PSS/PDDA自组装膜形成过程中的临界浓度效应

Decher等提出的阴阳聚电解质层层组装膜技术(LbL),方便快捷,结构有序,其纳米级可控,可用于生物传感器、杂多酸多层膜修饰电极及天然多糖类功能膜等领域．LbL膜的厚度直接影响其性能,而膜厚度与紫外吸光度(A)成正比．故A是通常用于评价膜厚度的一种简便方法．紫外吸光度与聚电解质溶液浓度(cp)往往呈递增关系,随着溶液中cp的增大,单位面积上吸附聚电解质的量也增加。     

银/聚电解质复合纳滤膜的制备及表征

利用层层自组装技术(LbL),采用原位还原方法在聚醚砜(PES)基膜上制备了银/聚电解质复合纳滤膜.SEM分析表明:膜表面结构致密,Ag粒子在复合膜中分布均匀,粒径100～200 nm,UV-vis图谱证明膜中粒子为Ag粒子,所得银/聚电解质纳滤膜呈现出优异的抗菌性能.[PSS/PDADMAC]3[PAS/PAH-Ag]3PSS膜对负二价离子显示出较高的截留性能,达到93%.     

一种偶氮聚电解质在不同pH值条件下的静电逐层自组装研究

研究了一种光响应偶氮聚电解质(PEAPE)在不同pH值条件下的自组装,重点讨论了pH值对静电逐层自组装以及对光响应性能的影响.研究表明,在所研究的pH范围内,pH值越低,越有利于生成吸光度高的自组装膜,对应的自组装膜厚度也越大.红外光谱分析表明,偶氮聚电解质在不同pH溶液中存在不同的电离情况.pH值越低,用于自组装的溶液中的聚合物链上的电荷数越少,链构象越卷曲.解释了不同pH值条件下自组装膜吸光度和厚度差别的原因.     

侧链型偶氮聚电解质自组装和膜结构研究

研究了4种侧链型偶氮聚电解质的自组装过程及其对自组装膜结构的影响.用聚电解质上的偶氮基团作为“探针”,研究了自组装过程中出现的生色团取向、解吸附和非线性增长等现象.这些侧链型偶氮聚电解质均具有较好的自组装性,但其自组装行为有很大差异.在不同的pH条件下,聚电解质的电离程度不同,导致吸附过程和自组装膜结构亦明显不同.自组装膜的增长和结构取决于体系中吸附和解吸的平衡.偶氮生色团端基的亲水或疏水性对自组装膜的增长有明显的影响.偶氮聚电解质自组装过程不同阶段出现的非线性增长现象,分别反映了基底、溶液性质和聚电解质结构等因素的影响.     

端羧基芳脂型超支化聚酯自组装性能的研究

利用聚电解质逐层浸渍 ( layer- by- layer dipping)法制备自组装膜是最近发展起来的进行表面改性的新方法[1～ 3] .一方面 ,从理论上来说 ,只要是带电荷的聚合物都可以利用该技术制备具有优异性能的自组装膜 ;另一方面 ,还可以通过调节溶液的 p H值和离子强度等控制阴阳离子的组装过程 ,从而控制自组装膜的内部结构和表面形态 ,为在纳米级范围内设计和控制聚合物聚集态内部结构提供了可能性 .近年来 ,具有高度支化结构的超支化分子由于具有独特的物理和化学性能而受到了广泛的关注 [4 ,5] ,但以聚电解质逐层浸渍法制备超支化分子自组装膜…     

在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/水混合溶剂中制备偶氮聚电解质自组装膜

利用静电吸附逐层自组装方法在有机溶剂N,N二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和H2O的混合介质中制备非水溶性偶氮聚电解质自组装多层膜.研究了DMF和H2O的配比对自组装膜生长、结构与表面形态的影响.结果表明,DMFH2O的混合溶剂是非水溶性偶氮聚电解质自组装的理想介质,二者之间的配比对自组装膜的生长速度,膜的结构以及表面形态均有显著影响.随着混合溶液中DMF含量的升高,自组装膜的生长速度逐渐下降但线形生长关系越来越好,所得自组装膜中偶氮生色团的H聚集程度逐渐下降,而且自组装膜的表面越来越平整.     

