双层结构CeO2光阳极在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用

利用水热法合成核壳结构Au@SiO₂@CeO₂纳米微球,制备了一系列双层结构复合光阳极并应用于染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)。研究表明：当CeO₂纳米微球和核壳结构Au@SiO₂@CeO₂纳米微球应用于DSSC光阳极散射层时,电池的光电转化效率有了显著提高。相对于纯TiO₂(P25)光阳极,P25/CeO₂纳米球光阳极电池的DSSC光电性能提高了15.3%,P25/Au@SiO₂@CeO₂纳米球光阳极电池的光电性能提高了27.9%。DSSC光电性能的提高主要归因于2个方面：一方面,Au纳米粒子的表面等离子体共振效应有效提高了光阳极薄膜的光散射效应。另一方面,CeO₂具有较高的染料负载能力,核壳球形结构具有较高的比表面积,增强了光的散射效应,提高了电子传输能力。     

以碳微球为核的金纳米壳球体的制备

通过水热合成法制备了单分散碳微球, 并以此单分散碳微球为核, 利用其表面修饰的银纳米粒子作为种子, 进一步还原制备了以碳微球为核、以金为壳的金纳米壳(Nanoshell)球体. 通过透射电子显微镜和紫外可见吸收光谱对其形态以及光谱性质进行了表征. 研究结果表明, 采用该种方法制备出来的碳微球具有良好的单分散性, 表面修饰简便快捷, 利用碳微球为核制备的金纳米壳球体尺寸可控, 在近红外范围内有强吸收. 实验结果证明该方法是制备金纳米壳球体的一种有效新方法.     

双金属双硅层核-壳纳米结构Au@SiO2@Ag@SiO2用于葡萄糖检测

制备了一种灵敏度高、 稳定性强的双金属双硅层核-壳结构纳米材料Au@SiO₂@Ag@SiO₂. 由于双金属之间的硅层促进了远程等离子体的激发转移, 使该纳米粒子具有良好的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)的特性及优异的稳定性. 利用这种SERS活性材料能直接检测出人体尿液的主要成分, 且该材料呈现出对低浓度(10^-6 mol/L)葡萄糖的无标记高效检出能力. 此外, 还实现了人工尿液中等浓度(10^-3 mol/L)葡萄糖和尿素分子的同时检测, 以及实际尿液中10^-3 mol/L葡萄糖的检测. Au@SiO₂@Ag@SiO₂纳米粒子具有在多种生物分子存在时快速检测葡萄糖的实际应用潜力.     

Cu改性的FeMg@SiO2纳米级核壳催化剂实现合成气一步法制备液化石油气(英文)

本实验系统研究了纳米级核壳催化剂由合成气经费托合成路线一步法直接制备液化石油气。通过采用共沉淀法、改性溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍法相结合的方法将Cu纳米颗粒浸渍在介孔二氧化硅壳包覆的FeMg催化剂上,所制备的Cu/FeMg@SiO₂纳米核壳催化剂的物理化学性质通过一系列的表征技术进行分析,如XRD、TEM、N₂吸附-脱附、H₂-TPR,XPS和CO₂-TPD等。Cu/FeMg@SiO₂纳米核壳催化剂在液化石油气合成反应中表现出较高的CO转化率(96.6%)和较低CO₂选择性(21.9%),其中,液化石油气的选择性到达37.9%。反应结果表明,SiO₂壳层抑制了CH₄的形成,有助于增加长链产物。同时,高的CO转化率归因于Cu/FeMg@SiO₂上活性金属Cu元素在SiO₂壳上的高分散,进一步促进了烯烃加氢和C₅₊烃类产物的裂解。本实验中所提出的催化剂制备方法...     

Sb2S3纳米粒子修饰ZnO纳米片微纳分级结构的光电化学性能

采用恒电位方法,选择氯化钾和乙二胺(EDA)为添加剂,在氧化铟锡(ITO)导电玻璃上制备了高度有序的ZnO纳米片阵列,通过二次电沉积得到了ZnO纳米片上生长纳米棒的微纳分级结构.利用化学浴沉积法在ZnO基底上沉积Sb₂S₃纳米粒子制备出了Sb₂S₃/ZnO纳米片壳核结构和Sb₂S₃/ZnO微纳分级壳核结构.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱、瞬态光电流等对其形貌、结构组成和光电化学性能进行了表征和分析.结果表明, Sb₂S₃/ZnO纳米片上生长纳米棒分级壳核结构的光电流明显高于Sb₂S₃/ZnO纳米片壳核结构.在Sb₂S₃/ZnO纳米片壳核结构和Sb₂S₃/ZnO微纳分级壳核结构的基础上旋涂一层P3HT薄膜形成P3HT/Sb₂S₃/ZnO复合结构,以上述复合结构薄膜为光活性层组装成杂化太阳电池,其中, P3HT/Sb₂S₃/ZnO分级壳核结构杂化太阳电池的能量转换效率最高,达到了0.81%.     

