元素分析-碳同位素比值质谱法在纯正葡萄汁掺假鉴别中的应用

采用元素分析-同位素比值质谱法(EA-IRMS)对纯正葡萄汁掺假情况进行研究。通过测定152个不同产区纯正葡萄汁的碳同位素比值(δ~(13)C值),初步建立了纯正葡萄汁的同位素数据库。检测结果表明,纯正葡萄汁中糖的δ~(13)C值(δ~(13)CS)范围为-26.92‰~-24.16‰,而有机酸的δ~(13)C值(δ~(13)CO)范围为-27.56‰~-24.99‰。根据上述两个参数,提出了纯正葡萄汁应满足的δ~(13)C值要求:有机酸和糖的差值(Δδ~(13)C_(O-S))在-1.63‰~0.72‰范围内。采用该法对85个市售葡萄汁进行检测,检出31个掺入碳-4植物糖和有机酸的阳性样品。糖浆添加实验的结果表明,该方法可以检测8%以上碳-4植物糖的掺假,能有效鉴别葡萄汁的掺假,在葡萄汁的品质保证方面有很大的实际应用潜力。     

液相色谱-同位素比值质谱法研究桔橙汁中柠檬酸碳同位素比值

以国际原子能机构提供的蔗糖(δ13C为-10.449‰)作为溯源标准,建立了液相色谱-同位素比值质谱联用法(LC-IR MS)分析天然柑桔、橙汁中柠檬酸碳同位素比的方法,对不同产地个柑桔、橙子中有机酸碳同位素情况进行了研究。基于建立天然水果的柠檬酸碳同位素δ13C值的数据,提出了柑桔、橙子样品的δ13C值范围。方法将果汁用水稀释后,液相色谱-钙离子交换色谱在线制备柠檬酸,氢型离子交换柱分离柠檬酸后采用液相色谱-稳定同位素比质谱分析,柠檬酸方法检出限为5μg/m L,在2.00~100μg/m L水平时,柠檬酸响应与浓度成线性关系,相关系数为0.9997。方法日内、日间和人员比对结果相对标准偏差小于0.82%。收集不同产地161个橙子、167个柑桔测得天然桔汁中柠檬酸δ13C值在-32.87‰~-27.07‰之间,橙汁柠檬酸δ13C值在-32.73‰~26.01‰之间。采集40个市售柑桔、橙汁样品进行鉴定,检出17个掺有C4植物柠檬酸的的阳性样品,新方法可提高勾兑柠檬酸掺假果汁的鉴别能力。     

AQC柱前衍生/UPLC－MS/MS测定蜂蜜中的内源性氨基酸和牛磺酸成分

基于6-氨基喹啉基-N-羟基-琥珀酰亚氨基甲酸酯（AQC）柱前衍生,建立了蜂蜜中23种内源性氨基酸和牛磺酸成分的超高效液相色谱－串联质谱（UPLC－MS/MS）分析方法。样品经水提取,AQC衍生后,采用AccQ－Tag Ultra C18（2.1 mm × 100 mm,1.7 μm）色谱柱分离,以乙腈-10 mmol/L甲酸铵溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾电离,正离子多反应监测模式检测,内标法定量。结果表明：24种目标物在各自浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数（r）均不小于0.993 0;检出限为0.03 ~ 0.15 μmol/L,定量下限为0.1 ~ 0.5 μmol/L;低、中、高3个加标水平下的回收率为90.5% ~ 109%,相对标准偏差为1.2% ~ 4.7%。通过对39批次真蜂蜜、39批次掺假蜂蜜、10批次糖浆进行检测,发现不同蜜源蜂蜜中目标物的种类与含量差异较大,掺假蜂蜜中氨基酸与牛磺酸的含量明显低于真蜂蜜,糖浆中未检出目标物。该方法快速、简便、准确、灵敏,适用于蜂蜜中氨基酸和牛磺酸的快速定性、定量分析,可为蜂蜜的质量评价和掺假鉴别提供技术支持。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱法快速鉴别掺假蜂蜜

利用衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱法对三种掺假蜂蜜进行了快速鉴别。对掺入的蔗糖、葡萄糖的蜂蜜的特征吸收峰进行了多峰位的比较,判定是否为掺假蜂蜜。对掺入不同含量果葡糖浆的蜂蜜红外图谱,进行计算软件处理后通过二阶导数图谱在1 054cm-1、817cm-1两处的吸收峰,可以准确的判定掺入蜂蜜中果葡糖浆的含量。对掺入蜂蜜中的三种物质蔗糖、葡萄糖、果葡糖浆的最小检出限量为10%。该方法样品用量少、操作简便、无需前处理、分析速度快,可作为市场筛查掺假蜂蜜的快速检测方法。     

