鼓泡浆态反应器中低温甲醇合成的探索

为了开发低温液相甲醇合成新工艺,使用CuCr／CH3ONa催化体系,在直径40mm的鼓泡浆液反应器中考察了低温甲醇合成的反应性能。鼓泡浆液反应器使用的浆液由铜铬催化剂、甲醇钠溶液、乳化剂OP-10和液相介质二甲苯组成。实验结果表明在90℃～110℃、4．8MPa和操作气速0．2cm／s下,前9h的CO平均转化率达到78％。甲醇是反应的主要产物。与搅拌釜中的实验结果比较,鼓泡浆液反应器的反应效率为搅拌釜的80％。这是由于甲醇钠的消耗和乳化剂的负效应所致。实验结果示范了鼓泡浆态反应器中低温甲醇合成的可行性。     

低温甲醇液相合成催化剂及工艺的研究进展

本文综述了低温液相合成甲醇的发展历史、研究现状和目前存在的关键技术问题。重点讨论了催化剂体系和活性中心、催化反应过程和工艺、反应机理和失活机理以及催化剂循环再生的研究。与传统的甲醇合成方法比较, 液相低温甲醇直接合成方法具有单程转化率高(90% 以上) , 生产成本低, 产品品质优, 反应条件温和等优点。共引用参考文献36 篇。     

铜-钯复合催化膜在甲醇脱氢制甲酸甲酯的应用

研究了常压下甲醇脱氢制甲酸甲酯的膜催化反应．采用离子交换法制备的铜复合膜在１６０～２６０℃表现出较高的反应活性，２４０℃时甲醇转化率和甲酸甲酯收率分别为５７３％和５００％，而相应固定床反应器的甲醇转化率和甲酸甲酯收率分别为４３１％和３６９％．铜钯复合膜反应器能使反应选择分离同时进行，但产物甲酸甲酯的总收率不及铜复合膜．还对铜复合膜的制备条件作了初步探讨．     

CO偶联-再生反应合成草酸二乙酯过程的模拟(英文)

采用序贯模块法ＡＳＰＥＮ、ＰＲＯ／Ⅱ及二维拟均相气固反应器和鼓泡塔气液反应器模型的程序对ＣＯ气相偶联合成草酸二乙酯两步反应循环系统进行模拟和调优,同时考察了各种操作条件对整个系统的影响,计算出适宜的操作范围。模拟结果与模实验数据进行了显著性检验,其置信度为 ９５％。     

CuCr/CH_3ONa在浆态相低温甲醇合成中的催化性能(英文)

在液相介质为二甲苯、甲醇和液体石蜡,温度100～140℃、压力3．5～4．7MPa的条件下,使用H_2／CO合成气。在1立升搅拌釜内考察了自制的CuCr／甲醇钠催化体系的浆态相低温甲醇合成的反应性能。结果表明,液相介质以二甲苯为佳,CO转化率随压力而升高,温度以120℃为宜。44h的连续运转结果表明,以CO转化率为代表的该催化体系的反应性能基本稳定。     

液相法甲醇合成的初步研究

传统的气固相甲醇合成技术,由于温度控制和换热的限制,很难提高合成气的单程转化率和出口气体中的甲醇浓度。而液相法甲醇合成工艺,由于惰性液相介质的存在,改进了传热特性,在基本恒温的条件下,使合成气的单程转化率接近平衡转化率,从而     

合成气制低碳燃料醇工业侧线模试

在接近工业操作条件下,综合考察催化剂制备放大、工业粒度催化剂、反应器放大及工业合成气等放大效应对合成气制低碳燃料醇催化反应的影响。在模试反应器中采用多段蛇管换热及移热与催化剂床层合理稀释,从而保证反应温度均匀。在模试中较系统地考察了温度、压力、空速及合成气中CO_2含量对合成低碳燃料醇反应的影响。在400—405℃,14—15MPa,尾气空速4000h~(-1)条件下进行了1000小时寿命试验,结果良好。低碳燃料醇的时空产率为0.21—0.25升醇/升催化剂/小时。在燃料醇中,甲醇占74—77%,异丁醇12—15%。本工作为合成气制低碳燃醇料工业试验装置的基础设计提供数据。     

常压下合成对硝基苯甲醚

以对硝基氯苯、甲醇和氢氧化钠为原料,用苄基三乙基氯化铵作相转移催化剂,在常压下合成了对硝基苯甲醚。对催化剂的选择及用量、原料配比,反应时间和反应温度对转化率的影响进行了讨论。在最佳反应条件下对硝基氯苯的转化率＞９９％,对硝基苯甲醚的收率为９１％,纯度为９８．５％     

