高温气相色谱和高温气相色谱-质谱法对费托合成蜡的分离和鉴定（英文）

费托合成蜡是费托合成反应中的重要产物之一。采用高温气相色谱与冷柱头进样相结合的方式,建立了一种分离分析费托合成蜡的气相色谱方法。该方法无需对费托合成蜡进行预处理,使用氦气为载气,选用更长的高温色谱柱,具有平稳的色谱基线,对费托合成蜡中正构烷烃和其他未知组分有很好的分离效果,能够洗脱费托合成蜡中碳数大于C_(90)的重组分。用高温气相色谱-质谱法对费托合成蜡馏分进行定性分析,其组分有烷烃、烯烃和含氧化合物。该方法对了解费托合成蜡组分的详细信息和费托合成工艺的开发有重要意义。     

气相色谱法测定费托合成水相产物中的低碳醇、醛、酮化合物

建立了铁基催化剂费托合成反应水相产物中低碳(C₁~C₈)醇、醛、酮的气相色谱测定方法.对色谱分离条件进行了优化,确立了以乙醇为基准物质并结合各组分校正因子的定量方法;考察了方法的精密度和准确度,并对费托合成反应水相产物样品进行了测定.结果表明,乙醇在不同的含量范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99.费托合成水相产物中的加标回收率在93.4%~109.6%之间,准确性可以满足实际分析的需要.实际费托合成水相产物的分析结果表明,费托合成水相产物中主要的低碳醇、醛、酮的总质量分数约为3%~12%,乙醇含量最高(约为1.7%~7.3%),且正构醇、异构醇和醛酮类化合物所占的总比率依次降低.该方法简单、快速,对费托合成水相产物中重要组分的分析有重要意义.     

柱色谱/气相色谱分析Fischer-Tropsch合成液相产物

以两步柱液体色谱法对F-T合成(Fischer-Tropsch synthesis)液相产物冷阱油进行预处理,获得烷烃、烯烃及有机含氧化合物的族分离,并采用高分辨毛细管柱气相色谱对各族成分进行分离鉴定。组分定性采用以纯物质为基准,色谱保留值比较并辅以碳数保留值规律法;定量采用峰面积校正因子归一法。本文提供了冷阱油中63个组分的测定结果,占总含量达80%以上     

填充毛细管液相色谱-高温毛细管气相色谱在线联用分析润滑油

建立了一套填充毛细管液相色谱－高温毛细管气相色谱在线联用装置,并应用于润滑油的全组分分析。用正相填充毛细管柱液相色谱法进行样品族分离,将润滑油分成烷烃、单环芳烃、双环芳烃、三环芳烃及胶质（多环芳烃和极性物）;特殊设计的多储存位接口可完成一次ＬＣ进样,对样品所有族组成的在线切割、贮存并无损失转入ＧＣ分析,保证了复杂样品全组分分析的准确定性和定量,缩短了分析时间。ＧＣ分析结果给出各族组分的相对含量和碳数分布。     

聚硅氧烷键合的离子液体用作高温气相色谱固定相的研究

合成了阴离子为二(三氟甲基磺酸酰)亚胺(NTf-2)的新型聚硅氧烷键合离子液体 ([PSOMIm][NTf2]),并采用静态涂渍法,制备了毛细管气相色谱柱.该固定相具有良好的热稳定性.热重测试显示,温度高于380 ℃后,[PSOMIm][NTf2]开始缓慢分解.色谱性能评价显示,此固定相对多种异构体和同系物均具有良好的分离选择性和高的热稳定性.对Grob试剂的分离结果表明,各种组分均能在柱上得到良好的分离且峰的对称性很好.此新型聚合物离子液体在高温气相色谱固定相的研究和应用方面具有较大的潜力.     

