结构受阻的取代的苯乙烯基吡嗪衍生物作为荧光探针的研究

本工作合成了两种旋转受阻取代的苯乙烯基吡嗪衍生物。详细研究了环境温度、极性和粘度对其光物理及发光行为的影响。结果表明两化合物在基态时可能存在着"平面构象与扭曲构象"间的平衡, 环境的温度、极性和粘度对于化合物存在的构象有很大影响。扭曲构象为较好的发光构象。分子受激后, 平面构象可经旋转松弛到扭曲构象。两化合物的荧光量子产率在室温条件下基本不随溶剂极性变化而变, 仅与溶剂粘度有关, 利用该性质可建议其作为一种有效的粘度荧光探针。     

一种聚磷腈PEMP的合成及性能研究

本文合成了一种对丙酸钠苯氧基和乙酸钠氨基混合取代聚磷腈PEMP。并用IR、1HNMR、31PNMR、TGA、GPC等方法表征分析;体外降解实验表明该聚合物在类似人体的温度和PH条件下能够很好地降解;通过调节两种亲核试剂的比例,可在一定范围内调控PEMP的特性粘度和水降解稳定性。     

含氰基离子液体的合成、表征及流变性质研究

摘要合成、 表征了一系列新的含氰基咪唑类离子液体. 测定了该离子液体的密度、 熔点及溶解性等物理性质, 研究了其在稳态、 瞬态和动态条件下的流变行为. 结果表明, 当剪切速率在0.1～50 s^-1范围内时, 其粘度不随剪切速率的变化而变化, 但随温度升高而降低, 粘流活化能随取代基长度变化呈现规律性变化. 对于1-丁基-3-氰乙基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体, 维持剪切速率不变时, 其剪切应力和粘度均不随时间变化, 且随着温度的升高而降低; 在动态条件下, 在线性粘弹区, 复合粘度和损耗模量G″ 随温度升高而降低. 关键词     

某些酚类的高温液相色谱行为

建立了高温液相色谱系统,在高温条件下,采用甲醇-水作为流动相,在Polymerx RP-1聚合物(PSDVB)色谱柱上考察了6种酚类样品的色谱行为.实验条件:温度40～160 ℃,流速0.2～5.5 mL/min,流动相中甲醇浓度范围40%～80%.考察了温度、流速和流动相组成对酚类样品的保留、分辨、柱效和系统压力的影响,探讨了酚类样品在聚合物柱上的热力学行为.温度升高2.35℃大约相当于流动相中甲醇浓度增加1%,可以通过改变色谱柱温度调节样品保留和改变选择性.柱温升高,降低了流动相的粘度,允许在高温条件下使用较高的流速实现快速分离.在160℃、V(甲醇):V(水)=40:60,为流动相和3 mL/min流速条件下,可于2.5 min内实现6种酚类的完全分离.     

热压处理提升聚乙烯醇纳米纤维膜水稳定性的研究

通过静电纺丝技术制备了聚乙烯醇(PVA)纳米纤维膜,研究了热压处理的条件(温度、压力、时间)对提升PVA纤维膜水稳定性的影响。随着热压温度的增加,PVA纤维膜的水稳定性增强,红外测试显示,不同温度(50℃、100℃、155℃)热压处理,水稳定性增强的机理不同。扫描电镜照片及水稳定性测试表明,与单纯加热处理相比,热压处理可在较低温度下达到较高温度的效果,压力起到了协同作用。热压压力大于4MPa后,纤维膜的水稳定性无明显提升,热压时间对不同温度处理的PVA纤维膜的水稳定性影响有明显差异。综合考虑PVA的性能和水稳定性,最佳热压处理条件为100℃,4MPa,2min。     

