Fe/炭黑、Ni/炭黑催化剂对渣油加氢反应的影响

使用模型化合物在微型反应釜中研究了载体炭黑对渣油内部氢转移反应的影响。结果表明，炭黑可以明显地促进四氢萘到蒽的氢转移反应。使用等体积浸渍法制备了Fe/炭黑、Ni/炭黑催化剂并对Fe/炭黑催化剂进行了XRD、SEM表征，结果表明，金属硫化物附着在炭黑颗粒的表面，直径为1μm左右。在高压反应釜中研究了载体炭黑和以炭黑为载体的催化剂对克拉玛依常压渣油430℃加氢反应的影响，并于传统的水溶性分散型催化剂的抑焦性能进行了对比。 结果表明，Fe/炭黑、Ni/炭黑催化剂可以明显地抑制渣油加氢反应的生焦，水洗后的催化剂效果比未经水洗的催化剂抑制生焦的效果好；Ni/炭黑催化剂抑焦效果比Fe/炭黑催化剂好；Fe/炭黑催化剂比同等浓度的水溶性Fe催化剂抑焦效果好。对反应产物馏分的分析表明，Fe/炭黑催化剂可以有效地抑制渣油缩合生焦，同时在一定程度上抑制裂化反应。     

加氢脱硫反应后催化剂βMo2N0.78的研究

在对βMo2N0.78催化剂加氢脱硫催化性能进行考察的基础上，对反应使用后催化剂的组成、结构变化、以及反应后催化剂再处理对活性的影响等几方面进行了研究。结果表明，在噻吩加氢脱硫条件下，βMo2N0.78 催化剂的氮含量下降，表层被硫化，而且钝化过程中产生的氮氧化物被消耗，但体相结构没有发生变化，表现了较强的抗硫化性能；脱硫反应前后催化剂的氢还原处理不能改善催化剂的活性，但预硫化催化剂在反应起始的活性与钝化催化剂在反应稳定时活性相近，加氢脱硫反应后催化剂的再次氮化处理，可以较大程度的恢复催化剂的初始活性。     

Dawson-型磷钼钒杂多酸盐相转移选择催化氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛反应研究

以Dawson型磷钼钒杂多酸盐为相转移催化剂，用过氧化氢水溶液为氧化剂，研究了苯甲醇液相选择氧化制苯甲醛的反应．系统考察了催化剂的类型、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间等因素对反应的影响．结果表明：(Cpry)6HP2Mo17VO62／H2O2／H2O是一可循环使用的苯甲醇选择氧化制苯甲醛的高效环境友好催化剂体系，适宜的反应条件为，催化剂用量2μmol，H2O2 10mmol，反应温度80℃，反应时间8h．     

两种甲醇水蒸气重整制氢催化剂的研究

对采用共沉淀法制备的CuZnAlO类铜系催化剂和采用水滑石类层柱材料（LDHs）前驱体制备的催化剂在甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应中的性能进行了研究。对共沉淀法制备的CuZnAlO类铜系催化剂考察了ZrO2助剂的加入对催化剂反应性能的影响，发现Zr的质量分数为10％的催化剂显著提高CuZnAlO催化剂的反应性能。该催化剂的最佳反应条件：0.1 MPa、250 ℃、H2O/MeOH摩尔比1.0～1.3、3.56 h－1。在此反应条件下进行了COPZr2催化剂150 h稳定性实验。结果表明，该催化剂具有很好的反应稳定性。甲醇转化率和氢产率分别约为88％和83％，产物湿基组成中H2和CO的质量分数分别为>63％和0.20％～0.31％。对LDHs前驱体制备的催化剂，进行了70 h反应稳定性实验，结果表明，催化剂虽具有较高的起始活性，但随反应进行，活性有所下降，30?h后基本保持稳定，甲醇转化率和产氢率分别为73％和66％，产物湿基组成中H2和CO的质量分数分别为>55％和0.07%～0.08%。该类催化剂的反应稳定性虽较差，但却可以显著降低产物湿基组成中CO的摩尔分数。对LDHs前驱体制备的催化剂进行XRD和SEM表征结果表明，ZrO2的加入使催化剂中CuO晶粒分散更为均匀，颗粒更细。     

2，3，6，3′，4′-五氧乙酰基蔗糖的合成与表征

以蔗糖为原料通过羟基的选择性保护、脱保护及迁移合成了三氯蔗糖的中间体2,3，6，3’，4’-五氧乙酰基蔗糖（6-PAS）。在蔗糖羟基的选择性保护反应中采用4．二甲氨基吡啶（DMAP）为催化剂，有效地提高了产率．并利用HPLC对选择性脱保护和乙酰基迁移2步反应进行跟踪，确定了较优的合成路线。并用核磁共振和红外光谱对产品进行表征。羟基选择性保护最佳反应条件为：使用质量分数为10％的催化剂，三苯甲基化反应在50℃进行4h，乙酰化反应在105℃进行3h。在该条件下进行反应，产率为81．9％。     