聚电解质层层自组装纳滤膜*

层层自组装技术能够方便地对膜的微观结构和组成进行调控,已在制备复合型纳滤膜方面取得了迅速的发展。本文综述了近年来用于聚电解质层层自组装纳滤膜的制备方法,种类以及影响因素。介绍了静态层层交替沉积、压力驱动自组装和电场强化自组装等三种制备方法;归纳了均聚型、共聚型和有机/无机杂化型等三类用于层层自组装纳滤膜的聚电解质的特点;讨论了聚电解质的荷电性、电荷密度和电离程度等因素对其自组装膜分离性能的影响。总结了聚电解质自组装纳滤膜在水处理和有机溶剂中物质的分离等方面的应用。同时,对提高聚电解质自组装纳滤膜的组装效率,分离性能和发展方向提出了设想和建议。     

层层自组装聚电解质多层膜的制备及在膜分离中的应用

扼要论述了聚电解质自组装膜制备过程中电荷密度、驱动力及增长方式等对膜厚和膜结构影响的基本规律,着重介绍了近年来聚电解质自组装渗透气化膜和离子分离膜研究概况.对聚电解质自组装分离膜今后的研究工作提出了建议.     

由聚电解质自组装多层膜制备微孔薄膜

带有相反电荷的聚电解质通过静电作用交替沉积可以得到自组装多层膜,由于这种技术可操作性强,用途广泛,近十几年来已有了大量的研究．聚电解质多层膜在一定条件下可以形成纳米孔和微米孔．Fu等研究了聚丙烯酸和聚乙烯基吡啶组成的氢键自组装多层膜在碱溶液中溶去其中的聚丙烯酸后,剩下的聚乙烯基吡啶重构形成微孔薄膜．Mendelsohn等发现将聚丙烯酸和聚烯丙基胺自组装而成的多层膜浸入pH=2．4左右的溶液中可制备微孔薄膜．但这些方法并不能使强聚电解质多层膜形成多孔结构。     

聚电解质结构及盐浓度对基于DNA和聚阳离子的层层组装型大孔薄膜结构的影响

选择2种不同类型的聚阳离子[强电解质型聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵(PDDA)和弱电解质型聚盐酸丙烯胺(PAH)], 分别和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)分子通过静电吸附作用制备层层组装膜. 利用原子力显微镜和紫外-可见分光光度计研究了聚阳离子结构和组装分子溶液中盐(NaCl)浓度对大孔结构及薄膜生长规律的影响. 结果表明, 在DNA/PDDA体系中, 盐浓度对于大孔结构的形成起到关键性作用. 而对于DNA/PAH薄膜体系, 即使增加DNA或PAH溶液中盐的浓度, 也不会有大孔结构出现, 这主要是由PAH分子的弱电解质特性决定的.     

Polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer self-assembly enhanced by electric field and their multilayer membranes for separating isopropanol–water mixtures

An electric field enhanced method is developed for fabricating layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes. Three kinds of electric field enhanced polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes (EPEMs), poly(diallyl dimethylammonium chloride)/poly(styrenesulfonate sodium salt) (PDDA/PSS), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) (PDDA/PAA) and polyethylenimine/poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) (PEI/PAA), were self-assembled on a reverse osmosis membrane (ROM). The pervaporation performances of EPEMs for separating isopropanol–water mixtures (90/10, w/w) are all superior to those of corresponding normal self-assembled polyelectrolytes membranes (PEMs), and the selectivity increases with PDDA/PSS, PDDA/PAA and PEI/PAA in order. For (PEI/PAA)₄PEI EPEM, the separation factor is 1075 and permeation flux is 4.05 kg m⁻² h⁻¹ at 70 °C. This novel method speeds up the LbL process, which makes it promising for the practical application of the LbL multilayer membrane.     

STUDIES ON RELATION BETWEEN INTRINSIC VISCOSITY OF POLYELECTROLYTES IN SOLUTIONS USED FOR LAYER-BY-LAYER SELF-ASSEMBLY AND THEIR CORRESPONDING ADSORPTION AMOUNTS IN THE RESULTANT MULTILAYER MEMBRANES

The adsorption amount of poly(styrene sulfonate)and poly(dimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride)(PSS/PDDA) self-assembled multilayer membranes in designed dipping solvents were measured by UV-Vis-spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance(QCM).Intrinsic viscosities of PSS and PDDA in corresponding dipping solvents were determined by an Ubbelohde viscometer.It is found that the adsorption amount of PSS/PDDA self-assembled multilayer membranes built up in different dipping solutions,added salt concentration,p...     

