毛细管电泳迁移时间重现性影响因素的探讨

以电泳介质为研究对象,在毛细管区带电泳(CZE)和胶束电动毛细管色谱(MECC或MEKC)两种电泳模式下,探讨了电泳 介质中各组分浓度、冲洗程序、电泳介质在实验中发生的变化对溶质迁移时间重现性的影响。根据描述缓冲液中各组分 浓度与电渗流迁移时间和溶质迁移时间的关系式,证明利用电导值可准确地表征电泳缓冲液的浓度;通过控制缓冲液的电 导值可提高迁移时间的重现性。运行缓冲液pH值的变化影响毛细管壁上的硅羟基的电离,因此需选择合理的冲洗程序使硅 羟基的电离达到平衡,以提高迁移时间的重现性。毛细管入口端缓冲液是影响溶质迁移行为的主要因素,其在电泳中发生 的变化是影响电泳重现性的重要原因。目前在实验中可通过提高运行缓冲液的更换频率来保证迁移时间的重现性。     

二维毛细管区带电泳/胶束电动毛细管色谱分离尿样中的药物及其对映体

建立了毛细管区带电泳(CZE)/胶束电动毛细管色谱(MEKC)二维毛细管电泳分离平台,CZE毛细管和MEKC毛细管通过一段带微孔的聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE)套管固定。样品在CZE毛细管中分离后进入MEKC毛细管进一步分离,在二维转换过程中采用动态pH连接-胶束扫集法避免第一维分离区带在接口处扩散。将该方法成功用于鼠尿样品中4种药物及其对映体的分离,各组分的理论塔板数为(2.8～4.3)×104/m,检出限为0.015～0.052 mg/L,实际样品中峰面积和迁移时间的相对标准偏差(n=7)分别为1.7%～3.8%和1.3%～4.6%。方法重现性好、灵敏度和分离度高、峰容量大,适用于尿样中多种药物组分及其对映体的同时分离检测。     

胶束溶液体系对毛细管电动色谱酸性化合物分离的影响

以阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）、非离子表面活性剂吐温20（ Tween 20）及两者组成的混合胶束体系作为毛细管胶束电动色谱（MECC）的分离介 质，进行4种结构相似的酸性化合物的MECC分离研究，考察了胶束的类型、表面活 性剂的浓度、缓冲溶液的pH值及有机改性剂乙醇对分离的影响。结果表明各因素对 酸性药物的MECC分离有不同的影响规律。SDS胶束体系对溶质的保留值最大， Tween 20体系的保留值最小，二者的分离选择性正好相反，混合胶束体系的分离行 为则介于两者之间；在SDS和Tween 20体系中，表面活性剂浓度增加，溶质的保留 时间均随之递增，混合胶束体系中，总浓度一定，随Tween 20配比的增加，溶质的 保留时间先减少后增加；缓冲溶液的pH值增大，使溶质的分离效果均能变差；有机 改性剂乙醇的加入对容量因子的影响主要与溶质的疏水性有关，并对分离作用机理 进行了探讨。在SDS和Tween 20 MECC体系下，分别进行了实样测定，取得了满意的 结果。     

不同剂型药用抑肽酶纯度的胶束电动毛细管测定

 以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵 (CTAB)为阳离子表面活性剂 ,用胶束电动毛细管 (MECC)分别对抑肽酶粉针剂和抑肽酶注射液进行纯度测定。实验中选择了最佳缓冲液 (含 4mmol/LCTAB的 80mmol/LNa2 HPO4 H3 PO4,pH 7 0 0 ) ,考察了进样量与样品中高浓度盐对分离的影响。并对毛细管区带电泳、MECC和高效液相的分离效果加以比较 ,表明MECC的分离效果最佳。     

微流控芯片二维电泳研究进展

综述了微流控芯片二维电泳技术及其在生命科学中的应用,包括胶束电动力学毛细管色谱(MEKC)与毛细管区带电泳(CZE)、等电聚焦(IEF)与CZE、开管电色谱(OCEC)与CZE耦联等模式的二维微流控芯片。展望了二维微流控芯片的应用前景。     

胶束电动毛细管色谱分离测定嘌呤衍生物

用胶束电动毛细管色谱(MECC)分离测定了咖啡因、茶碱、次黄嘌呤、黄嘌呤及尿酸五种嘌呤衍生物。研究了背景缓冲液浓度、pH值、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)浓度、分离电压、温度及进样时间等因素对五种嘌吟衍生物分离的影响。在选定的实验条件下,五种化合物在8min内达到基线分离。该方法具有快速、准确、重现性好等优点,已用于尿样、茶叶及复方茶碱片等样品的测定,结果满意。     

在线富集二维毛细管电泳分析新体系检测尿样中药物及对映体

将在线富集技术同二维(2D)毛细管电泳(CE)分离相结合同时提高复杂样品中痕量组分的分离度和检测灵敏度.毛细管区带电泳(CZE)作为第一维,分析物根据淌度不同进行分离,第一维流出组分进入第二维毛细管,根据分配系数不同进行胶束电动毛细管色谱(MEKC)分离.采用阳离子选择性耗尽进样(CSEI)在柱预富集,延长进样时间,增大进样量;同时在二维毛细管接口处采用动态pH联接/胶束扫集在线富集技术不仅避免第一维分离组分在接口处扩散,还可进一步压缩样品区带.同常规电动进样CE分离相比,该在线富集二维分离技术的分离能力远远高于一维CZE或MEKC分离,富集倍数达到(0.5～1.2)×104.该法成功应用于人体尿样中四种药物及对映体的分析测定,浓度检出限为0.1～0.3μg/L.进一步研究了人体尿样中四种药物24h内的药代动力学规律.     

