盐卤硼酸盐化学(非汉字字符)——MgO·nB_2O_3-18%MgCl_2-H_2O过饱和溶液20℃结晶动力学

用结晶动力学方法对不同摩尔比的 Mg O/B2 O3在摩尔分数为 1 8% Mg Cl2 -H2 O中的过饱和溶液在2 0℃的结晶动力学过程进行了研究 .n(Mg O) /n(B2 O3) =1 /1和 1 /1 .5时分别结晶析出 2 Mg O· 2 B2 O3·Mg Cl2 · 1 4H2 O和 2 Mg O· 3 B2 O3· 1 5 H2 O(多水硼镁石 ) .n(Mg O) /n(B2 O3) =1 /2时依次结晶析出 Mg O·3 B2 O3· 7.5 H2 O,Mg O· 2 B2 O3· 9H2 O和 2 Mg O· 3 B2 O3· 1 5 H2 O(多水硼镁石 ) 3种固相 .n(Mg O) /n(B2 O3)=1 /3时结晶析出不同结晶水的六硼酸镁 Mg O· 3 B2 O3· 7H2 O和 Mg O· 3 B2 O3· 7.5 H2 O.析出固相采用X射线粉末衍射、红外光谱和热分析进行物相鉴定 .拟合并给出结晶动力学方程 ,同时对水合镁硼酸盐的结晶反应机理进行了探讨     

硝酸镁在γ-Al2O3上的热分解及MgO/γ-Al2O3的碱性

研究了不同载量时Mg(NO3)2 在γ Al2O3 上存在状态和热分解行为差异.考察了Mg含量不同时MgO/γ Al2O3 的碱性变化情况 ,并与水滑石焙烧产物Mg(Al)O的碱性进行了对比.结果表明,Mg(NO3)2 可单层分散于γ Al2O3 表面 ,Mg(NO3)2 的分散决定了MgO的分散阈值 ;单层态的Mg(NO3)2 比晶态的分解温度低 ;MgO/γ Al2O3 在阈值附近具有单位表面最高碱量 ,碱位分布与Mg(Al)O相似 ,单位表面碱量高于Mg(Al)O.由于γ Al2O3 的织构可以方便地调节 ,且MgO/γ Al2O3很容易制备 ,MgO/γ Al2O3 是一个很有应用前景的固体碱.     

载体对担载Ni催化剂甲烷与二氧化碳重整反应活性的影响

制备了 Zr O2 、Mg O改性的 Al2 O3、Ti O2 复合载体 ,并应用 X-射线粉末衍射 (XRD)、比表面积测定、扫描电镜 (SEM)等手段进行了表征 .结果表明 ,这些氧化物在 Al2 O3上的晶粒尺寸小、比表面积大 ,分散较好 ,而在Ti O2 上的分散性较差 .对经 10 73K焙烧的 Mg O/ Ti O2 ,还发现部分 Ti O2 载体由锐钛矿变为金红石 ,同时生成Mg Ti O3 新相 .考察了载体对 Ni催化剂的 CH4与 CO2 重整反应活性的影响 ,其次序为 :Mg O/ Al2 O3>Zr O2 /Al2 O3>Al2 O3>Mg O >Zr O2 >Ti O2 >Mg O/ Ti O2 . Ti O2 及 Mg O/ Ti O2 担载 Ni催化剂的低活性可能与 Ti O2 本身的还原性有关     

离子交换法制备Pt-Sn_E/Mg(Al)O催化剂及其烷烃催化脱氢性能

以水滑石为载体,采用离子交换法制备了Pt-Sn_E/Mg(Al)O催化剂,并对其进行了X射线衍射、N2物理吸附、透射电镜等技术表征;考察了该离子交换法制备的Pt-SnE/Mg(Al)O催化剂对乙烷和丙烷脱氢的催化性能,并与浸渍法制备的Pt-SnI/Mg(Al)O催化剂进行了比较。结果表明,利用离子交换法制备的Pt-SnE/Mg(Al)O催化剂其反应活性和稳定性明显优于浸渍法制备Pt-SnI/Mg(Al)O催化剂的。在相同条件下反应2 h后,Pt-SnE/Mg(Al)O催化剂和Pt-SnI/Mg(Al)O催化剂的乙烷催化脱氢转化率分别为12.2%和3.1%,丙烷催化脱氢转化率分别为38.7%和26.4%。     

