新型环氧丙烯酸树脂增韧剂的合成

用马来酸酐和聚乙二醇1000合成具有反应活性端基的聚乙二醇,用红外与核磁共振进行了表征,并用其对环氧丙烯酸树脂进行改性;研究反应温度、反应时间对反应及产物性能的影响;用红外对反应性聚乙二醇和环氧丙烯酸树脂的固化物进行分析.结果表明,反应性聚乙二醇参与了环氧丙烯酸树脂的固化反应,可在交联网络中构成不同长度的柔性链段,显著地提高了环氧丙烯酸树脂的冲击强度.     

漆酚基环氧丙烯酸酯的合成

以漆酚、环氧氯丙烷、丙烯酸为主要原料,通过两步反应合成了漆酚基环氧丙烯酸酯,其结构经IR表征。较适宜的反应条件为:漆酚基环氧树脂(UE)50mmol,n(UE中的环氧基团)∶n(丙烯酸)=1.00∶0.75,w(三乙胺)=2%,于80℃反应3h,丙烯酸的转化率在94%以上。该反应为一级反应,表观活化能52.7kJ.mol-1,频率因子1.719×104s-1。     

电晕放电引发丙烯酸表面接枝LDPE薄膜的研究

本文采用接枝量测定、ATRIR和ESCA研究了电晕放电引发丙烯酸表面接枝LDPE薄膜,实验结果表明:电晕放电能有效地引发丙烯酸在LDPE薄膜表面的接枝聚合反应,随反应时间延长、反应温度提高和丙烯酸单体浓度增大,表面接枝量增大。当丙烯酸浓度为20%、聚合温度为70℃、反应15小时时,经电晕放电处理72秒后的LDPE薄膜表面接枝量高达22055μgcm2。     

腐植酸负载Pd/Ni双金属催化剂对Heck反应催化性能的研究

制备了腐植酸负载Pd/Ni双金属催化剂, 该催化剂能够成功催化溴苯与丙烯酸、苯乙烯等乙烯基化合物的Heck反应, 产率均在85%以上; 催化剂能够不同程度地重复使用, 在催化溴苯与丙烯酸反应中, 催化剂重复使用3次后仍可得到42.9%的产率, 而在催化溴苯与苯乙烯反应中, 催化剂重复使用7次后也可得到26.7%的产率; 并且对不同取代基芳基卤与丙烯酸的反应也有很好的催化活性.     

曲克芦丁钯配合物的制备及其对Heck反应的催化性能

制备了曲克芦丁钯配合物,利用红外光谱和紫外光谱表征了配合物的结构;同时考察了其对溴苯和丙烯酸的Heck芳基化反应的催化性能.结果表明:在反应物的物质的量之比(溴苯与丙烯酸)为1:2、反应温度120℃、反应时间8 h、三正丁胺为碱、四丁基溴化铵为溶剂的条件下,曲克芦丁钯配合物对溴苯和丙烯酸的Heck芳基化反应有较好的催化...     

硫酸氢钠催化合成丙烯酸异丁酯

利用一水硫酸氢钠为催化剂使丙烯酸和异丁醇酯化合成了丙烯酸异丁酯;研究了一水硫酸氢钠用量、异丁醇用量、反应时间、温度及阻聚剂用量对丙烯酸异丁酯收率的影响.结果表明,当异丁醇与丙烯酸物质的量之比为3∶1,硫酸氢钠催化剂用量为丙烯酸量的2%,阻聚剂(对苯二酚)用量为丙烯酸质量的0.05%,反应时间为3h,反应温度为115℃时,酯化产率可达88.51%.     

组合催化剂上丙烷选择氧化制丙烯酸

考察了在C3H8氧化脱氢的NiZrO催化剂和C3H6选择氧化的Mo基催化剂组成的组合催化剂上C3H8选择氧化制取丙烯酸的反应性能.结果表明,两个催化剂比例适当时,反应的丙烯酸收率可达最大.优化温度、烷氧比、空速以及N2含量等反应条件的结果发现,反应体系中O2的匮乏会严重影响反应性能.在有氧分布器的反应装置中对所选组合催化剂在优化的反应条件下进行了30h稳定性测试,结果表明,在340oC,反应性能基本稳定,C3H8转化率和丙烯酸选择性可分别维持在～20%和～74%.     

