土壤总氮近红外光谱分析的波段优选

利用移动窗口偏最小二乘( MWPLS)和Savitzky-Golay(SG)平滑方法优选土壤总氮的近红外(NIR)光谱分析模型.从全部97个土壤样品中随机选出35个样品作为检验集;基于偏最小二乘交叉检验预测偏差(PLSPB),将余下62个样品划分为具有相似性的建模定标集(37个样品)、建模预测集(25个样品).最优波段为1692～2138 nm,SG平滑的导数阶数(OD)、多项式次数(DP)、平滑点数(NSP)分别为0,6,69,PLS因子数为11,建模预测均方根偏差(M-RMSEP)、建模预测相关系数(M-Rp)分别为0.015％,0.931,检验预测均方根偏差(V-RM-SEP)、检验预测相关系数(V-RP)分别为0.018％,0.882.其结果可为设计专用NIR仪器提供有价值的参考.     

离散小波变换-遗传算法-交互检验法用于近红外光谱数据的高倍压缩与变量筛选

用遗传算法(GA)与交互检验(CV)相结合建立了一种用于对近红外光谱(NIR)数据及其离散小波变换(DWT)系数进行变量筛选的方法，并应用于烟草样品中总挥发碱和总氮的同时测定。结果表明：NIR数据经DWT压缩为原始大小的3．3％时基本没有光谱信息的丢失；有效的变量筛选可以极大地减少模型中的变量个数，降低模型的复杂程度，改善预测的准确度。     

甲氧苄胺嘧啶药物的非破坏分析

将偏最小二乘（ＰＬＳ）法同近红外漫反射光谱法结合，非破坏分析了粉末药品甲氧苄胺嘧啶。讨论了波长对ＰＬＳ定量预报能力的影响。校正样品和预测样品的预测结果相对标准误差分别为０．３３％和１．３９％。     

高效液相色谱-质谱法测定杜仲样品中环烯醚萜含量

建立了液相色潜-质谱联用测定不同杜仲样品中3种环烯醚萜类物质含量的方法。以50％的甲醇-水为溶剂采用超声波提取样品中的环烯醚萜类物质．采用选择离子方式（SIR），以丰度最高的[M＋Na]^＋特征离子作为监测离子进行定性和定量分析。其质荷比（m／z）分别为369（桃叶珊瑚甙，AU）、397（京尼平甙酸，GPA）和411（京尼平甙，GP）。方法的线性范围分别为AU：0．11～1．10μg，GPA：0．24—2．40μg，GP：0．31-4．65μg；相关系数r分别为：0．999，0．999，0．996。检出限依次为0．3、0．4、0．3ng；进行4次平行测定，平均回收率分别为98％、100％和95％，RSD分别为2．8％、3．1％和2．9％。该方法操作简便，重复性好，专属性强，准确可靠，适用于对复杂的天然产物样品的定性和定量分析。     

近红外光谱法快速分析有机肥料中有机质、总养分和pH值

建立了近红外光谱法结合偏最小二乘(PLS)法测定126种有机肥料中有机质、总养分和p H值的快速方法。采用K–S法分类,选取S–G平滑、S–G导数、多元散射校正和均值平均化4种前处理方法对粉碎后样品的近红外光谱信息进行预处理,以PLS法建立定量分析模型。结果表明,有机肥料中总养分的RC,SEC,RP,SEP,RPD分别为0.990,1.272%,0.985,1.084%,5.9;p H值的RC,SEC,RP,SEP,RPD分别为0.910,0.344%,0.737,0.428%,2.9。有机质项目根据国标方法分为小于40%、小于55%和大于55%3种样品进行分析,3种样品的RP分别为1.000,0.989,1.000;RPD分别为18.9,17.5,8.8。对比国标方法,有机质和总养分的测定精度满足实验室精确分析要求,p H值测定法可用于定量分析。NIR–PLS法实现了对有机肥料进行无损快速的检测分析。     