Fabrication of free-standing multilayer films by using pH-responsive microgels as sacrificial layers

A facile way to prepare free-standing polyelectrolyte multilayer films of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)(PSS)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium)(PDDA) was developed by applying a new pH-dependent sacrificial system based on cross-linked poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) microgels. The tertiary amine groups of PDMAEMA microgels can be protonated in acidic environment, and the protonated microgels were deposited by layer-by-layer (LbL) technique with PSS. PSS/PDDA multilayer films were constructed on the top of the PSS/microgels sacrificial layers. The LbL assembly process was investigated by UV–vis spectroscopy. Further study shows that the free-standing PSS/PDDA multilayer films can be obtained within 3 min by treating the as-prepared films in alkali aqueous solution with a pH of 12.0. The pH-triggered exfoliation of PSS/PDDA multilayer films provides a simple and facile way to prepare LbL assembled free-standing multilayer films.     

Construction and deconstruction of multilayer films containing polycarboxybetaine: effect of pH and ionic strength

The influences of pH and NaCl concentration of dipping solutions and the pH and NaCl concentration of disintegration solutions on the disintegration behaviors of poly(4-vinylpyridiniomethanecarboxylate) (PVPMC)/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) (PVPMC/PSS) multilayer films were investigated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that the disintegration rates and degrees of PVPMC/PSS multilayer films in neutral water could be well controlled by changing pH of dipping solutions and immersion time during the disintegration process. Furthermore, PVPMC/PSS multilayer films could be disintegrated completely and rapidly in pH 8 alkali solution or physiological condition (i.e., 0.15 M NaCl solution). The controllable disintegration of PVPMC/PSS multilayer films was then utilized to fabricate PEC/PSS free-standing multilayer films, in which PEC was a positively charged polyelectrolyte complex made from excessive poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDDA) and PSS. The experimental results indicated that the disintegration rates of PVPMC/PSS sacrificial sublayer strongly affected the integrity of the resultant PEC/PSS free-standing multilayer films. Only free-floating PEC/PSS was released from neutral water by disintegrating PVPMC/PSS multilayer sublayers. However, large size flat and tube-like PEC/PSS free-standing multilayer films with good mechanical properties were obtained facilely from pH 8 alkali solution and 0.15 M NaCl solution, respectively. The preparation of such free-standing films at physiological condition may be useful in the biological or medical application.     

Layer-by-layer self-assembly of polyelectrolyte complexes and their multilayer films for pervaporation dehydration of isopropanol

Two negatively charged polyelectrolyte complex colloidal nanoparticles (PEC⁻) and one positively charged nanoparticle (PEC⁺) were prepared and used as novel layer-by-layer (LbL) building blocks. These PEC nanoparticles include poly(2-methacryloyloxy ethyl trimethylammonium chloride)/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (PDMC/CMCNa PEC⁻), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/CMCNa (PDDA/CMCNa PEC⁻) and PDDA/poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate) (PDDA/PSS PEC⁺). LbL multilayer films based on (PEC⁺/PEC⁻) were constructed on both quartz slides and modified polyamide (MPA) reverse osmosis support membranes. UV–vis spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were utilized to follow the thickness growth and morphology evolution of these multilayer films with increasing bi-layer numbers. LbL multilayer films deposited on MPA support membranes were subjected to pervaporation dehydration of 10 wt% water–isopropanol and effect of bi-layer numbers and feed temperature on pervaporation performance was studied. Generally, PEC⁺/PEC⁻ can be LbL self-assembled successfully on both substrates with a thickness growth rate ca. 200 nm/bi-layer. Moreover, PEC⁺/PEC⁻ multilayer films show high pervaporation performance with film thickness up to several micrometers. For example, performance of the multilayer films in dehydrating 10 wt% water–isopropanol at 50 °C is J = 1.18 kg/m² h, α = 1013 for (PEC⁺/PDMC-CMCNa PEC⁻)₂₄ and J = 1.36 kg/m² h, α = 938 for (PEC⁺/PDMC-CMCNa PEC⁻)₂₅, respectively.     