吡咯烷类有机小分子催化合成 1,4-二氢吡啶衍生物

对以芳香醛、乙酰丙酮及碳酸氢铵为原料,苯甲酰胺吡咯烷为催化剂,合成1,4-二氢吡啶的反应进行了研究。考察了催化剂、溶剂、温度、时间和氮源对产率的影响。结果表明,反应温度70℃,芳香醛、乙酰丙酮和碳酸氢铵的摩尔比0.5∶1∶0.5,催化剂Ⅳ的用量10(mol)%时,产率最高,可达93%。催化剂循环使用3次,产率基本不变。该反应具有催化剂经济易得、反应条件温和、环境友好和操作简单等优点。     

固体超强酸SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2对萘齐聚反应的催化作用

报道了使用固体超强酸催化剂ＳＯ２４／ＴｉＯ２对萘进行的齐聚反应。考察了不同制备条件如焙烧温度、硫酸浓度与催化活性之间的关系，同时研究了反应因素对收率的影响。实验表明，当硫酸浓度为０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、焙烧温度在４５０～５００℃之间，催化剂的反应活性最高；延长反应时间、提高反应温度将有利于齐聚反应的进行；改变催化剂剂量也会影响齐聚反应。此外采用质谱分析方法对萘齐聚产物进行了分析，结果表明萘在ＳＯ２４／ＴｉＯ２的作用下生成的齐聚产物以二聚体为主，其分子量分布主要集中在二聚体到四聚体之间。     

用于浆态床FT合成的Fe-Cu-K-Si催化剂的初步考察

使用连续共沉淀反应器制备了浆态床FT合成用的Fe-Cu-K-Si催化剂。考察了钾含量、粘合剂的添加以及催化剂还原方法等对催化剂性能的影响。1L高压搅拌釜的试验结果表明粘合剂添加方法B和低压CO还原条件下的No.9催化剂性能较好。在质量空速为无载体Fe-Cu-K催化剂1.5倍的条件下，No.9催化剂的合成气转化率，C1^ 和C5^ 产物的产率均高于无载体Fe-Cu-K催化剂，甲烷选择性为3．2％。特别在富CO合成气条件下C5^ 的单程产率达到130g/m^3(CO H2)以上。假设对氢为一级反应动力学的条件下，使用表观速率常数对o.9催化剂的反应活性的经时变化作了考察，结果表明表观速率常数较合成气转化率能相对地反映不同反应条件下的催化剂活性。     

近临界水中芳香醚与酮Claisen-Schmidt缩合反应的研究

对近临界水介质中不同芳香醛化合物与酮类进行Claisen-Schmidt缩合反应的 研究表明，在没有外加任何催化剂的条件下，芳香醛与酮类可以顺利发生缩合反应 得到α，β－不饱和酮，近临界水在其中兼作溶剂和催化剂。该方法避免了酸或碱 催化剂的使用及随后繁杂的中和、分离步骤，克服了产生废弃盐等弊端。通过对苯 甲醛与苯乙酮在不同条件下的反应研究表明，温度，反应时间和初始水量对反应底 物的转化率和不饱和酮的产率有较大的影响。     

离子交换树脂催化合成氯乙酸甲酯

本文以强酸型阳离子交换树脂为催化剂合成氯乙酸甲酯．研究了催化剂种类、催化剂用量、物料配比、催化剂使用次数及反应时间对反应的影响．实验结果表明，００１×７阳离子交换树脂催化效果较佳．该方法具有催化活性好，催化剂可循环使用和避免波硫酸污染的特点，转化率可达９３～９４％．     

Mathematical Simulation and Design of Three-Phase Bubble Column Reactor for Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether from Syngas

A three-phase reactor mathematical model was set up to simulate and design a three-phase bubble column reactor for direct synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) from syngas, considering both the influence of part inert carrier backmixing on transfer and the influence of catalyst grain sedimentation on reaction. On the basis of this model, the influences of the size and reaction conditions of a 100000 t/a DME reactor on capacity were investigated. The optimized size of the 10000 t/a DME synthesis reactor was proposed as follows: diameter 3.2 m, height 20 m, built-in 400 tube heat exchanger (φ38×2 mm), and inert heat carrier paraffin oil 68 t and catalyst 34.46 t. Reaction temperature and pressure were important factors influencing the reaction conversion for different size reactors. Under the condition of uniform catalyst concentration distribution, higher pressure and temperature were proposed to achieve a higher production capacity of DME. The best ratio of fresh syngas for DME synthesis was 2.04.     