近红外光谱法定量分析水溶液中葡萄糖、麦芽糖和β-环糊精

本文应用正交设计法配制了葡萄糖、麦芽糖和伊环糊精混合水溶液的29个样品（其中25个用作校正集样品,4个用作预测集样品）,扫描此混合水溶液样品的近红外（NIR）光谱,并用Unscrambler定量分析软件将近红外光谱与对应的化学成分值相关联,在不同波长范围下建立了水溶液中葡萄糖、麦芽糖和p环糊精的近红外原始光谱、一阶导数光谱的偏最小二乘法（PLS）定量分析数学模型,根据模型评价参数选择了最佳模型,并且用这些模型对未知样品进行了预测。结果显示,对浓度范围分别在22.73-104.17mg·mL^-1、22.73-104.17mg·mL^-1和1.85-8.41mg·mL^-1的葡萄糖、麦芽糖和仔环糊精水溶液,其NIR数学模型的相关系数分别为0.9946、0.9976和0.9036,模型的预测相对偏差（RMSEP）分别为2.52mg·mL^-1、1.95mg·mL^-1和0.87mg·mL^-1,预测标准偏差（SEP）分另4为2.58mg·mL^-1、2.01mg·mL^-1和0.90mg·mL^-1。     

高铁酸盐的量气分析法

１引言高铁酸盐经典的铬盐法测定是在高碱度下进行，遇酸必将失败。作者利用高铁酸盐的酸不稳定性，测定它和非还原性稀酸反应的放氧量，来完成对它的分析。样品中高铁酸盐含量α的计算公式：式中：Ｐ与Ｐ’分别为试验环境的大气压（Ｐａ）和温度Ｔ时水的饱和蒸气压（Ｐａ）；Ｔ为反应体系的平衡温度，Ｖ为Ｗ（ｇ）样品参与反应放氧体积（ｍ３）以为高铁酸盐相对分子质量（ｇ）。２实验部分２．１试剂与装置Ｈ２ＳＯ４：２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ水溶液；ＨＮＯ３：２．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ水溶液；镁条：纯度＞９９％；样品Ｋ２ＦｅＯ４、ＢａＦｅＯ４·Ｈ…     

连续流动分析法测定水中总磷、总氮比对研究

采用连续流动分析方法同时测定水和废水中总磷、总氮,验证连续流动分析方法的适用性。数据结果表明连续流动法测定总磷、总氮线性良好,相关系数均在0.9999以上,方法检出限分别为0.01、0.04 mg·L~(-1),实验室测定总磷、总氮标准溶液RSD分别在1.3%~2.6%,1.4%~6.0%之间,测定有证标准物质的结果在保证值范围内,实际水样的加标回收率分别为90%~108%,99%~104%。该方法与国标分光光度法同时测定多种类型的水样,比对实验结果表明两种方法无显著性差异。     

抽风口与烟道间距对AFS-930型原子荧光光度计测定砷、汞的影响

为了减少室内有毒氢化物的排放，同时保证测试结果的准确可靠，本文利用原子荧光光度计以As为例在实验的基础上，适当缩短了仪器烟道距上端与抽风机抽风口的距离（h）。该调节对砷测定的影响表现在，h〈10cm时，砷（As）荧光值显著降低，10．00μg／L（As）荧光值由1200左右降低到500～1100，同时，系列标准的浓度-荧光值线性变差，相关系数（r^2）一般〈0．999，特别是其积分曲线不平滑；只有h≥10cm，测试As标准系列时荧光值正常、积分曲线平滑，并且浓度-荧光值相关系数（r^2）〉0．999。将仪器烟道距抽风口的距离h设定为10cm，在这一优化条件下，利用HNO3和HClO4体系（V（HNO3）：V（HClO4）=6：1）中温消解的方法，测试了5个土壤国家标准样品和2个生物国家标准样品中As和Hg量，结果均落在参考值范围内。     

流动注射在线分析法测定水源水中的总氮

采用流动注射在线分析法测定水源水中总氮的含量。研究了样品预处理过程中水样浊度干扰、实验用水、试剂纯度选择、试剂配制及存放、气泡的干扰、干扰物的消除、显色剂浓度优化等对实验结果的影响。在磺胺和盐酸萘乙二胺溶液的质量浓度分别为35、1 g/L的最优条件下，水源水中的总氮质量浓度在0.040～10.0 mg/L范围内与吸收峰面积具有良好的线性关系，相关系数为0.999 9。水源水中总氮的检出限为0.010 mg/L，加标回收率为92.5%～105%，测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.22%～1.10%(n=6)。该方法运行成本低，操作方便，分析速度快，稳定性和安全性好，适用于大批量水源水中总氮的测定，能够满足水源水监测的技术要求。     