Permselectivity, solubility and diffusivity of propyl propionate/water mixtures in poly(ether block amide) membranes

This work is concerned with the separation of propyl propionate/water mixtures by pervaporation using PEBA membranes, which is relevant to aroma compound recovery from dilute aqueous solutions. The solubility and diffusivity pertinent to the permselectivity were investigated. The effects of feed concentration and the operating temperature on the separation performance were studied. Under the experimental conditions tested, the permeate concentration was much higher than the solubility limit, and upon phase separation substantially pure propyl propionate could be achieved. The diffusivity of propyl propionate through the membrane from its dilute aqueous solutions was affected by the solution concentration exponentially. It was shown that the permselectivity of the membrane for propyl propionate/water separation was mainly derived from its sorption selectivity due to the organophilicity of the membrane. The diffusivity of pure propyl propionate in the membrane was about 28 times higher than pure water diffusivity.     

Preparation of polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes by dynamic layer-by-layer process for pervaporation separation of alcohol/water mixtures

In the past decades, the layer-by-layer (LBL) adsorption of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes has proven to be a promising method for the preparation of polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes. However, to obtain a good separation capability, LBL adsorption involved relatively long periods because 50–60 bilayers were normally required. The aim of this study was to develop such a new method that would allow simplification of the LBL procedure. LBL adsorption was proposed to proceed under a dynamic condition to prepare polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes. The polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) were alternatively deposited on polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration support membrane under a pressure of 0.1 MPa. The polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes prepared by dynamic LBL process were compared with those prepared by the static LBL process for the pervaporation separation of water–ethanol mixture. The results suggested that a relatively high separation factor could be obtained with only four composite bilayers by using dynamic LBL process. The preparative conditions including bilayer number, filtration time of the first PAA layer, reaction time, ratio between polayanion and polycation concentrations, PAA molecular weight and salt addition were investigated. The pervaporation conditions such as feed temperature and water concentration in the feed were also evaluated. Under the temperature of 40 °C, the separation factor and the permeate flux of the polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes were about 1207 and 140 g/(m² h), respectively.     

Chemical-Modified Nylon 4 Membrane for Pervaporation

Abstract

A hydrophilic polymer membrane was synthesized with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) onto a Nylon 4 polymer backbone, PHEMA-g-N4. The membranes were water permselective because of the hydrophilicity, and the water permselectivity increased with increasing the degree of grafting. Permseparation of water was investigated with respect to the feed aqueous alcohol concentration, feed temperature, size of the alcohols, and degree of grafting. The separation factors of this PHEMA-g-N4 membrane were higher than those of the unmodified Nylon 4 membrane for pervaporation of aqueous ethanol solution, while the permeation rate was slightly lower. A separation factor of 98 and a 194 g/m²·h permeation rate could be obtained. Compared with an unmodified Nylon 4 membrane, the PHEMA-g-N4 membrane effectively increased the pervaporation separation index for the water-ethanol mixtures on pervaporation separation.     

Pervaporation separation of water/alcohol mixtures using composite membranes based on polyelectrolyte multilayer assemblies

Composite pervaporation membranes composed of an asymmetric polyamide-6 membrane and an ultrathin self-assembled polyelectrolyte separating layer are described. The supporting membrane was prepared from both an unmodified polyamide-6 and a comb-like polymer with carboxyl terminated polyamide-6 side chains. A high end group concentration was found to be advantageous for sufficient adhesion of the multilayer systems on the supports. Up to 20 layers were deposited onto the membrane surface by dipping the membranes in aqueous solutions containing oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. The polyanions used were poly(acrylic acid), poly(styrene sulfonic acid) and alginic acid. The polycations used were poly(diallyldimethylammoniumchloride), chitosan and poly(ethylenimine). Performance of these membranes depends strongly on the layer number and on the type of polyelectrolytes. In general, membranes modified with two weak polyelectrolytes of high charge density gave the best separation properties while those modified with strong polyelectrolytes of low charge density led to poorer separation properties. However, the highest separation factor (≥10,000) for a water/2-propanol mixture (12/88 w/w) at permeate flux of 300 g/m²h was obtained with six double layers consisting of poly(ethylenimine) and alginic acid. These composite membranes were stable over an operating period of at least 400 h.