二甲醚气相色谱相对重量校正因子的测定

用冰冷却水吸收二甲醚配制样品,将ＴＣＤ和ＦＩＤ串联使用,测定出二甲醚在ＴＣＤ和ＦＩＤ上相对于甲醇的重量校正因子分别为０．８６和０．５５,并通过用甲醇催化脱水生成的二甲醚和水的化学计量关系,在线间接测定二甲醚在ＴＣＤ上相对于甲醇的重量校正因子,从而使上述测定结果得到佐证。     

Kinetic modeling for the conversion of synthesis gas to dimethyl ether on a mixed Cu-ZnO-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> catalyst with γ-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>

A model is proposed for the kinetics of the direct conversion of synthesis gas to dimethyl ether (DME) on a bifunctional catalyst in a flow reactor. Calculations for the yield of methanol and DME were carried out using literature data for the kinetics of methanol synthesis and methanol dehydration.     

二甲醚在Pt电极上吸附和氧化的循环伏安和原位FTIR光谱研究

运用电化学循环伏安法(CV)和原位傅立叶变换红外(FTIR)反射光谱, 研究了不同pH值溶液中二甲醚(DME)在Pt电极上的解离吸附和氧化过程. 稳态CV结果给出, 在0.1 mol·L-1 H2SO4溶液中, 当电位处于0.05-0.35 V (vs RHE)区间, 约70%的Pt表面位被DME的解离吸附产物占据. DME电氧化反应的活性随pH值增加而下降, 在0.1 mol·L-1 NaOH溶液中, 氢的吸脱附几乎不受抑制且观察不到明显的氧化电流, 表明DME醚键上氧原子的质子化是其发生解离吸附和氧化的必要条件. 原位FTIR光谱研究给出DME解离吸附和氧化过程的分子水平信息, 指出DME在低电位区间解离生成线型吸附态CO(COL)毒性中间体. 当电位高于0.55 V(vs RHE)时, COL开始氧化为CO2; 在0.75-1.00 V(vs RHE)的电位区间则可同时发生经活性中间体(HCOOH)的氧化过程.     

Transient kinetic studies and microkinetic modeling of primary olefin formation from dimethyl ether over ZSM-5 catalysts

The formation of primary olefins from dimethyl ether (DME) was studied over ZSM-5 catalysts at 300°C using a novel step response methodology in a temporal analysis of products (TAP) reactor. For the first time, the TAP reactor framework was used to conduct single- and multiple-step response cycles of DME (balance argon) over a shallow bed with the continuous flow panel. Propylene is the major primary olefin and portrays an S-shaped profile with a preceding induction period when it is not observed in the gas phase. Methanol and water portray overshoot profiles due to their different rates of generation and consumption. DME effluent shows a rapid rise halfway to its steady-state value leading to a slow rise thereafter because of its high desorption rates followed by subsequent reactions involving DME in further steps during the induction period. To analyze the experimental data quantitatively, nine reaction schemes were compared, and kinetic parameters were obtained by solving a transient plug flow reactor model with coupled dispersion, convection, adsorption, desorption, and reaction steps. The methoxymethyl pathway involving dimethoxyethane and methyl propenyl ether gives the closest match to experimental data in agreement with recent density functional theory studies. Gaseous dispersion coefficients of ca. 10⁻⁹ m² s⁻¹ were obtained in the TAP reactor. The novel experimental data validated against the transient kinetic model suggests that after the formation of initial species, the bottleneck in propylene formation is the transformation of the initial C–C bond, that is dimethoxyethane formed initially from DME and methoxymethyl groups. DME adsorption on ZSM-5 catalyst generates surface methoxy groups, which further react with the feed to give methoxymethyl groups. These methoxymethyl groups are regenerated through a series of reactions involving intermediates such as dimethoxymethane and methyl propenyl ether before propylene formation.     

Electrolytic partial fluorination of organic compounds. 42.(1) marked solvent effects on regioselective anodic monofluorination of 4-oxo-2-pyrimidyl sulfides

Regioselective anodic monofluorination of 4-oxo-2-pyrimidyl sulfides was investigated under various electrolytic conditions. Anodic fluorination was successfully carried out using Et(4)NF.4HF in dimethoxyethane (DME) to provide the corresponding alpha-fluorinated products in good yields. In contrast, acetonitrile (MeCN) was not suitable for the anodic fluorination due to the severe anode passivation during the electrolysis. A mixed solvent of DME and MeCN was found to be also effective for the fluorination, and the product yield increased with an increase of the ratio of DME to MeCN. The superiority of DME can be explained mainly in terms of the suppression of the anode passivation and enhancement of the nucleophilicity of the fluoride ions. Such marked solvent effects on the anodic fluorination were discussed in detail.     