丙烯酸2-乙基己酯/丙烯酸辐射乳液聚合——乳胶中羧基的分布

本文用辐射法引发丙烯酸2-乙基己酯/丙烯酸(EHA/AA)乳液共聚合,用酸碱反滴定法研究了剂量率、剂量、乳化剂浓度、固含量、共聚物分子量、丙烯酸浓度、丙烯酸加料方式及丙烯酸预先中和程度等反应条件对乳胶中羧酸可滴定百分比的影响。并对聚合机理作了初步探讨。     

由煤制乙炔经羰基化反应合成丙烯酸的研究进展

介绍了由煤制乙炔经羰基化反应合成丙烯酸的研究进展,包括丙烯酸的市场分析、合成工艺路线、催化剂筛选等。参考文献17篇。     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化酯化丙烯酸和甲醇合成丙烯酸甲酯的反应动力学

以丙烯酸和甲醇为原料,强酸性阳离子交换树脂Amberlyst-15为催化剂,对苯二酚为阻聚剂,合成丙烯酸甲酯。 考察了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量和温度对反应过程的影响,在实验范围内,随着温度或者催化剂用量的增加,反应速率加快,丙烯酸的转化率也不断提高。 醇酸摩尔比的增加能提高丙烯酸的转化率,反应速率出现先增加后减缓的现象。 与此同时,建立该催化酯化反应的Pseudo-Homogeneous（PH）的理想和非理想以及Langmuir-Hinshelwood（LH）反应动力学模型,辨识得到相应反应动力学方程。 经比较,采用活度替代物质的量浓度的LH模型的平均相对偏差(MRD)最小,计算值为1.466%,最适合实际反应。     

渗透蒸发膜应用于催化酯化反应的研究

近年来,分离膜材料和膜分离技术研究取得了重大进展,膜反应器的应用已开始引起人们的重视.但多数已发表的工作涉及的是膜分离在气相可逆反应中的应用,液相反应的例子比较少.已报导用于醇/水混合物分离的渗透蒸发膜类型很多,如能利用这些膜将某些化学反应过程中产生的水不断地给于分离,就有可能促使化学平衡向产物方向移动,从     

生物油中反应性化合物对羧酸在超临界甲醇中酯化的影响

采用乙酸（AC）、丙烯酸（AR）、乙酰丙酮（AA）、糠醛、2-甲氧基苯酚（MP）和水等组分,研究了羧酸在超临界甲醇中的酯化反应,并考察了各种组分对酯化反应的影响。通过两种羧酸单独酯化和共同酯化的特性以及水分影响的考察发现,超临界酯化过程中存在着不同酸的酯交换作用;水分对酯化反应具有明显的抑制作用,但超临界酯化时具有更高的耐水性。水分的抑制作用主要是削弱了羰基正离子的亲电能力,降低酯化反应速率,而不是因为化学反应平衡移动。超临界酯化的高温可加快反应速率,较弱的氢键环境可部分抵消羰基正离子亲电能力的削弱作用。AA和糠醛对酯化反应基本没有影响,但AA自身会被转化为丙酮和乙酸甲酯,而糠醛会发生缩醛化反应。MP对AR的酯化具有促进作用,并抑制聚合,从而可以提高酯化的转化率和选择性。
     

一种低分子量带有羧基的聚丙烯酸酯丙烯酸树脂的制备和性质

制备了一种紫外光固化预聚物——带有羧基的低分子量聚丙烯酸酯丙烯酸树脂(Polyacrylate acrylic resin, PAAR).其主链由丙烯酸烷基酯和丙烯酸进行共聚而得,当采用丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯和丙烯酸(摩尔比1:1:1)作为共聚单体,引发剂AIBN为1.5%,链转移剂十二硫醇为2.5%时,聚合得到的聚丙烯酸酯(Polyacrylate, PA)分子量在1100-1400之间,多分散性小于2,反应速率快,转化率高;由这种PA和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)进行酯化反应,制备得到最终产物聚丙烯酸酯丙烯酸树脂,酯化率可以达到80%以上,其光固化膜具有较好的涂膜硬度和柔韧性,光泽度饱满.     

Development of Kinetic Mechanism for the Esterification of Acrylic Acid with Hexanol Catalyzed by Ion‐Exchange Resin

The heterogeneous esterification reaction of acrylic acid with hexanol over three different cation‐exchange resins, Amberlyst 131, Amberlyst 15, and Dowex 50Wx‐400, was investigated. Surface area, pore volume, average pore diameter, and acid capacity analyses were carried out for these three catalysts. Amberlyst 131 gave the highest conversion, and therefore, further experiments were performed catalyzed by Amberlyst 131. The absence of external and internal mass transfer resistances was investigated for the esterification of acrylic acid with hexanol. Experiments showed that the reaction is controlled by chemical step rather than external and internal mass transfer steps. The effects of temperature, catalyst loading, and alcohol to acid molar ratio on the conversion of acrylic acid were determined. The activation energy and kinetic and adsorption constants were determined according to the Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson mechanism.     

