利培酮的电化学行为及应用研究

采用循环伏安法、线性扫描伏安法、常规脉冲伏安法和恒电位电解法等电化学手段, 详细研究了利培酮在pH 7.07～10.32 B-R缓冲溶液和0.2 mol•L^－1 NaOH溶液中的电化学行为. 研究表明: 在pH 7.07～10.07 B-R缓冲溶液中, 利培酮产生的P₁波为催化氢波. 在pH＝10.32 B-R缓冲溶液中, 利培酮可以产生P₂和P₃两个波. 其中, P₂波为不可逆的单电子还原波, P₃波可以分裂成两个波P_3a和P_3b. P_3a波为P₂波的进一步单电子还原, 而P_3b波则属于催化氢波. 在0.2 mol•L^－1 NaOH溶液中, 利培酮产生的P₄波是一个两电子的不可逆还原波. 另外, 根据P₁波的一阶导数峰电流与利培酮浓度在1.6×10^－5～2.0×10^－6 mol•L^－1 (r＝0.9950)间的线性关系, 建立了利培酮片剂中利培酮含量的测定新方法. 新方法的检出限为1.0×10^－6 mol•L^－1, 回收率在105%～102%之间, 相对标准偏差为0.84%.     

新型三硅氧烷表面活性剂的合成与界面性能

低聚乙二醇单甲醚和环氧氯丙烷在相转移催化剂(P.T.C)存在下合成出低聚乙二醇甲醚缩水甘油醚, 然后与氨丙基三硅氧烷进行开环反应, 合成出了新型的三硅氧烷表面活性剂Me₃SiOSiMeROSiMe₃ [R＝(CH₂)₃N(CH₂CH(OH)CH₂- (OCH₂CH₂)_xOCH₃)₂, x＝1, 2]. 通过¹H NMR确证了这些目标产物的结构, 并且通过测定其水溶液的平衡表面张力研究了其表面活性. 在浓度约为10^－4 mol•L^－1时可以将水的表面张力降低至约21～22 mN•m^－1.     

基于N-十二酰基-l-脯氨酸为载体的对映异构PVC膜选择性电极的研制

合成了手性物质N-十二酰基-l-脯氨酸(N-DDO-l-Pro)(脯氨酸, Pro), 作为PVC膜电极的载体, 在PVC膜表面与被测试液中Cu(II)与脯氨酸形成的配合物[Cu(II)(l-Pro)₂]或[Cu(II)(d-Pro)₂]进行配体交换, 形成[(l-Pro)Cu(II) (N-DDO-l-Pro)]或[(d-Pro)Cu(II)(N-DDO-l-Pro)]配合物. 由于生成的配合物热力学稳定性不同, 电极能优先响应l-Pro, 线性范围10^－4～10^―1 mol•L^－1, 斜率57 mV•dec^－1, 检测限3.89×10^－5 mol•L^－1. 电极能够对脯氨酸进行手性检测, 其对映选择性系数lg为－3.19.     

1-甲基-3-己基咪唑碘在染料敏化太阳电池中的应用研究

利用超微铂电极和循环伏安法, 以及电化学阻抗谱研究了在1-甲基-3-己基咪唑碘(HMII)的3-甲氧基丙腈(MePN)溶液中I₃^－和I^－的氧化还原行为, 并对比了由不同浓度的I₂和HMII组成的电解质溶液对染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池(DSCs)光伏性能的影响. 发现以MePN为溶剂, 含1.0 mol•dm^－3 HMII, 0.12 mol•dm^－3 I₂, 0.10 mol•dm^－3 LiI和0.50 mol•dm^－3 4-叔丁基吡啶的电解质溶液, 其DSCs的短路光电流密度为14.06 mA•cm^－2, 开路电压为0.71 V, 填充因子为0.69, 光电转换效率达6.81%.     

