氧杂环丁烷的扩环反应

氧杂环丁烷是一类重要的小杂环化合物,也是重要有机合成中间体,在有机化学、药物化学和高分子化学中都有广泛的应用.作为具有较大环张力的小杂环化合物,氧杂环丁烷类化合物除可以发生开环反应外,也很容易发生扩环反应,构建含氧普通环到大环化合物.主要总结了氧杂环丁烷的扩环反应,包括重氮化合物作为卡宾前体与氧杂环丁烷的扩环反应、金属催化的分子间环加成和邻基参与的分子内环加成反应及亲核扩环反应等.分析了一些扩环反应的机理,并对扩环反应未来的发展提出了新的展望.     

氰基丙二烯与乙烯环加成机理的理论研究

应用AM1方法研究了氰基丙二烯和乙烯环加成反应的反应机理,讨论了氰基对反应机理的影响。结果表明乙烯和氰基丙二烯之间的反应是自由基反应,乙烯进攻氰基丙二烯的中心碳原子从能量上考虑比进攻两端碳原子更为有利,且位垒比丙二烯上无取代基时低,比氨基取代时高,说明吸电子基团氰基取代氢原子后,使环加成反应易于进行,但没有供电子基团氨基的作用大。以上结论均与实验结果一致。     

二氟硅烯与甲醛环加成反应机理的理论研究

硅烯（R2Si：）是某些有机硅反应的重要活性中间体[1],硅烯反应（如插入反应,加成反应,聚合反应等）被认为是合成含硅新键和含硅杂环的有效方法,因而硅烯反应的研究一直是有机硅化学家十分感兴趣的一个前沿研究领域[2]．对于硅烯的环加成反应而言,由于它具有合成含硅张力小环的重要价值,因此受到了许多化学家的高度重视,并对此做了若干的研究工作[3-7]。然而到目前为止,关于硅烯环加成反应的机理还处于一种推测水平,尤其是对卤代硅烯环加成反应机理的研究,至今尚未见文献报导,考虑到卤代卡宾在合成张力小环方面的重要作用[8,9]…     

烯丙胺与C_(60)的热引发[3+2]环加成反应

烯丙胺类化合物与C_(60)在热引发下发生新型的[3+2]环加成反应。反应有较 好的立体选择性。该反应可能经过了热引发的烯丙胺的单电子转移过程，产生烯丙 基自由基，并进一步与C_(60)加成及环化。文中C_(60)衍生物的结构均经过谱学方 法确证。     

手性环丙烯构建策略用于对映选择性合成偕二氟亚甲基三元环化合物

作为最小的不饱和环状分子,环丙烯独特的刚性结构和多变的反应活性吸引了化学家的研究兴趣.自1922年Demjanov[1]报道了环丙烯化合物的首例合成以来,现已发展了一系列环丙烯的合成方法.手性环丙烯的合成是通过炔烃和重氮化合物的[2+1]不对称环加成反应.根据底物的不同,这些不对称环加成反应可以分为四类:(a)末端炔烃和单取代重氮化合物的反应,(b)末端炔烃和双取代重氮化合物的反应,(c)非末端炔烃和双取代重氮化合物的反应,(d)非末端炔烃和单取代重氮化合物的反应.在这四类反应中,末端炔烃和单取代重氮化合物的不对称反应相对容易进行.1992年,Doyle和Müller等[2]报道了手性铑催化剂[Rh2(5R-MEPY)4]促进的末端炔烃和重氮醋酸酯之间的不对称环丙烯基化反应(Scheme 1a).随后各种手性催化剂包括[Rh2(OAc)-(DPTI)3][3]、Ir(salen)衍生物[4]和[Co(3,5-diMes-Chen-Phyrin)][5]等被先后报道用于末端炔烃和单取代重氮化合物的不对称[2+1]环加成反应.     

烯烃光敏氧化反应机理 II: 丙烯与单线态氧[2+2]环加成反应途径的解析

本文进一步报道丙烯与单线态氧[2+2]环加成反应途径的计算结果, 沿反应途径反应物间相互作用的详细情况和甲基在反应进程中的动态电子效应, 从而揭示烷基取代烯烃与单线态氧不易发生[2+2]环加成反应的原因. 为进一步探求单线态氧与烯烃[2+2]环加成反应的必要条件提供依据. 本文所用计算方法与前文相同.     

环丙叉环丙烷——一个新的多功能有机合成子

介绍了一个新的多功能有机合成子环丙叉环丙烷及其衍生物的制备和反应，环 丙叉环丙烷现已可从环丙烷羧酸甲酯出发较大量地制备。其单取代衍生物亦可容易 地经对其进行去质子化-亲电取代而制备，环丙叉环丙烷的典型反应性能为：（1） 环丙烷环上四个亚甲基有增强了动力学酸度，易于去质子化；（2）中间双键对环 加成反应有很高活性；（3）环丙烷环上处于双键近端和远端的C-C单键可发生裂解 ；（4）在有些反应中，可同时表现出上述反应性能，介绍了环丙叉环丙烷及其衍 生物的一些反应：对中间C=C双键的[2+n]环加成反应、亲电和自由基加成反应、1 ，3-偶极环加成反应和过渡金属催化的反应。     

联烯的自由基反应

联烯是含有1,2-丙二烯官能团的重要化合物,具有很高的反应活性.概述了联烯及其衍生物的自由基反应,包括分子间自由基链加成和分子间-分子内自由基串联加成反应,及其在天然产物中的应用.联烯进行分子间自由基链加成反应时,自由基对联烯的加成既可发生在中间碳原子上,也可发生在末端碳原子上,主要取于所形成中间体的稳定性,空间效应、电负性和溶剂等因素也有影响.一般以碳为中心的自由基(如CH3·,CCl3·等)易进攻末端碳原子,而以杂原子为中心的自由基(如Br·,RS·,ArSO2·等)易进攻联烯的中心碳原子.联烯及其衍生物也易与烯烃、联烯、烯炔和乙烯酮进行[2 2]环加成反应,还可以与卡宾环丙烷化,这些反应都是通过自由基机理进行的.     

钯催化三亚甲基甲烷的不对称[3+4]环加成反应:高区域选择性、高非对映选择性和高对映选择性构筑苯并呋喃[3,2-b]吖庚因

环加成反应是构建多官能团化环状化合物最直接、有效的方法之一.其中,三亚甲基甲烷(Trimethylenemethane,TMM)活性中间体被视为一类高效的三碳合成子.目前TMM已被广泛用于多种环加成反应,为一些重要的环状化合物以及天然化合物提供了高效、可靠的合成方法.早在1979年,Trost和Chan等[1]首次报道了Pd-TMM的[3+2]环加成反应.此后,钯催化TMM的多种催化不对称[3+2],[3+3]和[3+6]环加成反应相继得以实现[2,3],并为手性五元环、六元环及九元环类化合物提供了高效的合成策略.然而,对于钯催化TMM的不对称[3+4]环加成化反应——合成七元环状化合物的研究,目前尚无相关报道.其可能的主要原因是七元环状化合物的合成存在不利的熵效应和环化张力.     

N-溴代丁二酰亚胺促进的环丙烯羧酸酯的区域选择性开环反应

环丙烯类化合物含有环内碳碳双键,巨大的环张力导致其具有活泼的化学反应特性.主要研究了N-溴代丁二酰亚胺促进的环丙烯二羧酸酯类化合物的区域选择性开环,得到官能化的α,β-不饱和羧酸酯类化合物.该反应条件温和,操作简单.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).