填充毛细管液相色谱—毛细管气相色谱在线联用分析柴油全组成

采用填充毛细管液相色谱（ＰＣ－ＨＰＬＣ）与毛管气相色谱（ＣＧＣ）在线联用技术分析柴油全组分。半填充硅胶、半填充氨基的ＰＣ－ＨＰＬＣ柱（０．３２ｍｍ ｉ．ｄ）用于样品族分离（烷烃、单环芳烃、双环芳烃、三环芳烃和胶质）。经ＰＣ－ＨＰＬＣ分离后的各族组分（峰体积小于３０μＬ）被依次存放在多位储存接口内，然后分别转入ＧＣ作单个组分定量分析，可得出各族组分的相对含量及烷烃的碳数的正异构分布。该方法是分析柴油     

气相色谱灰色分析体系中未知组分保留指数的预测

提出在部分组分已知的气相色谱灰色体系中,利用已知组分的保留指数和保留时间推算死时间和正构烷烃的保留时间,再计算未知组分保留时间的方法,结果显示,在已知组分不是太少的情况下,该方法计算的死时间和正构烷烃的保留时间与实验值吻合,预测的保留指数也有较高的精度.     

毛细管液相色谱高温毛细管气相色谱在线联用方法在原油族组成分析中的应用

 原油经过脱沥青处理后 ,采用填充毛细管液相色谱 (PC HPLC)与高温毛细管气相色谱 (HTGC)在线联用技术分析原油中的脂肪烃、芳烃、胶质。样品经过PC HPLC族分离后 ,各族组分峰被依次切割并存放在多位储存接口内 ,再分别无损失地转入GC进行各族组分的定量分析。方法简单、灵活 ,重复性误差 (RSD)≤ 3%。     

填充毛细管液相色谱-高温毛细管气相色谱在线联用分析重油

重油的组成分析一直是个难题,它的沸点高,族组分种类多,各族内组分的异构体又极为繁多.最好的分析方法是用高效液相色谱(HPLC)做族分离,馏分收集后再用CGC分析.但HPLC的族馏分体积比CGC进样量大100倍.本文采用填充毛细管液相色谱(μHPLC)与高温毛细管气相色谱(HTGC)在线联用技术[1]分析重油.正相μHPLC将样品按族分离,μHPLC的柱效高,族分离能力强,而小的馏分体积(<100μL)可避免GC分流进样.在一次LC进样后,多位储存型联用接口将分离后的各族组分切割、存储并分别无损失转入HTGC分析,利用FID对高于C10的有机物的响应值相…     

气相色谱-质谱法测定化妆品中斑蝥素和氮芥

建立气相色谱-质谱法同时测定化妆品中斑蝥素和氮芥的含量。以色谱纯三氯甲烷为溶剂提取化妆品中的斑蝥素和氮芥两种组分，用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）法进行分析，各目标组分均能有效分离，且色谱峰形良好。斑蝥素和氮芥在质量浓度0.5～10μg/mL范围内线性良好，线性相关系数均为0.998，平均加标回收率分别为102.6%和115.7%。测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为1.2%和2.1%(n=6)。该方法适用于化妆品中斑蝥素和氮芥两种禁用组分同时测定。     

甲基氯硅烷低沸物的分离分析

选用DB-624毛细管色谱柱,用气相色谱法对直接法合成的26种甲基氯硅烷低沸物(LBR)组分(其中包括难分离的物质对甲基二氯硅烷和2-甲基-2-丁烯)进行分离.考察了柱温和载气流速对分离效果的影响,发现柱温和载气流速均较低时,分离效果较好.采用气相色谱质谱联用和气相色谱保留时间对照2种方法对组分进行了定性分析,根据色谱保留时间和质谱图的信息,确定了LBR组分结构,并对其进行了定量分析.结果表明,四甲基硅烷、二甲基氯硅烷和甲基二氯硅烷是LBR的主要活性成分,而2-甲基-1-丙烯、2-甲基丁烷和2-甲基-2-丁烯是LBR的主要杂质.方法操作简便、快速、效率高,适用于甲基氯硅烷生产控制中的快速分析和其工业分离的方法研究.     

Characterization of rapidly and naturally quenched skeletal iron catalysts for FT synthesis