镁铝混合氧化物负载镍催化剂的制备及在液化石油气低温重整反应中的催化性能

采用共沉淀-浸渍法制备了不同Ni 含量的 Ni/Mg(Al)O 催化剂并用于液化石油气(LPG)的低温水蒸气重整反应. X 射线衍射和程序升温还原结果表明, 在 800 ℃焙烧的 Ni/Mg(Al)O 催化剂中, NiO 与 MgO 反应生成 Mg-Ni-O 固溶体, 还原后形成金属 Ni 纳米颗粒. 详细研究了 Ni 含量(质量分数)、反应温度和水/碳摩尔比(n_H2O/n_C) 等对催化剂性能的影响. 实验结果表明, 15%Ni/Mg(Al)O 催化剂对 LPG 低温重整反应具有最佳的催化性能. 提高反应温度能显著提高 Ni/Mg(Al)O 催化剂的催化性能. 当n_H2O/n_C=2时, 在400~500 ℃的温度范围使LPG完全转化的最大反应空速从 28900 mL·h^-1·g^-1Cat提高到 86800 mL·h^-1·g^-1Cat. 适当增大水/碳摩尔比有利于 LPG 转化为小分子气体, 但在 LPG 摩尔流量不变的情况下, 反应气中水含量过高会导致 LPG 转化率降低. 反应后催化剂的X射线衍射谱(XRD)和热重分析(TG)结果表明, Ni/Mg(Al)O催化剂优良的催化活性和反应稳定性可归因于催化剂表面Ni晶粒较高的稳定性和抗积炭性能.     

FTIR-ATR原位观测Mg(NO3)2气溶胶的潮解和风化过程

利用FTIR-ATR(傅里叶变换红外-衰减全反射)原位光谱技术在分子水平上研究了ZnSe基底上Mg(NO3)2气溶胶颗粒的潮解和风化过程.根据FTIR-ATR光谱的演变可知,Mg(NO3)2气溶胶在潮解过程中经历了复杂的相变:相对湿度(relative humidity,RH)接近3%时,Mg(NO3)2气溶胶颗粒为无定型水合物;稍微升高相对湿度,无定型颗粒转化为Mg(NO3)2·nH2O(n≤5)晶体,并且在其表面逐渐形成热力学稳定的Mg(NO3)2·6H2O晶体;相对湿度达到Mg(NO3)2·6H2O的饱和点(53%RH)时,Mg(NO3)2·6H2O开始溶解,同时,内核Mg(NO3)2·nH2O(n≤5)晶体在其表面持续转化为Mg(NO3)2·6H2O晶体,导致固态气溶胶颗粒全部潮解时的相对湿度延迟到76%.风化过程中,Mg(NO3)2液滴随相对湿度的降低逐渐失水进入过饱和区域;相对湿度降至5%以下时,形成无定形颗粒.在过饱和Mg(NO3)2液滴的FFIR-ATR光谱中,NO-3对称伸缩振动(v1-NO3-)的吸收强度明显增加,是溶剂共享离子对,甚至接触离子对持续形成的结果.     

＂Intelligent＂ reforming catalysts： Trace noble metal-doped Ni/Mg（A1）O derived from hydrotalcites

Trace amounts of noble metal-doped Ni/Mg(Al)O catalysts were prepared starting from Mg-Al hydrotalcites (HTs) and tested in daily start-up and shut-down (DSS) operation of steam reforming (SR) of methane or partial oxidation (PO) of propane. Although Ni/Mg(Al)O catalysts prepared from Mg(Ni)-Al HT exhibited high and stable activity in stationary SR, PO and dry reforming of methane and propane, the Ni/Mg(Al)O catalysts were drastically deactivated due to Ni oxidation by steam as purge gas when they were applied in DSS SR ofmethane. Such deactivation was effectively suppressed by doping trace amounts of noble metal on the catalysts by using a “memory effect” of HTs. Moreover, the noble metal-doped Ni/Mg(Al)O catalysts exhibited “intelligent” catalytic behaviors, i.e., self-activation and self-regenerative activity, leading to high and sustainable activity during DSS operation. Pt was the most effective among noble metals tested. The self-activation occurred by the reduction of Ni2+ in Mg(Ni,Al)O periclase to Ni0 assisted by hydrogen spillover from Pt (or Pt-Ni alloy). The self-regenerative activity was accomplished by self-redispersion of active Ni0 particles due to a reversible reductionoxidation movement of Ni between the outside and the inside of the Mg(Al)O periclase crystal; surface Ni0 was oxidized to Ni2+ by steam and incorporated into Mg(Ni2+,Al)O periclase, whereas the Ni2+ in the periclase was reduced to Ni0 by the hydrogen spillover and appeared as the fine Ni0 particles on the catalyst surface. Further a “green” preparation of the Pt/Ni/[Mg3.5Al]O catalysts was accomplished starting from commercial Mg3.5-Al HT by calcination, followed by sequential impregnation of Ni and Pt.     