孔隙结构可调的Cu2O球状纳米结构及其NO2气体传感性质

报道在聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)的协助作用下,通过简单调节OH^-离子的浓度及Cu²⁺的释放速度,将Cu₂O调节为具有不同空腔特征(介孔、空心及实心)结构的纳米球.研究表明, OH^-根离子的扩散动力学是决定产物结构的关键因素.当[OH^-] > 0.05 mol·L^-1时,高的化学势使其迅速扩散到PVP胶团内部,与吸附在PVP链上的Cu²⁺反应形成Cu(OH)₂,在抗坏血酸(Vc)的还原作用下经过重结晶得到Cu₂O实心球纳米结构;当[OH^-] < 0.025 mol·L^-1时,其扩散速度下降,首先与吸附在PVP胶团外部的Cu²⁺反应形成Cu(OH)₂, Cu(OH)₂的形成阻碍了OH^-离子的向内扩散,形成具有较大空腔(~220 nm)的空心球;当0.025 mol·L^-1 < [OH^-] < 0.05 mol·L^-1时,形成较小空腔(30-60 nm)的空心球.以NH₃水为OH^-缓释源时,虽然OH^-浓度较低,但同时Cu²⁺的浓度也低,胶团外部形成的Cu(OH)₂不足以阻碍OH^-离子的向内扩散,反应过程中NH₃的释放及较低的OH^-浓度阻碍了重结晶的发生,从而形成Cu₂O介孔纳米球.对三种典型结构特征的产物进行了NO₂气体传感性质研究,结果表明, Cu₂O介孔纳米球相比空心结构和实心结构具有更为优异的响应性.结合比表面积数据,我们认为介孔纳米球疏散的结构有利于NO₂气体的扩散和O₂的吸附,从而表现出了更灵敏的气体传感性.     

纳米Eu2O3对HEK-293T细胞的生物活性影响

稀土化合物的生物效应研究已经引起广泛关注. 利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察到纳米Eu₂O₃能进入活HEK-293T细胞中且位于细胞核周围. 在体外培养条件下, 利用流式细胞仪法检测了纳米Eu₂O₃对细胞的活力及对细胞周期的影响, 结果表明当纳米颗粒浓度小于200 μg•mL^－1时, 对细胞活性没有明显影响; 而当纳米颗粒浓度≥400 μg•mL^－1时, 对细胞活性明显抑制. 当Eu₂O₃纳米颗粒在低浓度范围(≤50 μg•mL^－1)时对细胞周期基本没有影响, 而高浓度(≥200 μg•mL^－1)时对细胞周期均有显著抑制, 停滞在DNA合成后期. 这些研究结果均表明纳米Eu₂O₃对HEK-293T细胞具有明显的生物效应.     

克拉霉素的电化学反应机理研究与应用

应用线性扫描伏安法、循环伏安法、常规脉冲伏安法等电化学手段并结合紫外吸收光谱研究了药物克拉霉素(clarithromycin, CAM)在pH 1.8～9.2 Britton-Robinson缓冲溶液和0.05 mol•L^－1 NaOH溶液中的电化学行为. 在所研究的pH范围, CAM分别产生P₁, P₂, P₃, P₄四个还原波, 其中P₁, P₂, P₄三个波均为其药效活性基团C-9位羰基的还原所产生. 实验结果表明: 在pH 1.8～5.7的B-R缓冲溶液条件下所获得的P₁波为两电子不可逆弱吸附还原波; 在6.0＜pH＜9.2的B-R缓冲溶液中, CAM产生P₂和P₃两个波, 其中P₂为两电子不可逆还原波, P₃为催化氢波. 在0.05 mol• L^－1 NaOH溶液中, CAM产生的P₄波是一个单电子的不可逆吸附还原波. 根据P₄波的峰电流i_P与CAM浓度的线性关系, 建立了CAM含量测定的新方法.     