SiO2@Fe2O3核-壳结构催化剂的制备及表征

采用优化的Stöber法制备了平均粒径为230 nm的单分散球形SiO₂颗粒,并以此为内核,通过水解沉积法制备了不同壳层厚度的核-壳结构SiO₂@Fe₂O₃催化剂。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、N₂物理吸附和X射线衍射分析(XRD)等手段对催化剂进行表征,探讨了不同制备条件对SiO₂@Fe₂O₃催化剂形貌的影响。结果表明,通过水解沉积法制备的SiO₂@Fe₂O₃催化剂具有明显的核-壳结构,并且保持了原始SiO₂核的球形形貌,Fe₂O₃纳米粒子通过-OH的氢键作用连接在SiO₂表面,形成了2~10 nm厚的Fe₂O₃均匀连续包覆层。     

Fe3O4@Au核-壳纳米复合材料的制备及对农药福美双的SERS检测研究

首先采用热分解法制备了Fe₃O₄纳米材料, 再将其作为磁性核, 分别采用种子沉积法和种子介导生长法制备了Fe₃O₄-Au核-卫星纳米复合材料和Fe₃O₄@Au核-壳纳米复合材料, 并对其形貌和性能进行了表征分析. 结果表明, 所制备的Fe₃O₄-Au核-卫星和Fe₃O₄@Au核-壳纳米复合材料粒径均匀, Au纳米颗粒均匀沉积/包覆在Fe₃O₄纳米材料表面, 且样品均具有良好的磁响应性. 使用4-氨基苯硫酚(4-ATP)作为拉曼探针分子, 对比了这两种纳米复合材料作为SERS基底时的拉曼信号增强效果. 结果显示, Fe₃O₄@Au核-壳纳米复合材料是更优秀的SERS基底, 且该SERS基底具有良好的信号再现性. 最后, 使用Fe₃O₄@Au核-壳纳米复合材料作为SERS基底, 成功地在苹果皮上检测出残留福美双的SERS信号.     

新型核壳结构纳米催化剂的三效催化活性及热稳定性

从Pd纳米粒子出发制备了具有核壳结构的新型纳米Pd@SiO₂/Ce_0.4Zr_0.6O₂三效催化剂及作为参比的Pd/Ce_0.4Zr_0.6O₂催化剂, 采用X射线衍射、 透射电子显微镜、 氢气程序升温还原和氮气低温吸附-脱附等技术对催化剂的物化性质进行了表征, 研究了Pd@SiO₂/Ce_0.4Zr_0.6O₂和Pd/Ce_0.4Zr_0.6O₂催化剂的三效反应催化活性和热稳定性. 结果表明, SiO₂壳层可以抑制Pd粒子的团聚, 同时还能抑制Pd物种的再分散, 减少Pd的流失. 具有核壳结构的纳米Pd@SiO₂/Ce_0.4Zr_0.6O₂催化剂具有更好的三效催化活性和更高的热稳定性.     

合成气一步法制备二甲醚核壳结构催化剂的制备及其反应性能

以生物质(葡萄糖、蔗糖、淀粉)为模板剂,通过水热合成法制备具有核壳结构的CuO-ZnO-Al₂O₃@Al₂O₃复合催化剂,该催化剂以甲醇合成催化剂CuO-ZnO-Al₂O₃为核,甲醇脱水催化剂Al₂O₃为壳.SEM-EDS对催化剂核壳结构的表征发现,通过改变水热合成温度和合成时间可以调变催化剂中Al₂O₃壳层的厚度.将该复合催化剂用于合成气直接制备二甲醚的反应,在空速1 500 mL/(h·g_cat)、温度260 ℃、压力5.0 MPa的条件下,CO转化率和二甲醚选择性分别达到35.2%和61.1%.     

包钯纳米颗粒的中空介孔硅铝酸盐纳米球的合成及其在多步催化反应和尺寸选择催化氢化中的应用

最近, 具有中空核壳结构的纳米材料在催化领域中有着深入的研究和广泛的应用. 在本文中, 我们使用一种简单易行的方法合成了一种包裹钯纳米颗粒的中空介孔硅铝酸盐纳米球(简写为Pd@HMAN). 首先, 通过一种先原位合成钯纳米粒子再对其进行二氧化硅包裹的方法, 在Brij56-环己烷-水的反相胶束中合成了具有核壳结构的包裹钯纳米颗粒的二氧化硅纳米球(简写为Pd@SiO₂). 然后, 使用CTAB, Na₂CO₃和NaAlO₂试剂, 通过简单的碱性条件下刻蚀Pd@SiO₂的过程, 我们成功得到了具有多孔性能的中空核壳型Pd@HMAN纳米催化剂. 由于硅铝酸盐外壳具有酸催化作用, 并且内核钯纳米颗粒又是一种高活性的催化媒介, 因此, 这种复合的多功能纳米催化剂能够很好的应用于多步催化反应中. 此外, 通过一个简单的热处理的方法, 能够缩小硅铝酸盐外壳上的孔道, 我们发现这种孔道调节后的Pd@HMAN纳米催化剂在尺寸选择性氢化反应中有很好的应用前景.     