The slurry phase is a promising system for Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. Since the liquid medium efficiently removes the heat of reaction so that the steady-state reaction is easily achieved. High catalytic activity is maintained due to removal of waxy products from the catalyst surface by the action of solvent. In addition, CO-rich syngas from coal gasification can be directly used in FT synthesis which may increase the thermal efficiency of the indirect coal liquefaction. One of the important problems to be solved for slurry phase FT is the catalyst attrition and separation from wax residue. Fused iron and Raney iron were found to have high attrition resistance and easy to separate from wax in slurry phase FT synthesis, but their activity is relatively low. Amorphous alloys made by rapid quenching techniques have drawn increasing interest due to their superior mechanical,chemical and magnetic properties compared to the thermodynamically stable crystalline alloys of the same compositions. It is reported that rapidly quenched skeletal Ni catalyst showed higher catalytic activity than Raney Ni in selective hydrogenation of unsaturated organic functional groups.In this paper, Fe50Al50 (by weight) alloys with different quenching rates, rapid quenching (RQ) and natural quenching (NQ) were prepared for FT synthesis. The phase composition of alloys was characterized by XRD. The physical properties, thermal-stability and adsorption properties of skeletal Fe that was prepared by leaching aluminum of the corresponding alloy with aqueous solution of NaOH were also studied by BET, in situ XRD and H2- and CO-TPD. It is found from XRD patterns of the alloys that RQ Fe50Al50 is composed of orthorhombic phase, and NQ Fe50Al50 alloy is mainly composed of monoclinic phase. Meanwhile, diffraction peaks of the RQ alloy are seriously broadened. After leaching aluminum by aqueous solution of NaOH at the same conditions,skeletal Fe from the RQ alloy give the higher specific surface area and larger pore volume. The in -situ XRD shows that skeletal Fe from RQ alloy is composed of elemental iron and magnetite (FeFe2O4) with poor crystalline. The skeletal Fe from NQ alloy is mainly composed of elemental Fe and minor magnetite. The higher content of the magnetite phase in RQ skeletal Fe may arise from the higher activity of the RQ alloy. When the skeletal Fe was heated under Ar flow, the content of magnetite phase increased with temperature and became the main composition at 400℃ for the skeletal Fe from the RQ alloy. For the skeletal iron from the NQ alloy, phase change under heating is less obvious compared with that for the RQ skeletal iron. The H2-TPD profiles of the catalysts showed that two H2 desorption peaks appeared in both NQ and RQ skeletal iron, but the temperatures at maximum desorption rate of RQ skeletal iron were higher than those of the NQ skeletal iron. The CO-TPD experiment showed that NQ skeletal iron had the stronger affinity to CO than RQ skeletal iron. The different properties were explained on the basis of structure.     

超高效液相色谱法测定生物柴油中的11种脂肪酸及脂肪酸甲酯

建立了采用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)-蒸发光散射检测器(ELSD)测定生物柴油中11种常见的脂肪酸及脂肪酸甲酯含量的方法。这11种常见的脂肪酸及脂肪酸甲酯为豆蔻酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、油酸、亚麻酸甲酯、硬脂酸、亚油酸甲酯、棕榈酸甲酯、油酸甲酯、芥酸和硬脂酸甲酯。样品经提取后用甲醇溶解,采用Acquity UPLC BEH Phenyl C18柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)分离,乙腈-水（体积比为3∶1)混合液为流动相进行等度洗脱,采用的ELSD条件为增益80,漂移管温度为45 ℃,载气压力为172 kPa,雾化器为冷却模式,并用外标法进行定量分析。结果表明,在一定的质量浓度范围内,峰面积的对数和质量浓度的对数线性关系良好。与其他检测生物柴油成分的方法相比,该方法简单,分离效果好,速度快,特别是此方法可以同时实现脂肪酸及脂肪酸甲酯的分离,并进行定量分析,能有效测定反应的进行程度,从而满足生物柴油工艺研究的需要。     

降凝剂对蜡油中蜡析出与溶解影响的物理化学研究

用DSC热分析仪研究了合成蜡油的加热与冷却过程,测定了蜡油在不同蜡浓度下,添加降凝剂前后的平衡蜡溶点和析蜡点以及溶解度和饱和度,并进行了热力学分析.结果表明,含蜡油的平衡蜡溶点高于平衡析蜡点,降凝剂使平衡蜡溶点进一步升高,析蜡点进一步降低,导致含蜡油凝点较大幅度降低.在实验浓度和温度范围内,该过程符合Van′tHoff方程,降凝剂使蜡的溶解焓和溶解熵增大,析出焓和析出熵减少.降凝剂提高了蜡晶析出的临界半径,增大了成核位垒,使蜡晶析出困难.     

Gas chromatographic evaluation of wool wax alcohols supported by principal component analysis

Summary Capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection has been applied to the separation of the components of wool wax alcohols. Twenty-six commercial and non-commercial (laboratory) samples were investigated. Twenty-eight components found in the samples were used as variables for further characterization by a chemometric procedure. Principal component analysis was applied to the differentiation of samples from different sources and obtained by different technologies.     