基于辣根过氧化物酶/纳米金/辣根过氧化物酶/多壁纳米碳管修饰的过氧化氢生物传感器的研究

以固定在玻碳电极上的多壁纳米碳管为基底吸附辣根过氧化物酶, 再固定纳米金, 然后再结合一层辣根过氧化物酶, 利用多壁纳米碳管对辣根过氧化物酶的直接电化学催化特性及纳米金对蛋白质的强吸附能力及强的电子传导特性制备了无电子媒介体的过氧化氢生物传感器. 采用循环伏安法, 在无电子媒介体时, 该传感器对H₂O₂ 仍能具有良好的催化活性, 放大了电信号, 提高了该酶传感器的灵敏度及稳定性. 实验证明, 该传感器在H₂O₂浓度为 1.0×10^－6～ 1.0×10^－3 mol&#8226;L^－1范围内有线性响应, 线性相关系数r²＝0.9964. 并探讨了电极的稳定性、寿命及重现性.     

结构可控的聚亚甲基/聚乳酸嵌段共聚物的合成及其性能研究

报道了一种叶立德活性聚合与开环聚合(ROP)相结合的新型合成方法, 成功地合成了结构可控的聚亚甲基/聚乳酸嵌段共聚物(PM-b-PLA). 首先通过叶立德活性聚合方法合成了含有端羟基的聚亚甲基(PM-OH, M_n＝1800 g•mol^－1, PDI＝1.18), 再以PM-OH为大分子引发剂, 以辛酸亚锡[Sn(Oct)₂]为催化剂, 引发D,L-丙交酯(LA)的开环聚合, 通过核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR), 凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)证明了PM-b-PLA嵌段共聚物的形成|利用示差扫描量热仪(DSC)测试嵌段共聚物的结晶行为, 结果显示, 聚乳酸(PLA)嵌段的引入显著影响了聚亚甲基(PM)的结晶行为|扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察结果表明: 在低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)/PLA二元共混体系中, PM-b-PLA嵌段共聚物可作为共混相容剂改善LDPE和PLA的界面相容性|PM-b-PLA嵌段共聚物还可通过呼吸图法制备成有序多孔薄膜.     

阳离子碳氟表面活性剂研究I: 水溶液中的胶束特性及生长

利用动态光散射(Dynamic Light Scattering, DLS)、瞬态电双折射(Transient Electric Birefringence, TEB)和粘度测定方法研究了部分氟代阳离子表面活性剂氟代-2-羟基十一烷基二乙羟基甲基氯化铵(diethanolheptadecafluoro-2-undecanol methylammonium chloride, C₈F₁₇CH₂CH(OH)CH₂NCH₃(C₂H₄OH)₂Cl, DEFUMACl)水溶液的胶束化特性. 结果表明: DEFUMACl的临界胶束浓度cmc为3.8 mmol•L^－1. 稀溶液中随着DEFUMACl浓度的增加或者无机盐NaCl的加入, DEFUMACl胶束由球形向棒状转变, 其转变浓度, 即第二临界胶束浓度(cmc_II)为0.2 mol•L^－1; 电导测定的反离子(Cl^－)结合度为0.72. 利用球形和棒状胶束模型确定的DEFUMACl胶束聚集数分别为45和335.     

丙烯酰胺在离子液体中的原子转移自由基聚合

在1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐离子液体中以氯化苄为引发剂,氯化亚铜/2,2’-联吡啶为催化剂成功实现了丙烯酰胺的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)。用IR对聚合物的结构进行了表征,证实聚合物链端具有-Cl端基。考察了引发剂用量、催化剂和配体用量、单体用量和反应时间等因素对丙烯酰胺在离子液体中的原子转移自由基聚合的影响,结果表明,反应时间为1.5 h时转化率达到31.43%,M_n^GPC=4451,M_w/M_n=1.38。且80 ℃下丙烯酰胺在离子液体中的最佳聚合工艺条件为：单体浓度3 mol/L,引发剂浓度0.010 mol/L,催化剂浓度0.015 mol/L,反应时间1 h。     

八甲基环四硅氧烷正离子细乳液开环聚合动力学

以十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)为乳化剂,硫酸或盐酸为催化剂,八甲基环四硅氧烷(D4)为单体,十六烷为共稳定剂,超声预乳化,制备了聚硅氧烷细乳液,研究了超声时间、催化剂用量、乳化剂用量和温度对聚合动力学的影响.结果表明,在一定酸度范围内,聚合速度与硫酸浓度0.81次方、与盐酸浓度1.02次方、与乳化剂浓度-0.66次方成正比,反应的表观活化能为40.56kJ/mol.     

