选择氧化物载体调变乙醇重整和1,3-丁二烯加氢反应双金属催化剂

研究了不同载体负载的Pt-Ni双金属和单金属催化剂上乙醇重整和1,3-丁二烯加氢反应性能, 以考察氧化物载体对双金属结构和催化活性的影响. 所用的氧化物载体包括γ-Al₂O₃, SiO₂, TiO₂, CeO₂以及高比表面积(HSA)和低比表面积(LSA)ZrO₂. 采用共浸渍法制备催化剂, 用CO化学吸附、透射电镜和扩展X射线吸收精细结构光谱进行催化剂表征, 采用傅里叶变换红外间歇反应器进行化学反应评价. 对于乙醇重整反应, Pt-Ni双金属催化剂优于单金属催化剂, Pt-Ni双金属催化剂活性顺序为TiO₂ > SiO₂ > γ-Al₂O₃ ≈ LSA-ZrO₂ > CeO₂ > HSA-ZrO₂. 对于1,3-丁二烯加氢反应, 在SiO₂, TiO₂和HSA-ZrO₂载体上双金属催化剂优于单金属催化剂, Pt-Ni双金属催化剂活性顺序为SiO₂ > CeO₂ > γ-Al₂O₃ > LSA-ZrO₂ > HSA-ZrO₂ ≈ TiO₂.     

Ni-Co双金属催化剂上沼气重整制氢机理

用传统湿式浸渍法制备了La₂O₃掺杂的商业γ-Al₂O₃负载的沼气重整催化剂Ni-Co/La₂O₃-γ-Al₂O₃, 并用程序升温加氢(TPH)、程序升温氧化(TPO)、程序升温表面反应(TPSR)、程序升温脱附(TPD)及脉冲实验对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 沼气重整过程中Ni-Co/La₂O₃-γ-Al₂O₃催化剂上的表面碳物种主要来源于CH₄的裂解, CO₂的贡献很小. CH₄裂解能够产生三种活性不同的碳物种, 即C_α、C_β与C_γ. 随着反应的进行, C_α物种减小而C_β与C_γ物种增加, 且C_γ物种能够转变为惰性的石墨碳. 重整反应过程中CH₄与CO₂的活化能相互促进. 催化剂表面的O物种与C反应生成CO或与CH_x反应生成CH_xO再分解为CO与吸附态的H物种, 可能是Ni-Co/La₂O₃-γ-Al₂O₃催化剂上沼气重整的速率控制步骤.     

“嵌入模型”在γ-Al2O3负载单组分和双组分金属氧化物催化剂中的应用

探讨负载型金属氧化物催化剂的表面组分与载体之间的相互作用, 有助于理解相关催化剂的催化作用本质. 近年来, 我们对单组分CuO以及双组分CuO-Mn₂O₃, CuO-CoO等金属氧化物在γ-Al₂O₃载体表面的分散行为和存在状态, 及其物理化学性质和催化性能(CO+O₂和NO+CO模型反应)进行了研究. 结果表明, 这些金属氧化物在γ-Al₂O₃载体表面的分散行为和所得负载型催化剂样品的一些物理化学性质及其催化性能均可参照“嵌入模型”来解释. 在此基础上, 我们讨论了这些样品的“组成-结构-性质”间的关系, 并针对表面负载双组分金属氧化物样品提出了表面协同氧空位参与的NO+CO反应机理.     

KCl对Cu-K-La/γ-Al2O3催化剂上HCl氧化反应性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法制备了Cu-K-La/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,考察了KCl对该催化剂催化HCl氧化制Cl₂反应性能的影响. 当KCl的负载量为5 wt%时,Cu-K-La/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂表现出较好的催化活性和稳定性,可在较大的原料气空速变化范围内使用. 在0.1 MPa,360 ℃,空速450 L/（kg-cat·h）和HCl/O₂摩尔比为2：1的反应条件下,Cu-K-La/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂上HCl转化率在100 h内保持85%以上. 表征结果表明,Cu,K和La物种均高度分散于γ-Al₂O₃载体表面;一定量KCl的加入可降低Cu²⁺ → Cu⁺的还原温度,从而提高Cu²⁺活性中心的催化活性.     