原位ATR红外光谱研究超临界条件下酯交换反应过程与机理

在温度15℃~300℃和压力0.1MPa~25MPa下,采用原位ATR(Attenuated Total Reflectance)红外光谱技术研究高温高压条件下甲醇、乙醇和丙醇的分子间氢键和分子内化学键随温度和压力的变化及亚/超临界甲醇条件下醇油的混合与酯交换反应过程与机理。纯物质的红外光谱研究表明,在压力高于14MPa时,随温度由15℃升高到250℃,甲醇、乙醇和丙醇的分子间氢键减弱,减弱程度最大的温度为75℃~225℃;但温度升高对甲基的振动没有影响,当温度超过225℃后,甲醇的羟基振动峰发生明显分峰,而乙醇和丙醇的羟基振动峰未发现分峰变化;在整个温度和压力范围内,三油酸甘油酯的红外光谱图未发生明显变化。醇油混合与酯交换反应过程的红外研究表明,在14MPa时,当温度超过185℃后甲醇与三油酸甘油酯完全互溶,两者形成均相;当混合体系温度超过220℃时,甲醇与三油酸甘油酯开始发生酯交换反应。因此,超临界甲醇条件下的酯交换是均相反应,而且氢键变化不是导致酯交换反应的主要原因,高温高压条件下C－OH键振动形式的变化,即出现C⁺…O^-…H⁺振动使小分子醇的亲电性和亲核性均增强是导致超临界无催化酯交换反应快速进行的主要原因。     

蒸气开采过程中金属盐对稠油粘度及平均分子量的影响

探讨了在注蒸气条件下，稠油的粘度和平均分子量随蒸气温度、反应时间的变化规律，研究了金属盐、油层矿物对稠油水热裂解反应的影响。实验结果表明，在注蒸气的条件下，辽河稠油可以发生水热裂解反应。金属盐的存在，可以加速稠油的水热裂解反应，从而导致粘度和平均分子量的进一步降低，使稠油的粘度由原始的124.5 Pa·s下降到32.4 Pa·s，下降了74.0%，平均分子量由反应前的654下降到398。高温下油层矿物对水热裂解反应有促进作用，在反应体系中，在有水时加入质量分数为10%的油层矿物时，稠油的粘度由原始的124.5 Pa·s下降到82.5 Pa·s，下降了33.7%。在蒸气条件下，在金属盐和油层矿物共存时，稠油粘度由124.5 Pa·s下降到26.8 Pa·s，下降了78.5%。这为实现井下催化降粘开采稠油提供了理论依据。     

在化学教学中揭露事物和现象普遍联系和相互制约的规律

唯物辩证法告诉我们,客观事物和现象是处在不同的空间、时间、因果、数量和质的联系与关系之中。因之,我们在研究每一化学变化时,不应该与其周围现象孤立起来看。各种物质的性质和变化与温度、压力、浓度等有密切的关系。如硝酸、硫酸的氧化性与酸性,就主要决定于它们的浓度;食盐与浓硫酸作用生成不同产物,温度对此起着决定性作用;二氧化硫与氧作用生成三氧化硫的变化究竟正向进行还是逆向进行与温度、压力有很大关系。因此,在讲课中,应强调反应时条件并应要求学生写化学方程式时,一定要写出变化条件。其他如碳水化合物在植物体内的生成,揭示了日光、空气、水、动物、植物和无机盐间的密切关系。元     

马来酸酐与1，2－环己烷二羧酸二异丁酯的气液平衡

采用小沸点仪测定了马来酸酐和1,2－环己烷二羧酸二异丁酯二元系统在不同配料组成条件下的温度与压力数据，并通过内插法得到不同压力下的温度与配料组成的数据.进一步采用单纯形法优化NRTL方程参数，推算了平衡气液相组成，发现该二元系统具有最高压力恒沸点，且该恒沸点随压力的变化显著.当压力降低至20 kPa时, 由温度随气相组成的变化趋势知该恒沸点将趋于消失.     

羧甲基羟丙基瓜尔胶的流变特性

考查了羧甲基羟丙基瓜尔胶溶液的流变特性,发现其水溶液呈典型的假塑性,不同浓度下溶液表观粘度随剪切速率的变化可以用Ostwald-Dewaele方程描述;零切粘度与温度的关系符合Andrade方程;溶液的粘度在酸性条件下随溶液pH的减小迅速降低,在碱性条件下则变化不大;溶液对NaCl很敏感,表现出典型的聚电解质的特征。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Effect of the Method of Modification of Zeolite X on Selectivity of Catalytic Methylation of Toluene

Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry - The effect of the method of modification of catalysts based on zeolite X by cesium and magnesium cations (ion exchange and impregnation) on the selectivity...