蜂蜜中外源性γ-淀粉酶残留量的测定

采用液相色谱-同位素质谱联用法(LC-IRMS)建立了测定蜂蜜中外源性γ-淀粉酶残留量的方法。先采用凝胶色谱柱对蜂蜜样品进行预分离,将样品中所含的酶与糖分离开。根据γ-淀粉酶可将底物麦芽糖酶解为葡萄糖的原理,在55 ℃、pH 4.5的0.03 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液中将γ-淀粉酶与麦芽糖反应48 h后,采用LC分离麦芽糖和葡萄糖,以IRMS测定酶解产物葡萄糖的含量来确定γ-淀粉酶的残留量。本方法的线性范围为5～200 U/kg,定量限为5 U/kg,回收率为89.6%～108.2%,相对标准偏差为3.3%～4.9%。采用本方法对市售蜂蜜和大米糖浆共38个样本进行了考察,γ-淀粉酶的检出率为76.3%。为了进一步验证本方法的检测能力,测定了掺入15%(质量分数)大米糖浆的蜂蜜样品,测得γ-淀粉酶的含量为10.2 U/kg。本方法能够有效地从酶学的角度鉴定蜂蜜中是否含有大米糖浆。     

取代基效应对N-4-取代苯亚甲基苯胺与N-4-取代苯亚甲基环己胺NMR和UV光谱影响的差异性

合成了N-4-取代苯亚甲基苯胺(1)与N-4-取代苯亚甲基环己胺(2)两个系列化合物, 测定其¹³C和¹H 核磁共振(NMR)化学位移以及紫外(UV)吸收光谱. 定量对比了取代基效应对两个系列化合物CH=N键的¹³CNMR化学位移δ_C(C=N)和¹H NMR化学位移δ_H以及UV吸收光谱最大波长能量(v_max)的影响差异. 研究结果表明,对于分子骨架相似的化合物(1)和(2), 取代基效应的作用方式存在多样性: (i)化合物(1)的δ_C(C=N)、δ_H以及v_max受到基团的特殊交叉相互作用(Δσ²)的影响显著, 而Δσ²对化合物(2)相应性能的影响很小; (ii)无论化合物(1)还是化合物(2), 取代基场/诱导效应σ_F和共轭效应σ_R对δ_C(C=N)的影响为负相关, 而对δ_H的影响为正相关, 它们对δ_C(C=N)和δ_H的影响正好相反. 另一方面, 场/诱导效应σ_F对(1)和(2)的δ_C(C=N)影响重要, 而对它们的δ_H影响很小; (iii)化合物(1)和(2)的δ_C(C=N)、δ_H以及v_max的变化规律, 可分别建立通用方程表达, 其中与CH=N的N原子键连苯基的影响可由指示变量(I)表示, 该苯基对三种性能分别有固定的贡献.     

基于微波等离子体炬串联质谱鉴别蜂蜜和糖浆

采用微波等离子体炬串联质谱(Microwave plasma torch mass spectrometry,MPT-MS)技术,在无需样品预处理的条件下,建立了快速鉴别3种蜂蜜和4种糖浆的方法。在正离子模式下,蜂蜜和糖浆直接由MPT产生的火焰离子化,生成的离子采用四极杆质谱仪(QM)检测,得到蜂蜜和糖浆的质谱信息,采用化学计量学方法进一步对质谱数据进行分析。结果表明,MPT-MS结合化学计量学的方法,可以快速鉴别蜂蜜和糖浆,主成分分析(PCA)显示PC1、PC2和PC3的总贡献率达91.2%;聚类分析(CA)显示当临界值为7时,除紫云英蜜和菊粉糖浆外,可以有效的区分蜂蜜和糖浆;偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)显示蜂蜜和糖浆可以被有效区分;判别分析(DA)显示蜂蜜和糖浆的判别准确率为100%。本方法无需样品预处理,具有分析速度快、信息提取准确和识别精度高等优点,可用于蜂蜜与主要掺假糖浆的鉴别。     