CuCl催化剂上合成气液相合成甲醇和甲酸甲酯(英文)

在低温和浆态反应条件下,于同一个反应器中考察了由合成气一体化合成甲醇和甲酸甲酯的反应。结果表明,由碱金属醇化物和ＣｕＣｌ组成的混合催化体系具有甲醇合成活性,在比较温和的条件下（３６３～４０３Ｋ, ３～６ ＭＰａ）进行合成反应时,甲醇的空时收率可达到２０８ ｇ·Ｌ~(－１)·ｈ(－１)（３６３ Ｋ, ５．０Ｍｐａ）和４３．８ｇ·Ｌ~（－１）．ｈ~（－１）（添加氢化物助剂）。甲醇的选择性与反应温度有关。一体化合成反应与分步反应有较大差异。反应历程可能为甲醇首先均相催化羰化为甲酸甲酯,然后甲酸甲酯再多相催化氢解为甲醇。     

微反应器中甲醇自热重整

 本文开展了在微通道反应器中甲醇自热重整反应的研究，着重考察了空速对反应转化率的影响。实验结果表明，在水醇摩尔比为1.2、氧醇摩尔比为0.3、反应温度为450℃、常压条件下，当反应空速为186,000 h-1时，甲醇转化率仍高于93%；与蜂窝陶瓷整体反应器相比，反应空速（以甲醇计）提高1个数量级，接触时间达到毫秒级（~10ms）。     

鼓泡浆态床费托合成（FTS）的模拟：数值分析

建立了浆态床反应器模型,该模型考虑了气相、液相的轴向分散及催化剂沿床层的非均匀分布。通过与Ｒｈｅｉｎｐｒｅｕｓｅｎ－Ｋｏｐｐｅｒｓ示范厂文献实验数据的对比,检验了模型的有效性。依据模型,计算分析了反应物、产物的浓度分布,气液两相的Ｈ２／ＣＯ变化及ＦＴＳ与ＷＧＳ对合成气转化的贡献。模拟结果给出了浆态床为何能够利用贫氢合成气的合理解释     

Mathematical modeling of a slurry reactor for DME direct synthesis from syngas

In this paper,an axial dispersion mathematical model is developed to simulate a three-phase slurry bubble column reactor for direct synthesis of dimethyl ether(DME) from syngas.This large-scale reactor is modeled using mass and energy balances,catalyst sedimentation andsingle-bubble as well as two-bubbles class flow hydrodynamics.A comparison between the two hydrodynamic models through pilot plantexperimental data from the literature shows that heterogeneous two-bubbles flow model is in better agreement with the experimental data thanhomogeneous single-bubble gas flow model.Also,by investigating the heterogeneous gas flow and axial dispersion model for small bubblesas well as the large bubbles and slurry(i.e.including paraffins and the catalyst) phase,the temperature profile along the reactor is obtained.Acomparison between isothermal and non-isothermal reactors reveals no obvious performance difference between them.The optimum values ofreactor diameter and height were obtained at 7 m and 50 m,respectively.The effects of operating variables on the axial catalyst distribution,DME productivity and CO conversion are also investigated in this research.     

A calorimetric investigation on high molecular weight polyethylene reactor powders

Reactor powders of high- and ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene have been investigated. Two different Ziegler-Natta synthesis processes were used: polymerization in a slurry and in the gas phase. Synthesis temperature range was 30–85°C. Monoclinic crystals were identified in samples synthesized at 30°C. Investigations of thermal parameters were carried out by differential scanning calorimetry. A range of heating rates (0.4–10.0°C/min) was used to obtain information on sample reorganization on heating. The corresponding melt-crystallized samples were scanned and their thermal parameters were compared with those obtained from the original nascent powders. Percent crystallinity and average lamellar thickness, computed by the Thompson-Gibbs equation, were found to be controlled by conditions of synthesis. For reactor powders, the fraction of crystallinity is found to be insensitive to synthesis temperature. Crystallinity is controlled mainly by the synthesis process type: slurry or gas phase. Lamellar thickness was found to decrease as synthesis temperature was increased. This trend is the opposite of what is obtained on melt crystallization and can be interpreted on the basis of Lauritzen and Hoffman's theory of crystal growth. Nascent reactor powders give experimental support for the dependence of lamellar thickness on crystallization temperature that follows the pattern described in the theory at high undercooling. The influence of molecular weight on crystallinity and lamellar thickness of both nascent powders and melt-crystallized samples was also studied. Catalyst and synthesis conditions were found to control crystallinity and crystallite dimensions of the reactor powders. Thus, polyethylenes suitable for a specific purpose can be obtained directly on synthesis.     