Preparation and Catalytic Application of Novel Water Tolerant Solid Acid Catalysts of Zirconium Sulfate/HZSM-5

Esterification of acrylic acid(AA) to produce AA esters has widespread application in the chemical industry. A series of water tolerant solid acid catalysts was prepared, and characterized by XRD, nitrogen adsorption, TGA-DTA, XPS, and ammonia adsorption FTIR. The effects of Si/Al ratio, zirconium sulfate(ZS) loading on HZSM-5 and calcination temperature on the esterification were investigated. When 20%(mass fraction) ZS is loaded on HZSM-5, the conversion of AA reaches 100%. XRD analysis indicates that ZS is highly dispersed on HZSM-5 because no crystalline structure assigned to ZS is found. Catalytic activity and hydrophobicity of ZS supported on HZSM-5 are higher compared with those of parent ZS or HZSM-5. Results show that this kind of novel catalysts is an efficient water tolerant solid acid catalyst for esterification reactions.     

生物油超临界CO_2酯化反应研究

将超临界CO2萃取与酯化反应耦合,研究了萃取酯化提质生物油过程。乙酸(AC)、丙酸(PA)和丙烯酸(AR)在超临界CO2(scCO2)条件下酯化时的平衡转化率显著高于常压酯化时的平衡转化率,表明scCO2对酯化反应具有明显的促进作用。这主要是由于生成的酯不断被萃入scCO2相。在恒温下scCO2的密度随压力升高而增大,因而酯化率随着CO2压力的升高而增加,与有机酸单独酯化时相比,混酸(AC、PA和AR)酯化后各种酸的转化率却比较接近,表明酯化过程中存在着酯交换机制。真实生物油的酯化结果表明,在80℃和28.0MPa下酯化3.0h,总酸的转化率可达86.78%。酯化后生物油的pH值从3.78提高到5.11,萃出生物油在140℃下挥发率接近100%,表明油品质量得到显著提升。     

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalyzed Esterification of Acrylic Acid with Ethanol: Reaction Kinetics and Modeling

Kinetics of esterification of acrylic acid with ethanol in the presence of homogeneous (H₂SO₄, HCl, p‐TSA, HI) catalysts as well as heterogeneous catalysts (Dowex 50WX, Amberlyst 15) was studied. The effects and performance of these catalysts on the conversion of acrylic acid were evaluated. In the kinetics of homogeneous catalyzed reaction, both concentration and activity‐based model were employed. Activity coefficients were predicted by the Universal Functional group Contribution (UNIFAC) method to consider nonideal behavior of the liquid phase. The heterogeneous catalyzed reaction mechanisms were developed using Eley–Rideal theory. The model results were compared with the experimental results and were in good agreement. The temperature dependency of the constants, reaction enthalpy, and entropy, and activation energy were determined. The conversion of acrylic acid was obtained as 63.2%, 61.02%, 53.3%, 21.4%, 34.96%, and 14.84% for H₂SO₄, p‐TSA, HCl, HI, Dowex 50WX, and Amberlyst 15, respectively, under process temperature of 70°C, reactant molar ratio of 1:1, and catalyst concentration of 2% (v/v) for homogeneous and 2.17 g for heterogeneous catalyst. These outcomes provide an approach to understand the significant effect of each catalyst on the esterification kinetics of acrylic acid and ethanol.     

Selective separation of water–ethanol mixture through synthetic polymer membranes having carboxylic acid as a functional group

Separation of water–ethanol mixture through a membrane was carried out by pervaporation using a membrane which provided a hydrogen-bonding interaction. A membrane obtained from poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylonitrile) was effective for a selective separation of water from aqueous ethanol solution by pervaporation technique. Spectroscopic and flux analyses verified that this high selectivity toward water was attributed to the hydrogen-bonding interaction between water and acrylic acid (carboxylic acid) unit in the membrane. On the other hand, a membrane from poly(acrylic acid-co-styrene) preferentially permeated ethanol in the low water feed concentration region.     

Steady state and dynamic simulation of a hybrid reactive separation process

Modelling and simulation of hybrid reactive separation system in steady state and in dynamic regime was carried out. The investigated hybrid process consisted of a reactive distillation column and a pervaporation membrane located in the distillate stream to remove water from the process. Heterogeneously catalysed esterification of propionic acid with propan-1-ol to propyl propionate and water was chosen as the model chemical reaction. Esterification reactions are a typical example of equilibrium-limited reactions producing water as a by-product. Using just a pervaporation membrane brings the biggest benefit in increasing the yield of one of the reactants due to the removal of water. To study reactive separation processes, a model of the hybrid system in steady state and in dynamic regime was developed. Steady state behaviour of the model was studied for different hybrid system configurations. The effect of catalyst amount doubling was also investigated. Dynamic behaviour of the system during the step changes of propionic acid feed flow rate and during the membrane module failure was investigated. For this reason, the conversion of propionic acid, purity of the product stream, mole fraction of water, and the temperature in three different parts of the reactive distillation column were monitored.