元素分析仪-稳定同位素比值质谱仪测定胶乳总固形物碳含量及其稳定碳同位素

应用元素分析仪和稳定同位素比值质谱仪(EA-IRMS)联用技术测定了胶乳总固形物碳含量及其碳同位素比值δ~(13)C。将所采集的新鲜胶乳预先制成胶片,称取(0.500±0.100)mg样品,按EA仪器工作条件对其碳含量进行测定。分别用碳元素基准物质(尿素、天门冬氨酸、葡萄糖、蔗糖),在EA工作条件下测其碳元素,以碳质量为横坐标,CO_2峰面积为纵坐标制得标准曲线,结果表明其线性关系良好。对EA-IRMS系统作了稳定性和线性试验,前者达到小于0.1‰的要求,后者则满足同类仪器小于0.06‰·V~(-1)的要求。此外,还对Craig校正所得样品及3种CRMs的初始校正值作进一步校准的3种校准方法作了比较,结果表明:3种方法中回归法准确度最好,适用于不同性质、不同碳同位素组成的样品;而截距法只能用于碳同位素组成与参考气相近的样品的测量数据的校准;原始回归法则不能有效地消除测定过程中~(17)O的影响和样品燃烧过程中可能存在的同位素分馏的影响而不能用于结果校准。测得胶乳样品的总固形物碳质量分数为81.83%,δ~(13)C_(s-PDB)~M(PDB为国际标准拟箭石化石)为-26.70‰(回归法校准值)。     

元素分析-同位素比质谱法测定葡萄酒中乙醇δ 13C值

比较了旋转蒸发仪、全玻璃蒸馏装置和全自动蒸馏控制系统3种蒸馏方法,对葡萄酒乙醇δ13C值的影响,确定了元素分析-同位素比质谱仪(Elementary analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometer)最佳测定条件,建立了元素分析-同位素比质谱法测定乙醇δ13C值方法。在重复性和再现性条件下,对乙醇标准及葡萄酒乙醇δ13C值进行测定,标准偏差低于0.25‰。检测食品同位素分析技术-能力测试计划(FIT-PTS)两个葡萄酒样品乙醇δ13C值,与给定值相差0.2‰。采用液相色谱-同位素比质谱法(Liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry)与本方法分别对16个国家和地区40个葡萄酒样品的乙醇δ13C值测定,其结果为!23.90‰~28.29‰,且两种检测方法的检测结果差值︳Δδ(EA-LC)max︳<0.3‰,具有较强的相关性(R2=0.9749)。本方法无同位素分馏,适用于葡萄酒中乙醇δ13C值测定。     

碳同位素标准品及其~(13)C丰度研究

天然碳元素含~(12)C 和~(13)C 两种同位素,其中~(13)C 的丰度由于产源的不同,平均为1.10±0.03原子%。PDB 标准样品的碳同位素原子比 R_(13/12)=0.011237,即~(13)C的丰度为1.1112原子%。本实验室钢瓶 CO_2经测定为 R_(13/12)=0.011196,相应于~(13)C 丰度为1.1072原子%。碳酸钡试剂为北京化工厂分析纯,烘干后用高氯     

Study and validity of 13C stable carbon isotopic ratio analysis by mass spectrometry and 2H site-specific natural isotopic fractionation by nuclear magnetic resonance isotopic measurements to characterize and control the authenticity of honey

Honey samples were analyzed by stable carbon isotopic ratio analysis by mass spectrometry (SCIRA-MS) and site-specific natural isotopic fractionation measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (SNIF-NMR) to first determine their potentials for characterizing the substance and then to combat adulteration. Honey samples from several geographic and botanical origins were analyzed. The δ¹³C parameter was not significant for characterizing an origin, while the (D/H)_I ratio could be used to differentiate certain single-flower varieties. Application of the official control method of adding a C₄ syrup (AOAC official method 998.12) to our authentic samples revealed anomalies resulting from SCIRA indices that were more negative than −1‰ (permil). A filtration step was added to the experimental procedure and provided results that were compliant with the natural origin of our honey samples. In addition, spiking with a C₄ syrup could be detected starting at 9-10%. The use of SNIF-NMR is limited by the detection of a syrup spike starting only at 20%, which is far from satisfying.     

Detection of royal jelly adulteration using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio analysis

Stable isotope ratios ((13)C/(12)C and (15)N/(14)N) were measured in royal jelly (RJ) samples by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to evaluate authenticity and adulteration. Carbon and nitrogen isotope contents (given as delta values relative to a standard, delta(13)C, delta(15)N) of RJ samples from various European origins and samples from commercial sources were analyzed. Uniform delta(13)C values from -26.7 to -24.9 per thousand were observed for authentic RJ from European origins. Values of delta(15)N ranged from -1.1 to 5.8 per thousand depending on the plant sources of nectars and pollen. High delta(13)C values of several commercial RJ samples from -20.8 to -13.3 per thousand indicated adulteration with high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as a sugar source. Use of biotechnologically produced yeast powder as protein source for the adulterated samples was assumed as delta(15)N values were lower, as described for C(4) or CAM plant sources. RJ samples from authentic and from adulterated production were distinguished. The rapid and reliable method is suitable for urgent actual requirements in food monitoring.     