Ni基催化剂催化燃油重整耦合选择性催化还原NOx反应

分别以La₂O₂CO₃, CeO₂, ZrO₂和Al₂O₃为载体, 采用浸渍法制备了Ni基重整催化剂, 并以正十二烷模拟车载燃油进行催化重整反应以同时制备小分子碳氢化合物(HCs)和H₂, 考察了其在4wt%Ag/Al₂O₃上选择性催化还原(HC-SCR)氮氧化物(NO_x)的性能. 采用N₂吸附-脱附、X射线粉末衍射、H₂程序升温还原和热重等手段对Ni基催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 随着重整催化剂氧化还原性能增强, 产物中H₂浓度增加, 可参与SCR反应的HCs含量减少, 从而导致重整-SCR耦合体系上NO_x净化活性温度窗口向低温移动, NO_x最高转化率降低. Ni/ZrO₂+Ag/Al₂O₃耦合体系中H₂/HCs符合SCR反应所需的最优比例, 在柴油车典型排气温度范围内表现出良好的NO_x净化能力. 同时, 在Ni/ZrO₂+Ag/Al₂O₃耦合体系上考察了其燃油重整-SCR的活性稳定性. 结果显示, 重整催化剂的耐久性有待进一步提高.     

镍基催化剂：制备及水相催化糠醛加氢脱氧反应性能

以SiO₂-Al₂O₃、γ-Al₂O₃为载体采用浸渍法制备了不同负载量的镍基催化剂,以XRD、H₂-TPR、NH₃-TPD与低温N₂吸附等技术对催化剂特性进行了表征,并进行了水相催化糠醛加氢脱氧实验研究以制备以C₅为主要成分的生物汽油。重点考察了催化剂的镍负载量、载体种类及反应温度对糠醛转化率、目标产物C₅选择性的影响,并对催化剂的重复利用性能和糠醛水相加氢脱氧反应机理进行了探讨。结果表明,Ni/SiO₂-Al₂O₃催化性能明显优于Ni/γ-Al₂O₃。在140 ℃、氢冷压3.0 MPa的优化反应条件下,14wt% Ni/SiO₂-Al₂O₃催化糠醛反应的转化率为63%,C₅选择性高达93%。升高反应温度可以提高糠醛的转化率,但反应产物的选择性降低。催化剂在第3次重复使用时糠醛的转化率明显降低,催化剂表面有明显的残留有机聚合物和积碳,达到25wt%左右。     

CuO/TiO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂表征及对NO+CO反应性能研究

采用色谱-微反流动法反应装置考察了w%CuO/15%TiO₂/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对NO+CO的反应活性;催化剂经空气氛或氢气氛预处理后,NO转化率达100%的反应温度分别是325和275 ℃;XRD仅能检测到γ-Al₂O₃晶相,负载15%CuO后可以检测到微弱的CuO晶相;H₂-TPR能检测到2个CuO的还原峰(α和β峰),将其归属于高度分散的CuO分别在裸露的γ-Al₂O₃和TiO₂/γ-Al₂O₃载体上的还原;原位红外分析结果表明催化剂经空气氛或氢气氛预处理后,吸附NO+CO反应气后,反应的中间产物N₂O出现的温度分别为200和150 ℃。     

Ni2+在γ-Al2O3上的分散状态及负载型Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂的α-蒎烯加氢活性

用X-射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫散射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、程序升温还原(TPR)、CO化学吸附和微反测试等方法研究了Ni²⁺在γ-Al₂O₃上的分散状态和负载型Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的α-蒎烯加氢催化活性。结果表明，当Ni²⁺负载量远低于其在γ-Al₂O₃载体表面分散容量时，Ni²⁺优先嵌入载体表面四面体空位，随着Ni²⁺负载量的增加，嵌入载体表面八面体空位Ni²⁺的比例增大。由于八面体Ni²⁺易被还原为金属态Ni⁰，NiO/γ-Al₂O₃样品的还原度随Ni²⁺负载量的增加而大幅度地增加，经氢还原所得Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的CO吸附量和α-蒎烯加氢催化活性大幅度增加。对La₂O₃助剂的作用进行了研究，结果表明分散在γ-Al₂O₃上的La³⁺物种可阻止Ni²⁺嵌入γ-Al₂O₃表面四面体空位，增大了八面体Ni²⁺物种所占比例，提高了催化剂的还原度，故Ni-La₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂催化活性高于Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂。     

CO预处理对CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

采用XRD，TPR，CO吸附in-situ IR，CO氧化反应等对CuO/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂经CO处理前后的结构、组成和催化性能进行了研究。结果表明，经CO在250 ℃下处理1 h后CuO/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂中出现了分散态Cu⁺物种，该物种的产生使催化剂的活性明显提高。     

