乙烷的吸附容量从而显著提高了吸附分离性能. XRD及XPS结果表明,和未添加助剂样品相比,其表面晶体团簇较小,分散性更好, Cu(II)还原程度更高.添加CeO₂的吸附剂样品5Ce50Cu(CeO₂和CuCl2的质量分数(w)分别为5%和50%)获得了最好的吸附分离效果,相对于未添加CeO₂的样品50Cu,其在660 kPa下的吸附选择性由4.2提升到8.7.     

MOFs碳化制备的CeZrOx复合氧化物上Pd组分的催化性能研究

本文以CO氧化为探针反应探讨了CeZr-MOFs材料碳化制备CeO₂-ZrO₂复合氧化物(ZCM)对Pd组分的分散性及催化性能影响,通过对比球状CeO₂-ZrO₂复合氧化物(ZCS)载体,获得了MOF碳化制备复合氧化物载体的优势及对金属Pd组分催化作用的改善机制。结果表明,负载型Pd/ZCM催化剂的活化能为116.4 kJ·mol^-1,相比Pd/ZCS催化剂的活化能126.8 kJ·mol^-1更低;Pd/ZCM催化剂的起燃温度T₅₀和T₉₀分别低至52℃和56℃,均比Pd/ZCS催化剂的T₅₀(78℃)和T₉₀(93℃)低,显示了更优的低温CO催化氧化性能。相对于球形ZCS载体,ZCM载体上Pd组分的分散稳定性更好,Pd分散度和单位Pd的表面吸附氧量分别约为Pd/ZCS催化剂上的1.4和1.2倍左右,更有利于CO低温氧化性能提升。以CeZr-MOF材料碳化制备CeO     

通过Pt-载体作用制备高热稳定的CH4重整催化剂

使用三效催化剂是国六天然气车(NGVs)尾气实现高效净化的有效手段，增强甲烷(CH₄)重整反应是提高三效催化剂对CH₄转化活性的有利途径之一。国六天然气车排放法规对催化剂的耐久里程提出了更高的要求，这就要求该CH₄重整催化剂必须具有优异的热稳定性。本文分别以铈锆复合物、二氧化铈(CeO₂)和二氧化锆(ZrO₂)为载体，通过不同的金属-载体相互作用制备三种热稳定性不同的Pt催化剂。结果显示，以CeO₂为载体制备的Pt催化剂对CH₄蒸气重整反应显示出优异的活性和热稳定性，这是由于Pt与CeO₂发生强相互作用，老化过程中Pt发生再分散，最终Pt在CeO₂表面生成热力学稳定的Pt²⁺,因此老化后Pt还能保持较高的分散性。以铈锆复合物为载体制备的Pt催化剂，由于电子转移生成以PtO₂为主的铂物种，经老化后发生一定程度的分解和团聚，Pt分散度下降，活性降低。而...     

制备方法对CuO/CeO_2-ZrO_2催化CO低温氧化活性的影响

采用微波加热分解法(一步法)和微波加热处理共沉淀+浸渍法(两步法)制备了CuO/CeO2-ZrO2催化剂,并对其进行了X射线衍射、低温氮气吸附/脱附和程序升温还原等表征,采用色谱流动法考察了催化剂的催化CO低温氧化性能.结果表明,一步法比两步法更有利于使催化剂表面CuO高度分散,CuO与CeO2-ZrO2间的相互作用更强,CuO更容易被还原,从而具有更高的催化CO氧化活性.与CeO2-ZrO2有相互作用的高分散和小颗粒CuO有利于催化剂活性的提高,与CeO2-ZrO2无相互作用的大颗粒CuO对催化剂的活性有抑制作用.     

镍基催化剂上稻草水蒸气重整制富氢合成气

采用浸渍法制备了SiO₂, γ-Al₂O₃, CaO和TiO₂负载的Ni催化剂, 以及不同MgO含量的MgO-7.5%Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,利用X射线衍射和N₂吸附-脱附技术表征了催化剂的结构,在固定床反应器上评价了它们在稻草水蒸气催化重整制合成气反应中的催化性能,考察了反应条件对催化剂性能的影响.结果表明, 以γ-Al₂O₃为载体时Ni催化剂活性最高,其中7.5%Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的H₂收率可达1071.3ml/g,H₂:CO的体积比为1.4:1;同时,MgO的添加进一步提高了该催化剂的性能,当MgO含量为1.0%时,H₂收率可达1194.6ml/g,H₂:CO体积比可达3.9:1.可见MgO的加入促进了Ni基催化剂上稻草水蒸气催化重整制合成气反应的进行,同时使得合成气中CO发生水-汽转换反应,从而大大提高了合成气中H₂含量.     