Nonaqueous emulsion polymerization: A practical synthetic route for the production of molecularly imprinted nanospheres

Monodisperse, molecularly imprinted nanospheres were synthesized by nonaqueous (mini)emulsion polymerization using a standard monomer mixture of methacrylic acid and ethylene dimethacrylate containing the drug propranolol as a template. The preparation conditions (solvent, amount of surfactant, and amount of employed template) were extensively varied in order to assess their effect on the properties of the resulting polymer nanoparticles. The molecular recognition capability of the nanospheres was evaluated in batch rebinding experiments, and the effect of the nanosphere preparation conditions as well as of the reaction conditions was investigated. In this way, optimal preparation protocols for molecularly imprinted nanoparticles under nonaqueous conditions with the use of a nonionic emulsifier were identified, which lead to nanospheres with a diameter of around 100 nm having an enhanced capacity of specific template rebinding compared to both nonimprinted nanospheres and to particles obtained by emulsion polymerization in water. Best results were obtained with nanospheres prepared in N,N‐dimethylformamide/n‐hexane with a high functional monomer to template ratio. The enantioselectivity of the rebinding process was also demonstrated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013     

非离子型可聚合聚氨酯/苯乙烯的超浓乳液聚合

研究了以非离子型可聚合聚氨酯(PUAG)和苯乙烯(St)为混合单体的超浓乳液聚合, 并且考察了n(NCO)/n(OH)摩尔比、复合乳化剂体系质量浓度[E]、不同乳化剂的种类、引发剂质量浓度[I]、单体体积分数(或分散相体积分数, 也称内相比Φ)、聚合温度等因素对聚合稳定性、动力学的影响. 同时结合光相关光谱(PCS)测定了聚合物乳胶粒子大小和粒径分布, 用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察了粒子形态, 结果表明: 当n(NCO)/n(OH)＝2∶1, T＝328 K, Φ＝80.39%, [I]＝0.8% g/g (PUAG-St), [E]＝0.22 g/mL H₂O, m(MS-1)/m(CA)＝2∶1, PVA＝0.01 g/mL H₂O时, 超浓乳液不仅有较好的聚合稳定性和较快的聚合速率, 而且粒径小分布均匀. 同时, 在此条件下的表观动力学表达式和表观活化能分别确定为R_p＝k[I]^0.50[E]^0.73[M]^0.54和 E_a＝29.7 kJ/mol. 热失重分析(TGA)进一步表明: 调节PUAG的含量可以达到对聚苯乙烯的改性, 提高聚苯乙烯的热稳定性.     

Sterically and electrosterically stabilized emulsion polymerization. Kinetics and preparation