水中总磷和总氮含量的离子色谱测定法

采用紫外光-臭氧氧化结合离子色谱法对氧化消解后的水样同时进行总磷和总氮的测定。配制Na2CO3/NaHCO3淋洗液,采用1 mL定量环,大体积直接进样。在优化工作条件下,总磷在0.05～5.00 mg/L,总氮在0.10～10.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,线性相关系数分别为0.9999和0.9998,总磷和总氮检出限为分别3.60和4.57μg/L;总磷和总氮的检测相对标准偏差(RSD)分别低于4.9%和4.1%,总磷加标回收率为95.0%～105.0%,总氮加标回收率为93.0%～103.0%。自然环境水样检测与真实值相对偏差小于4.2%。本方法选择性好,灵敏度高,精密度和准确度高,用于实际水样中总磷和总氮含量测定的结果与国标法(GB11894-89,GB11893-89)基本一致     

Simple and fast near-infrared spectroscopic analysis of hydroxyl number of polyol using a disposable glass vial

Hydroxyl (OH) number of polyol was measured using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy with the use of a disposable glass vial as a sample container. Polyols are viscous, so disposable vials are advantageous when spectroscopic methods are employed. Due to the curvature of the vial walls, a narrow aperture was used to minimize the spectroscopic deviations. The narrow aperture attenuated the NIR radiation and increased the spectral noise in the collected polyol spectra. Wavelet transformation (WT) was employed to reduce this noise and partial least squares (PLS) calibration model was developed. The overall prediction results compare well with those from conventional wet analysis that requires time (1–3 h) and large amounts of chemical reagents. NIR spectroscopy with the use of disposable vials can be utilized for a simple and fast quality assurance of polyol in actual industrial settings.     

Short-wave near-infrared spectroscopy analysis of major compounds in milk powder and wavelength assignment

In this study, short-wave near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy at 800–1050 nm region was investigated for the analysis of main compounds in milk powder. Through quantitative analysis, the feasibility is further demonstrated for the simultaneous measurement of fat, proteins and carbohydrate in milk powder. Two models, partial least-squares and least-squares support vector machine, were compared and utilized for regression coefficients and loading weights. The affect of standard normal variate spectral pretreatment to model performance was evaluated. Based on the resulted coefficients and loading weights, interesting wavelength regions of nutrition in milk powder are screened and the assignment of all specific wavelengths is firstly proposed in the details associated with chemical base. Instead of the whole short-wave NIR spectral data, these assigned wavelengths which can be reliably exploited were used for the content determination. Compared with other spectroscopy technique, assigned short-wave NIR spectral wavelengths did a good work. Determination coefficients for prediction are 0.981, 0.984, and 0.982, respectively for three components. The proposed wavelength assignment in the short-wave NIR region could be used for the component contents determination of milk powder, and could be as a guidance to interpret the spectra of milk powder.     

Discrimination of Chili Powder Origin Using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and Near Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy

This study investigated the content of macronutrients (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, and S), trace elements (Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Li, Mn, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, V, and Zn), and trace toxic elements (As, Cd, In, Pb, and Tl) in chili powder from Korea, China, and Vietnam. For the analyses, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) were used. In addition, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to differentiate functional groups based on the chemical constituents. For the validation of the applied analytical methods, good linearity (coefficients of determination, 0.9443–0.99997), and relative standard deviations below 4% were obtained. The contents of the toxic elements were below the provisional tolerable weekly intake values. Linear discriminant analysis using elemental contents and NIR data was performed to establish and authenticate the geographical origin of chili powder, which confirmed the reliability of the obtained results.     

基于近红外光谱技术的白酒酒醅在线监测研究

为实现白酒生产过程中出窖酒醅智能化配粮,该文开发了一套在线近红外光谱监测系统,实时在线检测出窖酒醅配粮前的水分、淀粉及酸度,实时检测结果转化为4~20 mA电控输入信号,解决酒醅智能配粮问题。通过将在线近红外分析系统与台式近红外分析仪相结合,在四川宜宾六尺巷酒厂开展酒醅在线监测与配粮智能化应用。结果表明,台式仪器检测水分、淀粉、酸度的平均误差分别为-0.25%、0.38%和0.29 mmol/10 g,检测水分、淀粉、酸度的预测标准差(SEP)分别为0.60%、0.75%和0.18 mmol/10 g;在线仪器检测酒醅水分、淀粉、酸度的平均误差分别为-0.75%、0.48%、0.29 mmol/10 g,检测水分、淀粉、酸度的SEP分别为0.66%、0.97%、0.22 mmol/10 g。相比台式近红外分析结果,在线结果的平均误差及ＳＥＰ均有所放大,但在线分析的准确度能满足酒醅在线配粮控制的精度要求。     

Evaluation of homogeneity of binary blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(L-lactic acid) studied by near infrared chemical imaging (NIRCI).

