离子色谱法测定苦荞系列产品中4种无机元素

采用离子色谱法同时测定苦荞粉、苦荞壳、苦荞叶、苦荞杆中Na、K、Ca、Mg等4种元素含量,并对元素进行了对比研究,同时对各元素进行了加标回收实验,苦荞粉、苦荞壳、苦荞叶、苦荞杆中各元素的平均回收率在94.00%~102.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.88%~2.8%,测定范围为0.89~999.10μg/L。实验建立了简便、快速、准确和稳定的测定苦荞粉、苦荞壳、苦荞叶、苦荞杆中无机元素的方法。结果显示苦荞叶中Ca和Mg的含量均很高,分别为17 208.8mg/kg和3 954.5mg/kg,苦荞壳中钾和钠含量很高,分别为4 849.1mg/kg和1 269.2mg/kg;在苦荞叶中Ca、Mg等营养元素的含量较苦荞粉中的高,所以苦荞叶有开发应用价值。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定铜砷滤饼中的Pb、Fe、Bi三种元素

采用硝酸、盐酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸分解样品,氢溴酸-盐酸挥发消除砷基体,优化仪器测定参数,选取最佳工作条件,建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定铜砷滤饼中Pb、Fe、Bi元素的分析方法。其测定范围为：ω(Pb):0.12%~2.09%;ω(Fe):0.081%~2.10%;ω(Bi):1.20%~6.14%。各元素检出限为Pb:0.010μg/mL;Bi:0.006μg/mL;Fe:0.003μg/mL。加标回收率为95.5%~101.7%。该方法简便,准确,可靠,适用于铜砷滤饼中Pb、Fe、Bi元素的同时测定。     

ICP-AES法测定硼硅酸盐玻璃中的常量及微量元素

应用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法,对硼硅酸盐玻璃中的常量元素Si、Ca、Al、B及微量元素Fe、Ti、Mg进行测定。在优化的工作条件下,各元素的检出限:SiO20.026μg/mL,Ca0.0002μg/mL,Al0.028μg/mL,B0.005μg/mL,Mg0.0002μg/mL,Fe0.006μg/mL,Ti0.005μg/mL。样品测定结果的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.02%~1.47%之间,加入标准溶液的回收率为93.0%~103.2%。采用该方法对硼硅酸盐玻璃标准样品进行测定,测定值与标准值一致。     

GDMS法和ICP-MS法测定太阳能级多晶硅中杂质元素含量

采用辉光放电质谱法(GD-MS)测定太阳能级多晶硅中B,P,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn等痕量杂质元素,并优化和选择了GD-MS工作参数。考察了在半定量分析的情况下,GD-MS测定痕量杂质的精密度。结果表明,GD-MS对B,P,Na,Al,K,Ca,Fe,Ni,Cu,Co,Zn等元素测定结果的RSD都小于30%。用ICP-MS法进行验证,检出限0.14~2.85 ng/mL,RSD为1.6%~12%,加标回收率85.2%~125%。     

优化Rpa电压-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铁皮石斛中不同部位的14种金属元素

建立了优化Rpa电压-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铁皮石斛中不同部位的Mg、Al、K、Ca、Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Ni、As、Se、Cd和Pb 14种金属元素的方法。样品经微波消解后,采用动态反应池去除样品基体带来的质谱干扰,同时针对部分高含量元素的信号溢出问题,实验优化了Rpa电压,免去了样品的二次稀释。各元素的检出限为0.02~32μg/L,日内精密度(RSD,n=6)和日间精密度(RSD,n=12)分别在0.7%~4.6%和1.5%~5.8%之间;样品的加标回收率为83.9%~112%。采用该方法对柑橘叶标准样品(GBW10020)进行了验证,测定值均在参考值范围内。方法对大棚种植的铁皮石斛的不同部位样品进行了测定,发现重金属含量处于较低水平,其中叶和花的重金属含量要显著高于茎中的含量。     

ICP–AES法测定金属钼中微量Fe,Ni

采用ICP–AES法测定金属钼中Fe,Ni含量,以盐酸–硝酸–氢氟酸溶解样品,试验了基体元素和共存元素对Fe,Ni的光谱干扰,Fe,Ni的分析谱线分别为238.204 nm,341.477 nm。测定Fe,Ni的线性范围均为0.001%~0.01%,线性相关系数分别为0.999 4,0 999 8,检出限分别为0.000 01%,0.000 04%。方法的加标回收率为95.7%~115.0%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.36%~17.82%(n=8)。该方法快速、简便,能够满足金属钼中含量范围为0.001%~0.01%的Fe,Ni元素的检测要求。     

有机相直接进样ICP-OES法同时快速测定车用汽油中硅、铅、铁、锰

建立了有机相直接进样ICP-OES测定车用汽油中Si,Pb,Fe和Mn的分析方法。采用钇(Y)作为内标物,消除了有机进样法基体效应的干扰。考察了稀释溶剂、稀释比例、雾化室温度及不同形态的标准物质对汽油中Si,Pb,Fe和Mn含量测定的影响。通过优化试验条件,方法的检出为3.0~21μg/kg,在0.15~10 mg/kg范围内呈线良好的线性关系,线性相关系数均大于0.999,各元素的回收率在97.0%~102.8%之间,RSD在2.1%~4.1%之间。方法能够满足汽油中Si,Pb,Fe和Mn有害元素的定量测试要求。     

ICP-OES测定熊肉中7种微量元素的含量

采用等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定棕熊肉中的微量元素。熊肉中含有Cu,Al,Zn,Fe,Cr,Ti,Tl等7种微量元素。该方法对各元素的检出限为0.0004~0.006 mg/L,各元素相对标准偏差在1.12%~6.19%,加标回收率96%~102%。7种微量元素中Al、Fe、Zn的含量较高。     

微波消解-端视ICP-AES测定茶叶中微量重金属元素

采用微波消解-端视等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)测定茶叶中微量重金属元素Pb、As、Cd、Cu、Fe,并对ICP-AES工作参数及条件进行了优化和选择。Pb、As、Cd、Cu、Fe的检出限分别为2.9×10-3μg/mL、5.2×10-3μg/mL、0.056×10-3μg/mL、0.55×10-3μg/mL、0.59×10-3μg/mL,线性范围为0~10000μg/L,相对标准偏差为1.7%~8.5%;回收率为90%~104%。该方法与国标法比较,结果无显著性差异。本法能用于茶叶测定。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定铅精矿中9种元素

采用硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸溶样,优化仪器测定条件及消除干扰元素的条件实验等,建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定铅精矿中砷、锑、铋、铜、锌、镁、铝、铁、镉的方法。其测定范围ω(As):0.02%~1.50%;ω(Sb):0.01%~10.00%;ω(Bi):0.03%~5.00%;ω(Cu):0.50%~10.00%;ω(Zn):2.00%~10.00%;ω(Mg):0.30%~2.00%;ω(Al):0.50%~3.00%;ω(Fe):5.00%~12.00%;ω(Cd):0.030%~0.20%。经加标回收实验,各元素的加标回收率为90%~104%(n=3)。方法准确、快速、可靠,适用于铅精矿中砷、锑、铋、铜、锌、镁、铝、铁、镉量的同时测定。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。     

黄酮化合物的合成研究进展

黄酮化合物是一类具有多种生物活性的天然产物,其经典的合成方法主要为查耳酮路线和β-丙二酮路线.近年来出现了许多新技术、新方法.本文介绍了2'-羟基查尔酮的氧化关环法、黄烷酮氧化法、改进的Baker-Venkataraman法及其他合成黄酮化合物的方法.