Au和SiO2多壳结构的制备和表征

利用自组装技术和胶体还原化学, 制备出金纳米壳Au@SiO₂以及SiO₂包裹的金纳米壳SiO₂@Au@SiO₂; 去除SiO₂@Au@SiO₂颗粒中的金壳层, 获得含有可移动SiO₂核的空心壳H-SiO₂@M-SiO₂. 结果显示: SiO₂@Au@SiO₂复合颗粒表面光滑, 并保留了金壳的近红外吸收特性; 通过改变复合颗粒外层SiO₂厚度, 可以调节其等离激元共振峰的位置; 王水可以有效地去除SiO₂@Au@SiO₂中的金壳, 相应的等离激元共振峰消失.     

Biphasic synthesis of Au@SiO2 core-shell particles with stepwise ligand exchange

We report the synthesis of well-dispersed core-shell Au@SiO(2) nanoparticles with minimal extraneous silica particle growth. Agglomeration was suppressed through consecutive exchange of the stabilizing ligands on the gold cores from citrate to L-arginine and finally (3-mercaptopropyl)triethoxysilane. The result was a vitreophilic, stable gold suspension that could be coated with silica in a biphasic mixture through controlled hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane under L-arginine catalysis. Unwanted condensation of silica particles without gold cores was limited by slowing the transfer across the liquid-liquid interface and reducing the concentration of the L-arginine catalyst. In-situ dynamic light scattering and optical transmission spectroscopy revealed the growth and dispersion states during synthesis. The resulting core-shell particles were characterized via dynamic light scattering, optical spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Their cores were typically 19 nm in diameter, with a narrow size distribution, and could be coated with a silica shell in multiple steps to yield core-shell particles with diameters up to 40 nm. The approach was sufficiently controllable to allow us to target a shell thickness by choosing appropriate precursor concentrations.     

Au@SiO2核壳纳米粒子的制备及其表面增强拉曼光谱

采用柠檬酸钠还原氯金酸法制备金溶胶, 以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源, 氨水作催化剂, 制备以金为核, 二氧化硅为壳的核壳纳米粒子. 金纳米粒子的粒径可以通过柠檬酸钠和氯金酸的比例控制, 通过调节TEOS的量和反应的时间可以控制二氧化硅壳层的厚度. 以苯硫酚为探针分子研究了核壳结构纳米粒子的表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)效应与二氧化硅壳层厚度之间的关系. 研究结果表明, 金内核电磁场增强效应随着二氧化硅壳层厚度的增加逐渐减弱, 且其衰减速度比具有相同尺度的双金属核壳结构纳米粒子的慢. 此外, 探针分子主要以物理作用吸附在二氧化硅的表面, 可通过洗涤方法将探针分子除去, 从而可使该复合结构基底用于循环SERS分析.     

Silica-metal core-shell nanostructures

Silica-metal nanostructures consisting of silica cores and metal nanoshells attract a lot of attention because of their unique properties and potential applications ranging from catalysis and biosensing to optical devices and medicine. The important feature of these nanostructures is the possibility of controlling their properties by the variation of their geometry, shell morphology and shell material. This review is devoted to silica-noble metal core-shell nanostructures; specifically, it outlines the main methods used for the preparation and surface modification of silica particles and presents the major strategies for the formation of metal nanoshells on the modified silica particles. A special emphasis is given to the St?ber method, which is relatively simple, effective and well verified for the synthesis of large and highly uniform silica particles (with diameters from 100 nm to a few microns). Next, the surface chemistry of these particles is discussed with a special focus on the attachment of specific organic groups such as aminopropyl or mercaptopropyl groups, which interact strongly with metal species. Finally, the synthesis, characterization and application of various silica-metal core-shell nanostructures are reviewed, especially in relation to the siliceous cores with gold or silver nanoshells. Nowadays, gold is most often used metal for the formation of nanoshells due to its beneficial properties for many applications. However, other metals such as silver, platinum, palladium, nickel and copper were also used for fabrication of core-shell nanostructures. Silica-metal nanostructures can be prepared using various methods, for instance, (i) growth of metal nanoshells on the siliceous cores with deposited metal nanoparticles, (ii) reduction of metal species accompanied by precipitation of metal nanoparticles on the modified silica cores, and (iii) formation of metal nanoshells under ultrasonic conditions. A special emphasis is given to the seed-mediated growth, where metal nanoshells are formed on the modified silica cores with deposited metal nanoparticles. This strategy assures a good control of the nanoshell thickness as well as its surface properties.     