CO oxidation over Au/CeO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-ZrO<Subscript>2</Subscript> catalists: The effect of the support composition of the au-support interaction

The effect of the support composition on the Au-support interactions and its role in the creation of the activity of Au/CeO₂-ZrO₂ catalysts in CO oxidation has been studied. The CeO₂-ZrO₂ oxides and Au/CeO₂-ZrO₂ catalysts were synthesized, characterized by BET, XRD, HRTEM, AAS, TPR-H₂, and tested in CO oxidation. An approximate evaluation of the H₂ consumption for the surface reduction of the studied samples was estimated applying the model developed by Johnson and Mooi, which is based on the qualitative relationship between the amount of the capping oxygen and BET surface area. The sequence of the increasing percentage of O₂ atoms in the capping peak to the total Ce atoms follows the sequence of the decreasing Zr/Ce molar ratio in the sample. The activity of Au/CeO₂-ZrO₂ catalysts depends on the support composition and increases with the decrease in Zr/Ce molar ratio.     

Development of high performance Cu/ZnO-based catalysts for methanol synthesis and the water-gas shift reaction

Our groups studies on Cu/ZnO-based catalysts for methanol synthesis via hydrogenation of CO₂ and for the water-gas shift reaction are reviewed. Effects of ZnO contained in supported Cu-based catalysts on their activities for several reactions were investigated. The addition of ZnO to Cu-based catalyst supported on Al₂O₃, ZrO₂ or SiO₂ improved its specific activity for methanol synthesis and the reverse water-gas shift reaction, but did not improve its specific activity for methanol steam reforming and the water-gas shift reaction. Methanol synthesis from CO₂ and H₂ over Cu/ZnO-based catalysts was extensively studied under a joint research project between National Institute for Resources and Environment (NIRE; one of the former research institutes reorganized to AIST) and Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE). It was suggested that methanol should be produced via the hydrogenation of CO₂, but not via the hydrogenation of CO, and that H₂O produced along with methanol should greatly suppress methanol synthesis. The Cu/ZnO-based multicomponent catalysts such as Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ and Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂/Al₂O₃/Ga₂O₃ were highly active for methanol synthesis from CO₂ and H₂. The addition of a small amount of colloidal silica to the multicomponent catalysts greatly improved their long-term stability during methanol synthesis from CO₂ and H₂. The purity of the crude methanol produced in a bench plant was 99.9 wt% and higher than that of the crude methanol from a commercial methanol synthesis from syngas. The water-gas shift reaction over Cu/ZnO-based catalysts was also studied. The activity of Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst for the water-gas shift reaction at 523 K was less affected by the pre-treatments such as calcination and treatment in H₂ at high temperatures than that of the Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Accordingly, the Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst was considered to be more suitable for practical use for the water-gas shift reaction. The Cu/ZnO/ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst was also highly active for the water-gas shift reaction at 673 K. Furthermore, a two-stage reaction system composed of the first reaction zone for the water-gas shift reaction at 673 K and the second reaction zone for the reaction at 523 K was found to be more efficient than a one-stage reaction system. The addition of a small amount of colloidal silica to a Cu/ZnO-based catalyst greatly improved its long-term stability in the water-gas shift reaction in a similar manner as in methanol synthesis from CO₂ and H₂.     

Hydrogen Production From Crude Bio-oil and Biomass Char by Electrochemical Catalytic Reforming

We reports an efficient approach for production of hydrogen from crude bio-oil and biomass char in the dual fixed-bed system by using the electrochemical catalytic reforming method. The maximal absolute hydrogen yield reached 110.9 g H₂/kg dry biomass. The product gas was a mixed gas containing 72%H₂, 26%CO₂, 1.9%CO, and a trace amount of CH₄. It was observed that adding biomass char (a by-product of pyrolysis of biomass) could remarkably increase the absolute H₂ yield (about 20%-50%). The higher reforming temperature could enhance the steam reforming reaction of organic compounds in crude bio-oil and the reaction of CO and H₂O. In addition, the CuZn-Al₂O₃ catalyst in the water-gas shift bed could also increase the absolute H₂ yield via shifting CO to CO₂.     