液相色谱-同位素比质谱法同时测定葡萄酒中甘油和乙醇的δ13C值

采用液相色谱-同位素比质谱(LC-IRMS)技术建立了同时测定葡萄酒中甘油和乙醇δ13C值的分析方法。优化了葡萄酒中影响甘油和乙醇色谱分离的条件。方法的精密度和准确度分别为0.15‰~0.26‰和0.11‰~0.28‰。对40个葡萄酒样品进行了测定,甘油和乙醇的δ13 C值分别为-26.87‰~-32.96‰、-24.06‰~-28.29‰,两者具有较强的相关性(R=0.82)。该方法不需要复杂的样品预处理,在相同条件下同时测定甘油和乙醇的δ13C值,较传统方法简单、快速。     

Application of DSC as a tool for honey floral species characterization and adulteration detection

The thermal behaviour of authentic honeys and sugar syrups (industrial and homemade) was investigated by DSC. To confirm the first previous results concerning the effect of adulteration on the thermal behaviour of authentic honeys, 30 honey samples (Robinia, Lavender, Chestnut and Fir) were analyzed by DSC and their T _g were measured following a suited experimental protocol. The results indicated that this parameter was useful to characterize and to distinguish significantly these varieties between them. Applied to honey samples artificially adulterated with different industrial syrups, DSC showed a detection level of 5–10% depending on the type of syrup. An endothermic phenomenon occurring between 40–90°C during the heating was studied by TMDSC and a new thermal transition similar to a glass-transition was highlighted.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Combination of sugar analysis and stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry to detect the use of artificial sugars in royal jelly production

The effects of feeding bees artificial sugars and/or proteins on the sugar compositions and ¹³C isotopic measurements of royal jellies (RJs) were evaluated. The sugars fed to the bees were two C4 sugars (cane sugar and maize hydrolysate), two C3 sugars (sugar beet, cereal starch hydrolysate), and honey. The proteins fed to them were pollen, soybean, and yeast powder proteins. To evaluate the influence of the sugar and/or protein feeding over time, samples were collected during six consecutive harvests. ¹³C isotopic ratio measurements of natural RJs gave values of around −25 ‰, which were also seen for RJs obtained when the bees were fed honey or C3 sugars. However, the RJs obtained when the bees were fed cane sugar or corn hydrolysate (regardless of whether they were also fed proteins) gave values of up to −17 ‰. Sugar content analysis revealed that the composition of maltose, maltotriose, sucrose, and erlose varied significantly over time in accordance with the composition of the syrup fed to the bees. When corn and cereal starch hydrolysates were fed to the bees, the maltose and maltotriose contents of the RJs increased up to 5.0 and 1.3 %, respectively, compared to the levels seen in authentic samples (i.e., samples obtained when the bees were fed natural food: honey and pollen) that were inferior to 0.2% and not detected, respectively. The sucrose and erlose contents of natural RJs were around 0.2 %, whereas those in RJs obtained when the bees were fed cane or beet sugar were as much as 4.0 and 1.3 %, respectively. The combination of sugar analysis and ¹³C isotopic ratio measurements represents a very efficient analytical methodology for detecting (from early harvests onward) the use of C4 and C3 artificial sugars in the production of RJ.     

Eliminating false positive C4 sugar tests on New Zealand Manuka honey

Carbon isotope analyses (δ¹³C) of some New Zealand Manuka honeys show that they often fail the internationally recognised Association of Official Analytical Chemists sugar test (AOAC method 998.12) which detects added C₄ sugar, although these honeys are from unadulterated sources. Failure of these high value products is detrimental to the New Zealand honey industry, not only in lost export revenue, but also in brand and market reputation damage. The standard AOAC test compares the carbon isotope value of the whole honey and corresponding protein isolated from the same honey. Differences between whole honey and protein δ¹³C values should not be greater than +1.0‰, as it indicates the possibility of adulteration with syrups or sugars from C₄ plants such as high fructose corn syrup or cane sugar. We have determined that during the standard AOAC method, pollen and other insoluble components are isolated with the flocculated protein. These non‐protein components have isotope values which are considerably different from those of the pure protein, and can shift the apparent δ¹³C value of protein further away from the δ¹³C value of the whole honey, giving a false positive result for added C₄ sugar. To eliminate a false positive C₄ sugar test for Manuka honey, prior removal of pollen and other insoluble material from the honey is necessary to ensure that only the pure protein is isolated. This will enable a true comparison between whole honey and protein δ¹³C isotopes. Furthermore, we strongly suggest this modification to the AOAC method be universally adopted for all honey C₄ sugar tests. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comprehensive procedure based on gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry following high performance liquid chromatography purification for the analysis of underivatized testosterone and its analogues in human urine