Ethanol-free extraction of curcumin and antioxidant activity of components from wet Curcuma longa L. by liquefied dimethyl ether

As a solvent, ethanol can extract a wide range of polar substances, but its consumption is sometimes avoided for religious and cultural reasons. In this study, liquefied dimethyl ether (DME) was used to extract curcumin and antioxidants from highly moist, untreated turmeric. Higher amounts of curcumin (7.94 mg/g dry weight (DW)) were extracted using liquified DME compared with ethanol (6.77 mg/g DW). Almost all the water and 5.10 mg/g DW of lipids were extracted from raw turmeric using liquefied DME, corresponding to 56 % the amount extracted using ethanol. In addition, microscopic and spectroscopic analyses revealed that liquefied DME neither destroyed cell walls nor extracted cellulose. However, liquefied DME had a slightly lower extraction capacity for total phenolic compounds than ethanol and slightly lower antioxidant effect. DME extracts an equivalent amount of curcumin as ethanol and only slightly fewer antioxidants while simultaneously avoiding sun-drying degradation and prolonged freeze-drying.     

Electrochemical and In Situ FTIR Studies of Adsorption and Oxidation of Dimethyl Ether on Platinum Electrode

Dissociative adsorption and electrooxidation of dimethyl ether (DME) on a platinum electrode in different pH solutions were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and in situ FTIR reflection spectroscopy. The coverage of the dissociative adsorbed species was measured about 70% from hydrogen adsorption-desorption region (0.05-0.35 V (vs RHE)) of steady-state voltammogram recorded in 0.1 mol·L⁻¹ H₂SO₄ solution. It was found that the electrochemical reactivity of DME was pH dependent, i.e., the larger the pH value was, the less the reactivity of DME would be. No perceptible reactivity of DME in 0.1 mol·L⁻¹ NaOH solution could be detected. It was revealed that the protonation of the oxygen atom in the C-O-C bond played a key role in the electrooxidation of DME. In situ FTIR spectroscopic results illustrated that linearly bonded CO (CO_L) species determined at low potential region were derived from the dissociative adsorption of DME and behaved as ‘poisoning’ intermediate. The CO_L species could be oxidized to CO₂ at potential higher than 0.55 V (vs RHE) and in the potential range from 0.75 to 1.00 V (vs RHE) DME was oxidized simultaneously via HCOOH species that were identified as the reactive intermediates.     

A revised quantum chemistry-based potential for poly(ethylene oxide) and its oligomers in aqueous solution

We have conducted a high-level quantum chemistry study of the interactions of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) with water for complexes representing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic hydration. It was found that our previous quantum chemistry-based force field for poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and its oligomers in aqueous solution did a poor job in describing the hydrophobic binding of water to the ether, consistent with our recent calculations of the excess free energy and entropy of hydration of DME. Our original force field was revised to more accurately reproduce the interaction of water with the carboneous portions of DME. Molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous DME solutions using the revised quantum chemistry-based potential yielded good agreement with experiment for excess free energy, enthalpy, and volume as well as excess solution viscosity and the self-diffusion of water. Comparison with our original potential revealed that the relatively hydrophobic ether-water interactions in the new potential strongly reduced the favorable excess free energy and enthalpy but have relatively little influence on the excess entropy for dilute DME solutions. Other properties of DME and PEO solutions including conformational populations and dynamics, solution viscosity, hydrogen bonding, water translational and rotational diffusion and neutron structure factor as a function of solution composition were found to be largely unchanged from those obtained using the original potential.     

OMS-2/Al2O3/堇青石整体式催化剂的制备及其催化性能研究

以Al₂O₃/堇青石蜂窝陶瓷为载体,氧化锰八面体分子筛(OMS-2)为活性组分,采用涂覆法制备了系列整体式催化剂。考察了黏合剂种类和活性组分涂覆次数对二甲醚(DME)催化燃烧性能的影响,并对催化剂进行XRD、BET、SEM、H₂-TPR、O₂-TPD等表征。结果表明,以甲氧基聚乙二醇为黏合剂经一次涂覆制备的整体式催化剂的性能最佳,活性组分OMS-2以相互交织的簇体均匀分布在载体上,并与Al₂O₃之间存在较强的相互作用。涂层的添加有效增加了催化剂的比表面积,提高了催化剂的性能,最佳催化活性t₉₀为257 ℃。