Pd/Mg(Al)O催化剂上NOx的储存 还原

采用共沉淀-浸渍法制备了催化剂Pd/Mg(Al)O，并用XRD、TPD等手段进行了表征。考察了催化剂的NOx储存 还原性能。结果表明，NO在Pd/Mg(Al)O上的主要储存途径是Pd促进NO氧化生成NO2，NO2与Mg(Al)O作用成盐，放出NO；Pd对NO2吸附成盐影响不大。NO在Pd/Mg(Al)O上吸附储存的适宜温度为350℃。350℃下Pd/Mg(Al)O催化剂经15次储存 还原（以H2为还原剂），NOx储存量变化不超过8％，维持在300μmol·g－1以上，N2选择性维持在94％以上。     

Structure and base properties of calcined hydrotalcites

Five hydrotalcites with Mg/Al molar ratio range of 3-15 were prepared. The structure and basicity of Mg-Al mixed oxides (Mg(Al)O) transformed from hydrotalcites were investigated by TPD, XPS, XRD, FT-IR and NMR techniques. The results of elemental analysis and XPS indicate that Al is enriched in the surface regions of Mg(Al)0, and its amount increases with the Mg/Al molar ratio and the calcination temperature. 27Al-MAS-NMR results show that Al exists in two chemical environments: tetrahedral aluminium (Al(t)) and octahedral aluminium (Al(o)) in Mg(Al)O. The amount of Al(t) increases with the Mg/Al molar ratio and the calcination temperature. It is assumed that Al(t) may be mainly from the surface Al. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of CO2 shows that the number of basic sites of Mg(Al)O samples increases with the Mg/Al molar ratio, and the maximum number of basic sites is obtained for hydrotalcite calcined at 773 K. Infrared spectra of adsorbed CO2 and B(OCH3)3 reveal that there are two kinds of     

ACo_2O_4/HZSM-5催化剂上N_2O的直接分解

分别采用柠檬酸络合燃烧法和低温络合浸渍法制备尖晶石型复合金属氧化物催化剂ACo2O4(A=Mg,Ni,Zn)和分子筛负载尖晶石型复合金属氧化物催化剂ACo2O4/HZSM-5(A=Mg,Fe,Ni,Cu,Zn,Zr,La).采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱(EDS)等手段对催化剂进行表征,并在固定床微型反应器中评价其催化分解N2O活性.实验结果表明,A位离子种类影响ACo2O4/HZSM-5催化剂活性,以Ni、Fe、Zr或La为A位离子时,催化剂的活性较好,N2O分解温度低.ACo2O4/HZSM-5催化剂的活性高于ACo2O4尖晶石型复合氧化物,一方面是ACo2O4在分子筛HZSM-5载体上高度分散,使其以超细颗粒形态存在,另一方面ACo2O4/HZSM-5催化剂具有适宜的酸性,可提高催化剂的活性.     

层状光催化材料H2La2Ti3O10/CdS的制备及其性质研究

通过改善酸交换过程,用分步柱撑法制备了一种新的层柱材料H2La2Ti3O10/CdS.用X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（IR）、比表面（BET）等方法对材料进行了表征;以光催化降解苯胺为探针对材料的活性进行了研究.结果表明： 通过柱撑CdS,H2La2Ti3O10的光催化性能得到明显提高;同时,对试验条件进行了优化,得到了最佳催化反应条件.     

具有良好热稳定性的Al2O3改性Fe2O3基金催化剂

通过共沉淀法和沉积-沉淀法制备出了具有良好热稳定性的Al2O3改性Fe2O3基金催化剂, 并通过透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附及热重和差示扫描量热(TG-DSC)分析等表征手段对催化剂的结构与表面形貌进行了研究分析. TEM测试结果表明: 500 ℃焙烧后, 未掺杂Al2O3的催化剂中金颗粒粒径分布较宽, 平均粒径约为7.0 nm, 载体颗粒尺寸在50-100 nm范围内; 而掺杂Al2O3的催化剂中金颗粒粒径分布变窄, 平均粒径约为5.0 nm, 且载体颗粒大小也明显小于未掺杂Al2O3的催化剂, 保持在30-50 nm的范围内. N2吸附-脱附测试结果表明, Al2O3的掺杂有利于保持催化剂的介孔结构和比表面积, 从而提高了载体的热稳定性. XRD和TG-DSC测试结果表明, Al2O3的掺杂可以有效地抑制Fe2O3的结晶, 进而抑制了高温焙烧过程中金颗粒的长大. 选用CO低温氧化反应对催化剂的活性进行了评价, 即使在500 ℃高温下焙烧12 h, 掺杂了Al2O3的催化剂仍然可在26.7 ℃将CO完全转化, 而未掺杂Al2O3的催化剂CO最低完全转化温度(T100)高达61.6 ℃. Al2O3的掺杂显著提高了催化剂的热稳定性能.     