The confirmation by GC/C/IRMS of the exogenous origin of pseudo-endogenous steroids from human urine samples requires extracts of adequate purity. A strategy based on HPLC sample purification prior to the GC/C/IRMS analysis of human urinary endogenous androgens (i.e. testosterone, androsterone and/or androstenediols), is presented. A method without any additional derivatization step is proposed, allowing to simplify the urine pretreatment procedure, leading to extracts free of interferences permitting precise and accurate IRMS analysis, without the need of correcting the measured delta values for the contribution of the derivatizing agent. The HPLC extracts were adequately combined to both reduce the number of GC/C/IRMS runs and to have appropriate endogenous reference compounds (ERC; i.e. pregnanediol, 11-keto-etiocholanolone) on each GC–IRMS run. The purity of the extracts was assessed by their parallel analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, with GC conditions identical to those of the GC/C/IRMS assay. The method has been validated according to ISO17025 requirements (within assay precision below 0.3 ‰ ¹³C delta units and between assay precision below 0.6 ‰ ¹³C delta units for most of the compounds investigated) fulfilling the World Anti-Doping Agency requirements.     

Determination of the 13C/12C ratio of ethanol derived from fruit juices and maple syrup by isotope ratio mass spectrometry: collaborative study

A collaborative study of the carbon-13 isotope ratio mass spectrometry (13C-IRMS) method based on fermentation ethanol for detecting some sugar additions in fruit juices and maple syrup is reported. This method is complementary to the site-specific natural isotope fractionation by nuclear magnetic resonance (SNIF-NMR) method for detecting added beet sugar in the same products (AOAC Official Methods 995.17 and 2000.19), and uses the same initial steps to recover pure ethanol. The fruit juices or maple syrups are completely fermented with yeast, and the alcohol is distilled with a quantitative yield (>96%). The carbon-13 deviation (delta13C) of ethanol is then determined by IRMS. This parameter becomes less negative when exogenous sugar derived from plants exhibiting a C4 metabolism (e.g., corn or cane) is added to a juice obtained from plants exhibiting a C3 metabolism (most common fruits except pineapple) or to maple syrup. Conversely, the delta13C of ethanol becomes more negative when exogenous sugar derived from C3 plants (e.g., beet, wheat, rice) is added to pineapple products. Twelve laboratories analyzed 2 materials (orange juice and pure cane sugar) in blind duplicate and 4 sugar-adulterated materials (orange juice, maple syrup, pineapple juice, and apple juice) as Youden pairs. The precision of that method for measuring delta13C was similar to that of other methods applied to wine ethanol or extracted sugars in juices. The within-laboratory (Sr) values ranged from 0.06 to 0.16%o (r = 0.17 to 0.46 percent per thousand), and the among-laboratories (SR) values ranged from 0.17 to 0.26 percent per thousand (R = 0.49 to 0.73 percent per thousand). The Study Directors recommend that the method be adopted as First Action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.     

Detection of added beet or cane sugar in maple syrup by the site-specific deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (SNIF-NMR) method: collaborative study

Results of a collaborative study are reported for the detection of added beet or cane sugar in maple syrup by the site-specific natural isotope fractionation-nuclear magnetic resonance (SNIF-NMR) method. The method is based on the fact that the deuterium content at specific positions of the sugar molecules is different in maple syrup from that in beet or cane sugar. The syrup is diluted with pure water and fermented; the alcohol is distilled with a quantitative yield and analyzed with a high-field NMR spectrometer fitted with a deuterium probe and fluorine lock. The proportion of ethanol molecules monodeuterated at the methyl site is recorded. This parameter (D/H)I is decreased when beet sugar is added and increased when cane sugar is added to the maple syrup. The precision of the method for measuring (D/H)I was found to be in good agreement with the values already published for the application of this method to fruit juice concentrates (AOAC Official Method 995.17). An excellent correlation was found between the percentage of added beet sugar and the (D/H)I isotopic ratio measured in this collaborative study. Consequently, all samples in which exogenous sugars were added were found to have a (D/H)I isotopic ratio significantly different from the normal value for an authentic maple syrup. By extension of what is known about plants having the C4 cycle, the method can be applied to corn sweeteners as well as to cane sugar. One limitation of the method is its reduced sensitivity when applied to specific blends of beet and cane sugars or corn sweeteners. In such case, the C13 ratio measurement (see AOAC Official Method 984.23, Corn Syrup and Cane Sugar in Maple Syrup) may be used in conjunction.