The principal subject discussed in the current paper is the radical polymerization in the aqueous emulsions of unsaturated monomers (styrene, alkyl (meth)acrylates, etc.) stabilized by non-ionic and ionic/non-ionic emulsifiers. The sterically and electrosterically stabilized emulsion polymerization is a classical method which allows to prepare polymer lattices with large particles and a narrow particle size distribution. In spite of the similarities between electrostatically and sterically stabilized emulsion polymerizations, there are large differences in the polymerization rate, particle size and nucleation mode due to varying solubility of emulsifiers in oil and water phases, micelle sizes and thickness of the interfacial layer at the particle surface. The well-known Smith-Ewart theory mostly applicable for ionic emulsifier, predicts that the number of particles nucleated is proportional to the concentration of emulsifier up to 0.6. The thin interfacial layer at the particle surface, the large surface area of relatively small polymer particles and high stability of small particles lead to rapid polymerization. In the sterically stabilized emulsion polymerization the reaction order is significantly above 0.6. This was ascribed to limited flocculation of polymer particles at low concentration of emulsifier, due to preferential location of emulsifier in the monomer phase. Polymerization in the large particles deviates from the zero-one approach but the pseudo-bulk kinetics can be operative. The thick interfacial layer can act as a barrier for entering radicals due to which the radical entry efficiency and also the rate of polymerization are depressed. The high oil-solubility of non-ionic emulsifier decreases the initial micellar amount of emulsifier available for particle nucleation, which induces non-stationary state polymerization. The continuous release of emulsifier from the monomer phase and dismantling of the non-micellar aggregates maintained a high level of free emulsifier for additional nucleation. In the mixed ionic/non-ionic emulsifiers, the released non-ionic emulsifier can displace the ionic emulsifier at the particle surface, which then takes part in additional nucleation. The non-stationary state polymerization can be induced by the addition of a small amount of ionic emulsifier or the incorporation of ionic groups onto the particle surface. Considering the ionic sites as no-adsorption sites, the equilibrium adsorption layer can be thought of as consisting of a uniform coverage with holes. The de-organization of the interfacial layer can be increased by interparticle interaction via extended PEO chains--a bridging flocculation mechanism. The low overall activation energy for the sterically stabilized emulsion polymerization resulted from a decreased barrier for entering radicals at high temperature and increased particle flocculation.     

Microemulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of a cationic emulsifier

The principal subject discussed in the current paper is the radical polymerization of styrene in the three- and four component microemulsions stabilized by a cationic emulsifier. Polymerization in the o/w microemulsion is a new polymerization technique which allows to prepare the polymer latexes with the very high particle interface area and narrow particle size distribution. Polymers formed are very large with a very broad molecular weight distribution. In emulsion and microemulsion polymerizations, the reaction takes place in a large number of isolated loci dispersed in the continuous aqueous phase. However, in spite of the similarities between emulsion and microemulsion polymerization, there are large differences caused by the much larger amount of emulsifier in the latter process. In the emulsion polymerization there are three rate intervals. In the microemulsion polymerization only two reaction rate intervals are commonly detected: first, the polymerization rate increases rapidly with the reaction time and then decreases steadily. Essential features of microemulsion polymerization are as follows: (1) polymerization proceeds under non-stationary state conditions; (2) size and particle concentration increases throughout the course of polymerization; (3) chain-transfer to monomer/exit of transferred monomeric radical/radical re-entry events are operative; and (4) molecular weight is independent of conversion and distribution of resulting polymer is very broad. The number of microdroplets or monomer-starved micelles at higher conversion is high and they persist throughout the reaction. The high emulsifier/water ratio ensures that the emulsifier is undissociated and can penetrate into the microdroplets. The presence of a large amount of emulsifier strongly influences the reaction kinetics and the particle nucleation. The mixed mode particle nucleation is assumed to govern the polymerization process. At low emulsifier concentration the micellar nucleation is dominant while at a high emulsifier concentration the interaction-like homogeneous nucleation is operative. Furthermore, the paper is focused on the initiation and nucleation mechanisms, location of initiation locus, and growth and deactivation of latex particles. Furthermore, the relationship between kinetic and molecular weight parameters of the microemulsion polymerization process and colloidal (water/particle interface) parameters is discussed. In particular, we follow the effect of initiator and emulsifier type and concentration on the polymerization process. Besides, the effects of monomer concentration and additives are also evaluated.     