Synergistic Effect of Ta_2O_5/F-C Composites for Effective Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide from O_2 Reduction

The electrosynthesis of H₂O₂as an environmentally friendly green process has attracted great attention due to the importance of H₂O₂in industry and human lives.In this work,a new strategy was proposed to improve the electrical conductivity and H₂O₂selectivity of transition metal oxides catalysts.F-C(F doped carbon)was coupled with Ta₂O₅by calcining polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF)as the carbon source using one step method.The Ta₂O₅/F-C composite catalysts show an excellent H₂O₂selectivity of more than 80%as well as high reactivity at 2.52 mA/cm²,which is greatly enhanced compared to the counterparts of F-C(selectivity of 59%)and Ta₂O₅-800(current density of 0.85 mA/cm²)in 0.1 M KOH solution.The onset potential for H₂O₂production on Ta₂O₅/F-C composites is 0.78 V in 0.1 M KOH,which indicates a negligible overpotential.In addition,H₂O₂selectivity of the catalyst can be stabilized at more than 80%after 10 hours of electrolysis in alkaline electrolyte.The high performance due to the introduction of F-C increases the conductivity of Ta₂O₅and the synergistic effect between F-C and Ta₂O₅.This work proposed an efficient synergistic effect among F-doped C and Ta₂O₅for H₂O₂production.     

Insights into the H_2O/V_2O_5 Interface Structure for Optimizing Water-splitting

The interaction of water(H2O) with metal oxide surfaces is of fundamental importance to various fields of science, ranging from batteries to catalysis. In particular, vanadium pentoxide(V2O5) has been widely used as electrode materials for aqueous-battery and catalysts. Herein, theoretical(density functional theory) study gives atomic-scale insights into water monolayers in V2O5 and single-molecule adsorption and dissociation at three low-index surfaces and oxygen-vacancy V2O5(001) surface. The H2O/V2O5 interface structure was identified. The results show that H2O is adsorbed on the stoichiometric V2O5(001) surface with physisorption mechanism, and the dissociation hardly occurs. Water adsorbs as an intact monomer with a computed binding energy of 0.75 eV. The formation of ordered water overlayers has been observed on V2O5(001) surface, suggesting a locally ordered superstructure of molecular water. The molecular H2O adsorption on oxygen-vacancy V2O5(001) surface is stronger than that on the stoichiometric V2O5(001) surface, and H2O can undergo dissociative chemisorption to form a surface hydroxyl group and a H adatom. V2O5 can take the oxygen from H2O, which is consistent with the experimental results.     

Catalytic performance of iron oxide loaded on electron-rich surfaces of carbon nitride

Carbon nitride(CN) in CN encapsulated Ni/Al_2O_3(denoted as CN/Ni/Al_2O_3) catalyst was evidenced previously as a material in electron-rich state and possessed H2-dissociative adsorption activity due to the electron doping effect from underlying nickel. In this report, iron oxide loaded on the CN/Ni/Al_2O_3 was synthesized and investigated by Fischer-Tropsch(F-T) synthesis to test the special effect of electron-rich support on the catalytic activity of iron oxide. The Fe/CN/Al_2O_3 and CN/Ni/Al_2O_3 samples were accordingly synthesized for comparison. In Fe/CN/Ni/Al_2O_3, the iron oxide was reduced to magnetite by syngas as evidenced by the in-situ XPS measurements and XRD pattern of used catalyst. Compared with Fe/CN/Al_2O_3, more light hydrocarbons over Fe/CN/Ni/Al_2O_3 were observed. It should be understood by the interaction between iron oxide and support mainly due to the effect of electron-rich state and thus enhanced H_2 adsorption ability. In addition, such a novel support facilitated the CO conversion and retarded the water-gas shift reaction and CO2 formation. The new type of adjustment on electronic state should be useful for novel catalyst design.     