The homogeneity of blends of poly((R)-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) was evaluated by the near infrared chemical imaging (NIRCI) technique. NIRCI can nondestructively investigate a sample over a wide field of view within a few minutes to acquire a large number of spatially resolved NIR spectral data. NIRCI may be combined with multivariate analysis not only for qualitative analysis but also for statistically based quantitative analysis. The score images derived from the partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis directly show that PHB/PLLA blends are highly homogeneous. The standard deviations (STD) of the histograms, indicating the distribution of the score values, show small values for the blends. These results qualitatively and quantitatively show the high level of homogeneity of PHB/PLLA blends. The predictions of the spatially averaged concentrations of the blend components obtained from PLSR results show values similar to the actual contents for the blends. The small errors of the predictions are also explained by STD values.     

Determination of human serum albumin and γ-globulin in a control serum solution by near-infrared spectroscopy and partial least squares regression

Near infrared (NIR) spectra in the 1300– 1850 nm region were measured for control serum solutions containing both albumin and γ-globulin of various concentrations. Partial least squares two (PLS2) regression was applied to the NIR spectra to determine simultaneously the concentrations of both proteins. For albumin, the correlation coefficient (R) of 0.988, the standard error of calibration (SEC) of 1.61 g/L, the standard error of prediction (SEP) of 1.29 g/L, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.026 and the ratio of standard deviation of reference data in prediction to SEP (RPD) of 12.2 were obtained. For γ-globulin, the corresponding values were 0.997, 1.36 g/L, 1.35 g/L, 0.0365 and 8.66, respectively. The regression coefficients (RCs) of PLS factors were compared between albumin and γ-globulin, and the observed differences in the RCs were discussed based upon the differences in the hydration between albumin and γ-globulin. In order to explore the effects of various metabolites such as glucose, and cholesterol on the chemometrics models, the RCs for albumin and γ-globulin in the control serum solutions were also compared with those for albumin and γ-globulin in phosphate buffer solutions previously studied. The results of our experiments show that NIR spectroscopy with the use of PLS2 regression has considerable promise in nondestructive determination of the concentrations of blood serum proteins.     

CCD近红外光谱分析技术在测定红烟硝酸中的应用

从化学计量学角度研究了CCD近红外光谱技术在无机物领域分析中的应用。使用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立了红烟硝酸的密度、水分含量等五项指标的快速测定模型,验证了近红外光谱测定红烟硝酸各项指标的可靠性。试验证明,CCD近红外光谱方法具有重现性好、分析速度快、使用样品量少、可以在线分析等优点,可以用于无机物的常规分析。     

聚丙烯酸酯类Tg的量子化学-神经网络研究

用密度泛函方法在6-31G(d)基组上优化了38种聚丙烯酸酯类的结构单元, 得到了其单元的量子化学参数, 探讨了这些参数与聚丙烯酸酯类玻璃化温度(Tg)的关系. 计算表明, 影响聚丙烯酸酯类Tg的主要因素有结构单元的侧链长度、侧链的分支数、最高占据轨道能级、极化率、偶极矩、等体积热容和热力学能等参数. 用模式识别方法(偏最小二乘法)讨论了这些参数与Tg的定性关系, 两类Tg大小不同的聚合物基本分布在不同区域, 用逐步回归和人工神经网络方法建立了这些参数与Tg的定量关系, 2种方法的预测结果与实验值的相关系数分别为0.9753、0.9985, 标准偏差分别为18.42、4.25, 预报结果与实验值基本一致.     

In-line monitoring of extraction process of scutellarein from Erigeron breviscapus (vant.) Hand-Mazz based on qualitative and quantitative uses of near-infrared spectroscopy

The application of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for in-line monitoring of extraction process of scutellarein from Erigeron breviscapus (vant.) Hand-Mazz was investigated. For NIR measurements, two fiber optic probes designed to transmit NIR radiation through a 2 mm pathlength flow cell were utilized to collect spectra in real-time. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used as a reference method to determine scutellarein in extract solution. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) calibration model of Savitzky-Golay smoothing NIR spectra in the 5450-10,000 cm(-1) region gave satisfactory predictive results for scutellarein. The results showed that the correlation coefficients of calibration and cross validation were 0.9967 and 0.9811, respectively, and the root mean square error of calibration and cross validation were 0.044 and 0.105, respectively. Furthermore, both the moving block standard deviation (MBSD) method and conformity test were used to identify the end point of extraction process, providing real-time data and instant feedback about the extraction course. The results obtained in this study indicated that the NIR spectroscopy technique provides an efficient and environmentally friendly approach for fast determination of scutellarein and end point control of extraction process.