寡糖的毛细管电泳分析

多种寡糖经α－萘胺衍生化后，用硼砂作为电泳介质，实现了高效毛细管电泳分离。比较了毛细管区带电泳和胶束毛细管电动色谱分离寡糖α－萘胺衍生物的电泳行为，对影响分离度的诸因素进行了考察，选择了最佳分离条件。     

磷脂的分离纯化及高效毛细管电泳分析

采用溶剂提取和柱色谱法分离纯化市售大豆粉末磷脂(卵磷脂含量14.05%),得到高纯度的卵磷脂产品(纯度92.80%)。重点建立了磷脂的胶束电动毛细管色谱(MECC)分离分析方法。以分离度和峰面积为优化指标,对表面活性剂及其浓度、电泳缓冲液pH、有机改性剂及其含量、缓冲液浓度、温度等条件进行优化,确定了最优化电泳条件:电泳缓冲液为35 mmol/L脱氧胆酸钠-1 mmol/L 硼砂缓冲液/正丙醇(体积比为57∶43)(pH 8.30),柱温44 ℃,操作电压25 kV,检测波长200 nm;内加法定性磷脂组分;外标法定量卵磷脂。结果表明,MECC法能有效分离5种磷脂组分;0.1～1 g/L的质量浓度范围内卵磷脂的线性关系良好(r=0.9990),平均回收率为98.0%,日内、日间精密度分别为1.36%和3.27%,定性结果与薄层色谱法、红外光谱法的定性结果相符。     

不同缓冲体系对毛细管电泳法分离15种核苷类化合物效果的比较

对毛细管电泳法分离15种核苷类化合物所用的不同缓冲液体系进行了系统比较,确定不同模式毛细管电泳法分析多种核苷类化合物的最适合背景缓冲液体系(BGE)。分别以四硼酸钠、磷酸氢二钠、乙酸钠、碳酸氢钠、乙酸铵和乙二胺(DEA)为背景电解质,对毛细管区带电泳(CZE)、毛细管电泳-电喷雾飞行时间质谱(CE-ESI-TOF/MS)以及胶束电动毛细管电泳(MEKC)3种模式进行比较,并对其中几种优势缓冲体系进行了优化。结果表明,CZE模式下使用四硼酸钠和磷酸氢二钠缓冲体系无法同时分离15种核苷类化合物,因此只适用于分析核苷类化合物数量较少的样品。而使用含有2%丙酮的300 mmol/L DEA能完全分开15种核苷类化合物,且分辨率和峰形良好。MEKC模式下,以25 mmol/L磷酸氢二钠(添加70 mmol/L十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS))为缓冲盐的分离结果最佳,并且此方法能成功应用于海洋生物海葵中核苷类化合物的分离。CE-ESI-TOF/MS分析中,以20 mmol/L乙酸铵(pH 10.0)为背景电解质,正离子模式检测,15种核苷类化合物的质谱信号均良好,检测灵敏度明显优于文献中报道的使用DEA缓冲体系的结果。本研究阐明了不同缓冲体系对15种核苷类化合物分离的适用性,为毛细管电泳技术在复杂基质中多种核苷类化合物的分离方法中的应用奠定了基础。     

三种维生素的毛细管电泳和胶束电动毛细管色谱法分离与安培电化学检测

以自制毛细管电泳－电化学检测系统对ＶＣ,ＶＢ１和ＶＢ６的毛细管区带电泳和胶束电动色谱的分离与检测情况进行了初探。结果表明,在０．０１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮＨ３－ＮＨ４Ｃｌ介质中,检测电势定于５１０～５４０ｍＶ（对ＳＣＥ）时,三种维生素均有较好的ＣＺＥ图,对ＶＣ的分离效率达４６８８００块理论板。使用十二烷基硫酸钠时,分离效果欠佳。     

Study on the systematic optimization of capillary electrophoresis using a controlled weighted centroid variable size simplex algorithm

The systematic optimization of capillary electrophoretic separations using a dynamic scouting optimum method-controlled weighted centroid variable size simplex algorithm is described. The factors affecting the efficiency of the separation are simultaneously considered during the optimization procedures. The established optimization method is applied to amino acid separation by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with on-column indirect UV detection and to the separation of local anesthetics by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MECC) with on-column UV detection. The optimization procedures include the pH and the background absorption electrolyte (BGAE) concentrations together with the applied voltage in the CZE separation of amino acids. The pH, the SDS concentrations together with the percentage of methanol are considered in the MECC separation of local anesthetics. Two methods, i.e., the Long Coefficient and Uniform Design Table, are used to define the start vertexes during the optimization procedure and similar final experimental conditions for the separations are achieved. Thirteen native amino acids are baseline separated by CZE and 4 local anesthetics are satisfactorily separated by MECC.     