使用微观动力学模型优化浆态床合成二甲醚

以合成气为原料，采用Cu-Zn-A l和γ-Al2O3构成的双功能催化剂，对使用浆态床一步法合成二甲醚的系统进行模拟研究。液固两相为全混流，气相为活塞流，组分方程使用四阶精度的Runge-Kutta法并结合C++编程进行求解，通过模拟计算，讨论了压力、温度、催化剂浓度对反应转化率、收率以及DME的选择性的影响，从而寻找合适的反应参数，为工业反应器放大设计和优化操作提供依据。     

含氮合成气在三相淤浆床-固定床中直接合成二甲醚

在三相淤浆床－固定床反应装置中,研究含氮合成气直接合成二甲醚。使用双功能混合催化剂,粒度为0.15 mm～0.18 mm。在220 ℃～260 ℃、3.0 MPa～7.0 MPa、空速1 000 mL·g-1·h-1时考察了温度、压力及两种反应器中催化剂的装填比例对CO转化率及二甲醚选择性的影响。结果表明,一氧化碳转化率随反应压力的增加而提高,随着温度升高二甲醚的选择性变化不大,CO转化率的升高较明显,因此在催化剂活性适宜的温度范围内,该反应装置可以采用较高的反应温度。当260 ℃、7.0 MPa、三相床与固定床中催化剂比例为1∶1时,CO的转化率可达84.5％,二甲醚的选择性为78.7％。淤浆床－固定床反应装置具有操作稳定性好、CO转化率高的优点。催化剂在该装置中反应370 h活性没有明显下降。     

鼓泡浆液反应器的应用开发研究Ⅰ.气含率和固相浓度分布特性

研究了以粉体氧化铝水合物为固相的鼓泡浆液反应器的平均气含率和固体浓度分布特性。考察了表观气速、体系温度、静液高度、固相浓度及气体分布板的开孔率等对气含率的影响和不同性质氧化铝水合物在塔中的悬浮和轴向浓度分布情况。结果表明气速增大或开孔率较大时气含率增大，但固相浓度大小对气含率没有影响。水合氧化铝固体粉末在鼓泡塔中的浓度分布特性与固体的堆积密度和吸水性能有关，吸水率大堆积密度小的拟薄水铝石在低气速条件下就可完全均匀悬浮。以上结果为用气液固三相鼓泡反应器制备晶粒大小均匀的拟薄水铝石提供了可能性。     

Modeling of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis in a Slurry Reactor with Water Permeable Membrane

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is an important chemical process for the production of liquid fuels and olefins. In recent years, the abundant availability of natural gas and the increasing demand of olefins, diesel, and waxes have led to a high interest to further develop this process. A mathematical model of a slurry membrane reactor used for syngas polymerization was developed to simulate and compare the maximum yields and operating conditions in the reactor with that in a conventional slurry reactor. The carbon polymerization was studied from a modeling point of view in a slurry reactor with a water permeable membrane and a conventional slurry reactor. Simulation results show that different parameters affect syngas conversion and carbon product distribution, such as the hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio, and the membrane parameters such as membrane permeance.     

浆态床反应器中相含率及粒径分布的研究

以空气－水－石英砂体系为对象，研究了费托合成浆态床反应器中表观气速、平均淤浆浓度、床层轴向位置等因素对气含率、固体浓度轴向分布和粒径分布的影响，并通过实验得出了气含率与操作变量之间的关联式。     

Pilot-scale test on electron beam treatment of municipal solid waste flue gas with spraying slaked-lime slurry

Simultaneous removal of NO_x, SO₂ and HCl in flue gas of a municipal solid waste incinerator was studied by using electron beam irradiation technology. The flue gas around of 1000 Nm³/h was led to a spray-dryer-type reactor from an inlet of ESP of the municipal waste incinerator by spraying slaked-lime slurry with one or more stoichiometic amount of the pollutants, concentrations of HCl (400 ppm) and SO₂ (50 ppm) decreased almost completely, while concentrations of NO_x (100 ppm) were markedly decreased to about 20 ppm by electron beam irradiation with a dose of 10 kGy at 150°C under spraying slaked-time slurry of two stoichiometric amounts. The removal of NO_x was improved by increasing the dose and the amount of spraying slaked-time slurry, and by lowering the irradiation temperature.