Pt/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂催化氧化C3H6和CO性能

采用共沉淀法合成了ZrO₂与Al₂O₃的不同质量比的ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物,并以此为载体通过等体积浸渍法制备了1.5% Pt/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃（w/w）催化剂。以C₃H₆和CO为反应物的催化性能评价显示,在系列催化剂中以Pt/Zr（0.4）-Al催化剂催化氧化活性最为优异,其C₃H₆和CO的起燃温度（T₅₀）小于125℃,完全转化温度（T₉₀）小于150℃。采用XRD、低温N₂吸附、H₂-TPR、CO脉冲吸附等分析表征技术探索了催化剂物相结构、比表面积、颗粒尺寸等对催化活性的影响规律。结果发现,ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合氧化物具有Al₂O₃材料的介孔织构和大比表面积特性,且产生了Al_xZr_1-xO_y固溶体新物相。适当的ZrO₂与Al₂O₃的质量比,是改善Pt与ZrO₂-Al₂O₃的相互作用强度,促进贵金属Pt的分散,提升Pt/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂的低温氧化活性的关键。     

沸石负载Ni催化剂在甲烷干重整中的稳定性(英文)

Ni/γ-Al2O3 , Ni/Y-zeolite, and Ni/H-ZSM-5 catalysts were prepared using the incipient wetness impregnation method. Their catalytic performance in dry reforming of methane was studied. The fresh and used catalysts and deposited carbon were characterized using H2 temperature-programmed reduction, temperature-programmed oxidation, N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. The H-ZSM-5-supported Ni catalyst proved to be more stable than the other two catalysts, as it had the lowest carbon deposition.     

Hydrodeoxygenation of Anisole over Ni/α-Al2O3 Catalyst

Ni-based catalysts supported on di erent supports (α-Al₂O₃,γ-Al₂O₃, SiO2, TiO₂, and ZrO₂) were prepared by impregnation. Effects of supports on catalytic performance were tested using hydrodeoxygenation reaction (HDO) of anisole as model reaction. Ni/α-Al₂O₃ was found to be the highest active catalyst for HDO of anisole. Under the optimal conditions, the anisole conversion is 93.25% and the hydrocarbon yield is 90.47%. Catalyst characteriza-tion using H₂-TPD method demonstrates that Ni/α-Al₂O₃ catalyst possesses more amount of active metal Ni than those of other investigated catalysts, which can enhance the cat-alytic activity for hydrogenation. Furthermore, it is found that the Ni/α-Al₂O₃ catalyst has excellent repeatability, and the carbon deposited on the surface of catalyst is negligible.     

Influence of MgO in the CO2 – steam reforming of methane to syngas by NiO/MgO/ α-Al2O3 catalyst

Simultaneous steam and CO₂ reforming of methane to syngas (H₂and CO) over NiO/MgO/a-Al₂O₃ catalyst have been investigated at different MgO wt.%. The catalyst has been characterized by temperature-programmed reduction and XRD techniques. Addition of MgO reduced the carbon deposition and energy consumption. The stability and less coking on MgO-promoted catalysts are attributed to the lewis basicity of MgO.     

Partial Oxidation of Ethane to Syngas over Supported Metal Catalysts

The reaction performance for C₂H₆-O₂ to syngas over different supported metal catalysts was investigated in a flow-reactor. The activated behavior of ethane is different from that of methane over the supported nickel catalysts. Although there may exist a gas phase reaction at high temperatures, over a Ni (or Rh)/-Al₂O₃ catalyst, the partial oxidation of ethane to syngas is a heterogeneous process, while over a Pt (or Pd)/-Al₂O₃ catalyst, it may be a homo-heterogeneous process. The Ni/-Al₂O₃ and Rh/-Al₂O₃ catalysts are suitable for partial oxidation of ethane to syngas at high temperatures.     

基于改性Ni/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂的电催化甲烷水蒸气重整的研究

提出了电催化作用下甲烷水蒸气催化重整的新工艺。基于工业常规Ni基催化剂,采用等体积浸渍法,以Ni为活性组分,γ-Al_2O_3为载体,MgO、CaO为助剂,制备了Ni/γ-Al_2O_3、Ni-MgO/γ-Al_2O_3和Ni-CaO/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂,考察了电流强度、重整温度、水蒸气与甲烷的物质的量比(水碳比,S/C)对不同催化剂的CH_4转化率、H_2产率、CO选择性和催化剂稳定性的影响。结果表明,电催化工艺有着良好的普适性,电流的引入能够提升CH_4转化率、增加H_2产率,尤其在低温下电流的促进作用显著。在三种催化剂中,Ni-CaO/γ-Al_2O_3催化效果最佳,在电流为4.5 A、S/C为3、重整温度为700℃时,CH_4转化率就高达95%以上。稳定性测试表明,电流的通入还能显著提高催化剂的稳定性,延缓催化剂的积炭失活。通过对催化剂的分析表征,发现电流的通入提升了催化剂中NiO的还原程度,同时抑制了反应过程中NiC_x向石墨炭的转化,从而可延缓催化剂因积炭覆盖反应活性位点而造成的失活。     