一种简易合成具有近红外吸收的纳米金壳球体方法

对经典的合成方法进行了详细的系统性的研究,通过改变合成过程中各反应物的参数,简易地得到了稳定的具有近红外吸收的纳米金壳球体。利用紫外可见光谱、动态光散射仪和透射电镜研究了制备过程中的各个参数对纳米金壳球体光学性质的影响。实验结果显示胺化试剂的用量以及先导试剂的预处理等在制备过程中都是重要影响因素。由改进方法所制备的纳米金壳球体具有很窄的粒径分布,并能在没有外加表面活性剂的条件下稳定地单分散于水溶液中。这些方法的改进提供了一种简易制备具有近红外吸收的纳米金壳球体的方法,从而有利于拓展此类纳米粒子在生物医学领域中的应用研究     

水/甲苯界面制备均匀可循环SERS基底

采用在沸水浴中还原硅酸钠的方法制备壳层约4nm的Au@SiO2核壳纳米粒子,利用水/ 甲苯两相界面诱捕出其单粒子层膜并将这层膜转移到Si片上.作为对比,采用化学方法自组装Au@SiO2膜至ITO玻璃表面. 以1,4-对苯二硫作为探针分子考察了它们的SERS活性以及可循环使用性能. 研究结果表明,Au@SiO2核壳粒子可避免待测分子与基底直接接触,NaBH4溶液可作为基底循环的洗涤剂,经化学组装的基底的可循环性能较差,每次洗涤SERS效应均有一定程度降低,而两相界面形成的单粒子致密膜的SERS效应稳定性较好,其循环性能较高,即使洗涤10次后,SERS效应仍未明显降低,此膜可作为循环使用的SERS基底.     

Gold nanoparticle localization at the core surface by using thermosensitive core-shell particles as a template

We report novel thermosensitive hybrid core-shell particles via in situ gold nanoparticle formation using thermosensitive core-shell particles as a template. This method for the in situ synthesis of gold nanoparticles with microgel interiors offers the advantage of eliminating or significantly reducing particle aggregation. In addition, by using thermosensitive microgel structures in which the shell has thermosensitive and gel properties in water--whereas the core itself is a water-insoluble polymer--we were able to synthesize the gold nanoparticles only at the surface of the core, which had reactive sites to bind metal ions. After the gold nanoparticles were synthesized, electroless gold plating was carried out to control the thickness of the gold nanoshells. The dispersions of the obtained hybrid particles were characterized by dynamic light scattering and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, and the dried particles were also observed by electron microscopy. Adaptation of the technique shown here will create a number of applications as optical, electronic, and biomedical functional materials.     

Synthesis and plasmonic properties of silver and gold nanoshells on polystyrene cores of different size and of gold–silver core–shell nanostructures

Simple methods of preparing silver and gold nanoshells on the surfaces of monodispersed polystyrene microspheres of different sizes as well as of silver nanoshells on free-standing gold nanoparticles are presented. The plasmon resonance absorption spectra of these materials are presented and compared to predictions of extended Mie scattering theory. Both silver and gold nanoshells were grown on polystyrene microspheres with diameters ranging from 188 to 543 nm. The commercially available, initially carboxylate-terminated polystyrene spheres were reacted with 2-aminoethanethiol hydrochloride (AET) to yield thiol-terminated microspheres to which gold nanoparticles were then attached. Reduction of silver nitrate or gold hydroxide onto these gold-decorated microspheres resulted in increasing coverage of silver or gold on the polystyrene core. The nanoshells were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV–vis spectroscopy. By varying the core size of the polystyrene particles and the amount of metal (silver or gold) reduced onto them, the surface plasmon resonance of the nanoshell could be tuned across the visible and the near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Necklace-like chain aggregate structures of gold core–silver shell nanoparticles were formed by reducing silver nitrate onto free citrate-gold nanoparticles. The plasmon resonance absorption of these nanoparticles could also be systematically tuned across the visible spectrum.     

Synthesis of fullerene@gold core-shell nanostructures

A "direct encapsulation" method was developed for the synthesis of highly stable water-soluble fullerene@gold core-shell nanostructures, with gold nanoshells showing either closed or porous morphology. This gold nano-shell coating formed a "nano-oven", capable of decomposing encapsulated fullerene molecules rapidly when irradiated by laser. We envisaged this being a useful tool for chemical reactions as well as a novel scaffold for nano-material synthesis.