H5PMo10V2O40/SBA-15催化剂的制备及其催化性能

以Keggin型杂多酸H5PMo10V2O40为主体,SBA-15介孔分子筛为载体,利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同负载量的H5PM10V2O40/SBA-15负载型催化剂,通过XRD、FTIR、TEM、H2-TPR和N2吸脱附法对样品进行了分析和表征,并将制得的负载型催化剂应用于苯氧化苯酚的反应中,研究了不同条件(温度、时间和催化剂用量等)下的催化性能.研究结果表明:H5PMo10V2O40杂多酸能均匀地分散于SBA-15孔道中且SBA-15的六方介孔结构并未发生改变:较好地解决了活性组分大量溶脱的问题;与H5PMo10V2O40杂多酸相比,H5PMo10V2O40/SBA-15催化剂在苯氧化为苯酚的反应中具有更高的转化率和更好的选择性,当反应温度为70℃,催化剂的使用量为0.25 g,反应时间为2 h和H5PMo10V2O40负载量为60%时苯酚的选择性达到了82.53%.     

Ce1-xNixO2/Al2O3/FeCrAl催化剂的制备及其甲烷催化燃烧性能

以FeCrA l合金薄片为基体,A l2O3为过渡载体,Ce1-xN ixO2(x=0.1-0.3)、CeO2和N iO为活性组分,制备了Ce1-xN ixO2/A l2O3/FeCrA l、CeO2/A l2O3/FeCrA l和N iO/A l2O3/FeCrA l金属基整体式催化剂,在固定床微型反应器中评价了催化剂的甲烷催化燃烧性能,用SEM、XRD、TPR等方法对催化剂的物相、表面形貌和氧化还原性进行了表征.结果表明,Ce1-xN ixO2在催化剂表面的分散性比CeO2和N iO要好;Ce1-xN ixO2/A l2O3/FeCrA l(x=0.1-0.3)催化剂具有好的催化活性和高温稳定性,CeO2/A l2O3/FeCrA l和N iO/A l2O3/FeCrA l催化剂有好的初活性但高温稳定性较差;活性组分与A l2O3和FeCrA l金属基体之间存在较强的相互作用.     

几种方法制备的H3PW12O40/SiO2催化剂的结构和催化性能

 针对H3PW12O40(HPW)的比表面积小和不易回收利用等缺点,分别采用浸渍法、溶胶-凝胶法和以离子液体为模板剂的溶胶-凝胶法制备了HPW/SiO2催化剂,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、 X射线衍射、 N2物理吸附和吸附氨的程序升温脱附等技术对催化剂样品进行了表征,并考察了其对苯硝化反应的催化性能. 结果表明,所制备的催化剂样品都保持了HPW原有的Keggin结构. 浸渍法制备的催化剂的比表面积(475.2 m2/g)较小,使用4次后硝基苯的收率由82.4%下降到70.7%; 溶胶-凝胶法制备的催化剂的比表面积(498.6 m2/g)居中,使用4次后硝基苯的收率由85.1%下降到79.6%; 以［emim］BF4离子液体为模板剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备的催化剂含有介孔结构,比表面积(558.5 m2/g)最高,使用4次后硝基苯的收率由84.7%下降到79.9%. 不同方法制备的HPW/SiO2催化剂具有较高的催化苯硝化反应活性和较好的稳定性.     

不同晶型Bi2O3可见光光催化降解罗丹明B的研究

采用化学沉淀法制备了α、β、γ 3种晶体结构的Bi₂O₃光催化剂。利用XRD、TEM、氮气吸附、TG-DSC、紫外-可见漫反射光谱对样品的晶体结构、微观形貌、光学吸收特性进行了表征,并以罗丹明B(RhB)作为模型污染物,研究了不同的粉体光催化剂在可见光(λ>420 nm)照射下的光催化能力。结果表明：制备的α-Bi₂O₃为长3 μm、宽1 μm的板条状颗粒,带隙为2.84 eV;β-Bi₂O₃为粒径约150 nm的不规则颗粒,带隙为2.75 eV;γ-Bi₂O₃为直径6 nm、长度150~200 nm的纳米管,带隙为2.68 eV。在可见光照射下Bi₂O₃光催化降解RhB的活性如下：γ-Bi₂O₃>β-Bi₂O₃>α-Bi₂O₃,其中γ-Bi₂O₃在辐照60 min后对罗丹明B的脱色率可达97%以上。     

TiO2在Al2O3表面上分散状态的AEM研究

本文运用AEM方法考察了制备技术对TiO_2在Al_2O_3表面分散状态的影响. 发现嫁接法可使TiO_2非常均匀地分散在Al_2O_3表面上, 浸渍法也能得到较为均匀的TiO_2分布, 而沉淀法所得到的TiO_2分散度较差. TiO_3只聚集在Al_20_3表面上的局部区域。