The influence of La2O3 and TiO2 on NiO/MgO/α-Al2O3

Summary The effect of La₂O₃ and TiO₂ on product selectivity, methane conversion and coke formation over NiO/MgO/ α -Al₂O₃ catalyst were studied in a simultaneous steam and CO₂ reforming of methane to syngas. La₂O₃ and TiO₂ were added to the catalyst via incipient wetness impregnation and bulk precipitation techniques and catalyst activity was tested in a fixed bed quartz reactor. Results reveal that although the addition of these oxides has no effect on the product selectivity and methane conversion, but can reduce coke formation on the surface of the catalysts as it can enhance the mobility of lattice oxygen anions. The results further show that the catalysts prepared by bulk precipitation technique decrease the coke formation more effectively.     

Carbon Deposits Formed on the Surface of Ru–Ni Catalysts During the Mixed Reforming of Methane Process

Monometallic nickel and bimetallic ruthenium–nickel catalysts supported onto aluminum oxide without additives and aluminum oxide modified with MgO and CaO were prepared by an impregnation method. The catalysts were tested in the process of the mixed reforming of methane, and their properties were characterized by thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. The total organic carbon content of the catalysts was also measured. The promoting effect of ruthenium and structural promoters on the catalytic activity of Ni/Al₂O₃ was confirmed. The Ru–Ni/MgO–Al₂O₃ catalyst exhibited the highest stability and activity; this fact can be explained by the increased adsorption of methane on the surface of ruthenium–nickel clusters.     

Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane over Ni Catalysts Supported on Al2O3 Modified with La2O3, MgO, and CaO

The preparation of synthesis gas from carbon dioxide reforming of methane (CDR) has attracted increasing attention. The present review mainly focuses on CDR to produce synthesis gas over Ni/MO_x/Al₂O₃ (X = La, Mg, Ca) catalysts. From the examination of various supported nickel catalysts, the promotional effects of La₂O₃, MgO, and CaO have been found. The addition of promoters to Al₂O₃-supported nickel catalysts enhances the catalytic activity as well as stability. The catalytic performance is strongly dependent on the loading amount of promoters. For example, the highest CH₄ and CO₂ conversion were obtained when the ratios of metal M to Al were in the range of 0.04–0.06. In the case of Ni/La₂O₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst, the highest CH₄ conversion (96%) and CO₂ conversion (97%) was achieved with the catalyst (La/Al = 0.05 (atom/atom)). For Ni/CaO/Al₂O₃ catalyst, the catalyst with Ca/Al = 0.04 (atom/atom) exhibited the highest CH₄ conversion (91%) and CO₂ conversion (92%) among the catalysts with various CaO content. Also, Ni/MgO/Al₂O₃ catalyst with Mg/Al = 0.06 (atom/atom) showed the highest CH₄ conversion (89%) and CO₂ conversion (90%) among the catalysts with various Mg/Al ratios. Thus it is most likely that the optimal ratios of M to Al for the highest activities of the catalysts are related to the highly dispersed metal species. In addition, the improved catalytic performance of Al₂O₃-supported nickel catalysts promoted with metal oxides is due to the strong interaction between Ni and metal oxide, the stabilization of metal oxide on Al₂O₃ and the basic property of metal oxide to prevent carbon formation.     

不同载体Ni基负载型催化剂对甲烷部分氧化制合成气催化行为研究

采用浸渍法制备了单一载体(Al₂O₃、ZrO₂、CeO₂)和ZrO₂、CeO₂改性的Al₂O₃复合载体的Ni催化剂,考察了在甲烷部分氧化制备合成气反应中的催化性能。通过N₂-物理吸附、H₂程序升温还原、X射线衍射、NH₃程序升温脱附和程序升温氧化等技术对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,在单一载体催化剂中,Ni/Al₂O₃具有较大的比表面积,其初始反应活性较高,但该催化剂表面易形成大量的积炭而快速失活。Ni/ZrO₂和Ni/CeO₂催化剂比表面积较小,活性金属Ni在其表面分散性差,催化剂具有较低的CH₄转化率。而CeO₂和ZrO₂改性的Al₂O₃复合载体催化剂,具有较大的比表面积,反应活性明显高于单一载体催化剂。CeO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体催化剂具有最高的反应活性和较好的反应稳定性。同时表明,含CeO₂催化剂反应后表面积炭较少,CeO₂的储放氧功能增强了催化剂对O₂的活化,提高催化剂活性的同时,可以抑制积炭的生成。