Capillary electrophoresis for the direct determination of cephalosporins in clinical samples

Summary The possibility of determination of four cephalosporin antibiotics in clinical samples by capillary electrophoresis has been investigated. The separation conditions for capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) were studied in detail. The precision of migration times measured by use of the optimized method was satisfactory (RSD<1%) and response was linearly dependent on concentration over the approximate range 2–150 mg L⁻¹ for all the compounds studied (cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime). Complete separation could be achieved within 5 min. The CZE method was found to be highly suitable for direct determination of the antibiotics in clinical samples such as wound drainage, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine; for serum, however, the use of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) was more advantageous. Presented at Balaton Symposium '01 on High-Performance Separation Methods, Siófok, Hungary, September 2–4, 2001     

Study on the systematic optimization of capillary electrophoresis using a controlled weighted centroid variable size simplex algorithm

The systematic optimization of capillary electrophoretic separations using a dynamic scouting optimum method-controlled weighted centroid variable size simplex algorithm is described. The factors affecting the efficiency of the separation are simultaneously considered during the optimization procedures. The established optimization method is applied to amino acid separation by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with on-column indirect UV detection and to the separation of local anesthetics by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MECC) with on-column UV detection. The optimization procedures include the pH and the background absorption electrolyte (BGAE) concentrations together with the applied voltage in the CZE separation of amino acids. The pH, the SDS concentrations together with the percentage of methanol are considered in the MECC separation of local anesthetics. Two methods, i.e., the Long Coefficient and Uniform Design Table, are used to define the start vertexes during the optimization procedure and similar final experimental conditions for the separations are achieved. Thirteen native amino acids are baseline separated by CZE and 4 local anesthetics are satisfactorily separated by MECC. Received: 10 November 1997 / Revised: 19 January 1998 / Accepted: 24 January 1998     

Separation of Aniline Derivatives by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography

A micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) was developed for the determination of aniline and 6 substituted anilines. The seven components were separated within 25min in the buffer solution of 40mmol/L sodium borate and 100mmol/L SDS. It was found that the separation was dependent on operating voltage, pH value, borate and SDS concentrations.The analytical performance was examined in terms of linear response and reproducibility.Wastewater was determined by the established method.     

粒子群算法优化中药化学成分的毛细管电泳分离条件

建立了一种基于粒子群优化算法的毛细管电泳条件辅助优化方法。以丹参为研究对象,将改良的色谱指数方程用于评价酚酸类成分的电泳分离性能,用粒子群优化算法对分离条件进行全局寻优,获得最佳的区带电泳分离条件(5.0 mmol/L硼砂,18.5 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠,6.1%乙腈,运行电压18.2 kV)。为进一步改善分离,在所获优化条件下添加50.0 mmol/L SDS,在胶束电动毛细管色谱分离模式下使酚酸类成分(原儿茶醛、丹参素、丹酚酸B等)得到更好分离。本方法准确可靠,可推广应用于其他复杂化学体系的毛细管电泳分离条件优化。     

Applications of capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence for analysis of dGMP–BPDE adduct

DNA adducts are thought to be crucial to the initiation of mutational and carcinogenic processes. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified as one major source of carcinogenic risk since they can bind to DNA thus forming an adduct. Quantification of this adduct is important because it may correlate to the risk for cancer development. In this study, the adduct formed between 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate and benzo[ a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE) was analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. Both capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) modes with laser-induced fluorescence detection were used for the separation and analysis of DNA adducts. The exploration of capillary electrophoresis in several modes provided different separation mechanisms in which the stereochemical forms of the adduct could be separated. The best result obtained was using a coated fused-silica capillary in Tris-TAPS buffer, which provided high sensitivity with a detection limit of 2.5x10(-9) mol L(-1). MECC separation of the BPDE adduct, although less sensitive, provided an efficient enantioselective separation option.     

Capillary zone electrophoresis in the analysis of dyes and other compounds employed in the dye-manufacturing and dye-using industries

High resolution separation of several dyes and related intermediates, as well as other compounds employed in the dye-manufacturing and dye-using industries, has been achieved using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE).

The analysis of anionic dyes and some non-coloured anionic intermediates has been achieved using 10 mM Na₂B₄O₇−40 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) buffer; high-resolution separations of water soluble anionic, neutral and cationic intermediates were also achieved using this micellar buffer. Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) has also been developed for the analysis of aqueous insoluble, electrically neutral compounds by incorporating a co-solvent, acetonitrile, into a micellar buffer. In addition, MECC has been used successfully for following all the major steps involved in the synthesis of a disperse dye.