H_2O/TiCl_4/ED体系引发异丁烯控制正离子聚合中的影响因素研究

在亲核试剂(ED)如吡啶(Py)、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)或三乙胺(TEA)存在下,由引发剂H2O和共引发剂TiCl4组成引发体系,在二氯甲烷/正己烷混合溶剂中进行异丁烯(IB)正离子聚合,考察了溶剂极性、聚合温度及异丁烯浓度对聚合反应转化率、产物分子量和分子量分布的影响.试验结果表明,随聚合体系溶剂极性增大,聚合速率加快,相近转化率时聚合产物的分子量分布变窄.随着聚合温度降低,聚合速率明显提高,聚合物的分子量增加,活化能为负值,活性链端发生链转移或链终止等副反应的几率减小,当聚合温度为-60℃时,可以抑制活性链端的β-H脱除反应和链转移副反应,并得到大分子链末端全部为叔氯基团的聚异丁烯(PIB).当[IB]0≤2.5mol/L时,随[IB]0增加,聚合转化率有所增加,聚合产物的GPC谱图均为单峰分布,分子量增大,而分子量分布基本保持不变,对于加入Py的聚合体系,分子量分布指数在1.33~1.45范围内,对于加入TEA的聚合体系,分子量分布指数在1.47~1.60范围内,并求出在加入Py和TEA的聚合体系中活性链向单体的链转移常数CM分别为5.5×10-4和6.6×10-4.     

有机硅-丙烯酸酯聚合物乳液合成及粒径分析

通过种子乳液半连续法合成了有机硅改性丙烯酸酯聚合物乳液,并对其粒子形态及分布进行分析。结果表明:通过种子乳液半连续聚合工艺可制备出固含量42wt%,乳化剂含量4wt%(基于单体量)、窄分布纳米粒子的有机硅改性丙烯酸酯聚合物乳液。随反应进行,粒径分布变窄,平均粒径逐渐增大。随乳化剂中SDS与OP-10的摩尔比减少,粒径增大。     

Kinetic features of ethylene polymerization over supported catalysts [2,6‐bis(imino)pyridyl iron dichloride/magnesium dichloride] with AlR3 as an activator

The effects of polymerization temperature, polymerization time, ethylene and hydrogen concentration, and effect of comonomers (hexene‐1, propylene) on the activity of supported catalyst of composition LFeCl₂/MgCl₂‐Al(i‐Bu)₃ (L = 2,6‐bis[1‐(2,6‐dimethylphenylimino)ethyl] pyridyl) and polymer characteristics (molecular weight (MW), molecular‐weight distribution (MWD), molecular structure) have been studied. Effective activation energy of ethylene polymerization over LFeCl₂/MgCl₂‐Al(i‐Bu)₃ has a value typical of supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts (11.9 kcal/mol). The polymerization reaction is of the first order with respect to monomer at the ethylene concentration >0.2 mol/L. Addition of small amounts of hydrogen (9–17%) significantly increases the activity; however, further increase in hydrogen concentration decreases the activity. The IRS and DSC analysis of PE indicates that catalyst LFeCl₂/MgCl₂‐Al(i‐Bu)₃ has a very low copolymerizing ability toward propylene and hexene‐1. MW and MWD of PE produced over these catalysts depend on the polymerization time, ethylene and hexene‐1 concentration. The activation effect of hydrogen and other kinetic features of ethylene polymerization over supported catalysts based on the Fe (II) complexes are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5057–5066, 2007     

微波辐照下丙烯酰胺的原子转移自由基共聚合

在微波辐射下,以水为反应介质,2-氯丙酰胺为引发剂,氯化亚铜/2,2′-联吡啶为催化体系,自制的磺基甜菜碱两性离子功能单体3-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲胺基)丙磺酸盐(DMAPS)与丙烯酰胺(AM)单体进行原子转移自由基共聚合反应,得到磺基甜菜碱型两性离子聚合物P(AM-DMAPS)。 讨论了微波功率、反应时间、单体用量、引发剂用量、催化剂和配体用量等因素对聚合反应的影响,并与相应的热聚合法进行了对照。 结果表明,微波辐射功率240 W,反应时间为1250 s时,微波辐射下共聚合的表观速率常数(Kappp)为热聚合法4.5倍,此时AM与DMAPS在水介质中的最佳合成条件为:单体总浓度4 mol/L(其中功能性单体DMAPS在混合单体中所占摩尔分数为1.0%),引发剂浓度0.015 mol/L,催化剂浓度0.01 mol/L。 此时转化率为40.15%,Mn为46410。