Surface Reaction Kinetics of the Oxidation and Reforming of CH4 over Rh/Al2O3 Catalysts

An 48‐step sur face reaction mechanism with thermodynamic consistent kinetic data is presented for the catalytic conversion of the gaseous chemical system H₂/O₂/H₂O/CO/CO₂/CH₄ over Rh/Al₂O₃ catalysts. Total and partial oxidation as well as steam reforming and dry reforming of methane over Rh catalysts is studied experimentally and numerically at varying temperature and composition. The results are used to extend the kinetic schemes we developed for H₂ oxidation, CO oxidation kinetics, and the water‐gas‐shift reactions in former studies. Aside from the experiments in a stagnation‐flow reactor presented here, we modeled a number of experiments from the literature to test the newly established kinetic scheme.     

Characterization of new catalysts based on uranium oxides

Catalysts based on uranium oxides were systematically studied for the first time. Catalysts containing various amounts of uranium oxides (5 and 15%) supported on alumina and mixed Ni-U/Al₂O₃ catalysts were synthesized. The uranium oxide catalysts were characterized using the thermal desorption of argon, the low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen, X-ray diffraction analysis, and temperature-programmed reduction with hydrogen and CO. The effects of composition, preparation conditions, and thermal treatment on physicochemical properties and catalytic activity in the reactions of methane and butane oxidation, the steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane, and the partial oxidation of methane were studied. It was found that a catalyst containing 5% U on alumina calcined at 1000°C was most active in the reaction of high-temperature methane oxidation. For the Ni-U/Al₂O₃ catalysts containing various uranium amounts (from 0 to 30%), the introduction of uranium as a catalyst constituent considerably increased the catalytic activity in methane steam reforming and partial oxidation.     

Low CO content hydrogen production from oxidative steam reforming of ethanol over CuO-CeO2 catalysts at low-temperature

CuO-CeO₂ catalysts were prepared by a urea precipitation method for the oxidative steam reforming of ethanol at low-temperature. The catalytic performance was evaluated and the catalysts were characterized by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed reduction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and thermo-gravimetric analysis. Over CuO-CeO₂ catalysts, H₂ with low CO content was produced in the whole tested temperature range of 250–450 °C. The non-noble metal catalyst 20CuCe showed higher H₂ production rate than 1%/oRh/CeO₂ catalyst at 300–400 °C and the advantage was more obvious after 20 h testing at 400 °C. These results further confirmed that CuO-CeO₂ catalysts may be suitable candidates for low temperature hydrogen production from ethanol.     

合成方法对Rh/CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3催化剂的结构、表面性能及DeNOx活性的影响

用沉积沉淀法合成两种不同系列的CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3混合氧化物(ZrO2和La2O3沉积CeO2粒子(标记为A-x)以及CeO2和La2O3沉积ZrO2粒子(标记为B-x)),并用作Rh催化剂的载体。XRD、拉曼、TPR、XPS和O2脉冲等表征结果显示出不同的沉积顺序将导致不同的结构和氧化还原性能,且B-x具有更高的氧迁移性、储氧能力和表面Ce浓度。当其负载Rh后,Rh/B-x催化剂具有更高的NO和CO转化率及N2选择性,且Ce的最佳含量为50at%。这可能归因于Rh负载于富铈表面形成更多有利于NO分解的表面Ce3+活性位。     

一个新的满足未来排放标准的摩托车尾气净化催化剂

采用共沉淀法制备CeO₂-ZrO₂-La₂O₃-PrO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物载体材料,以浸渍法制备了Pd-Rh,Pt-Rh和Pt-Pd-Rh型整体式催化剂. 用N₂吸附-脱附、程序升温还原、储氧量和X射线衍射对其进行了表征,并考察了老化前后催化剂的空燃比特性、空速特性和温度特性. 结果表明,在三种催化剂中,Pt-Pd-Rh型催化剂表现出更优异的性能. 在40000 h^-1空速下,新鲜Pt-Pd-Rh型催化剂对C₃H₈,CO和NO的起燃温度T₅₀分别为239,187和191 ℃,ΔT （T₉₀ - T₅₀）分别为21,3和3 ℃. 老化后,C₃H₈,CO和NO的T₅₀分别为298,203和223 ℃,ΔT分别为22,5和13 ℃,且老化前后空燃比窗口较宽,适合于未来排放标准的摩托车尾气净化.