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for the analysis of Fischer-Tropsch oil products

The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process involves a series of catalysed reactions of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, originating from coal, natural gas or biomass, leading to a variety of synthetic chemicals and fuels. The benefits of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) compared to one-dimensional GC (1D-GC) for the detailed investigation of the oil products of low and high temperature FT processes are presented. GC×GC provides more accurate quantitative data to construct Anderson-Schultz-Flory (ASF) selectivity models that correlate the FT product distribution with reaction variables. On the other hand, the high peak capacity and sensitivity of GC×GC allow the detailed study of components present at trace level. Analyses of the aromatic and oxygenated fractions of a high temperature FT (HT-FT) process are presented. GC×GC data have been used to optimise or tune the HT-FT process by using a lab-scale micro-FT-reactor.     

一种基于离子迁移谱的气相色谱检测器及其应用

离子迁移谱作为气相色谱的检测器,兼有色谱的高分离能力和离子迁移谱的高灵敏度,有利于实现复杂混合物的实时在线监测。基于在色谱、离子迁移谱方面的研究基础,本实验室搭建了一套以离子迁移谱为检测器的气相色谱仪,分别对检测器的温度、总电压、尾吹气流速等参数进行了系统优化,并用于碘甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、四氯化碳和二溴甲烷4种卤代烃化合物的检测。实验结果表明,参数优化后的离子迁移谱检测器对碘甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、四氯化碳和二溴甲烷的检出限可分别达到2、0.02、1和0.1 ng,线性范围有两个数量级。离子迁移谱与气相色谱联用,其二维的分离能力可以为复杂混合物的准确定性提供更多的信息,还可以实现不同化合物的选择性检测。     

玉门稠油组分特征及其对结蜡行为的影响

为了研究稠油不同组分的特征及其相互作用,利用柱层色谱分离法、傅里叶红外光谱、差示扫描量热法（DSC）和偏光显微分析等表征方法及手段,对采自玉门油田的稠油样品进行了组分分离、分析,并对饱和烃组分结蜡行为的影响进行了研究。结果表明,稠油各组分相互作用可以有效抑制蜡晶的析出。饱和烃组分（A₁）中分别加入其他不同极性组分后,其结蜡行为与原油原始状态差异较大;A₁的析蜡点、析蜡峰温和析蜡量均有所降低。偏光显微分析发现胶质沥青质组分使A₁冷却结晶时的蜡晶颗粒数增多,尺寸相对减小,可以减弱蜡晶之间的联结强度,削弱蜡晶缔合而形成大块蜡晶聚集体的倾向。     

Development of a manual method for the determination of mineral oil in foods and paperboard

So far the majority of the measurements of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) were obtained from on-line high performance liquid chromatography–gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (on-line HPLC–GC–FID). Since this technique is not available in many laboratories, an alternative method with more easily available tools has been developed. Preseparation on a small conventional liquid chromatographic column was optimized to achieve robust separation between the MOSH and the MOAH, but also to keep out the wax esters from the MOAH fraction. This was achieved by mixing a small portion of silica gel with silver nitrate into highly activated silica gel and by adding toluene into the eluent for the MOAH. Toluene was also added to the MOSH fraction to facilitate reconcentration and to serve as a keeper preventing loss of volatiles during solvent evaporation. A 50 μl volume was injected on-column into GC–FID to achieve a detection limit for MOSH and MOAH below 1 mg/kg in most foods.     

High performance of PES-GNs MMMs for gas separation and selectivity

In this study, graphene nanosheets (GNs) were incorporated into polyethersulfone (PES) by phase inversion approach for preparing PES-GNs mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). To investigate the impact of filler content on membrane surface morphology, thermal stability, chemical composition, porosity and mechanical properties, MMMs were constructed with various GNs loadings (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 wt%). ?The performance of prepared MMMs was tested for separation and selectivity of CO₂, N₂, H₂ and CH₄ gases at various pressures from 1 to 6 bar and temperature varying from 20 to 60 °C. It was observed that, compared to the pristine PES membrane, the prepared MMMs significantly improved the gas separation and selectivity performance with adequate mechanical stability. The permeability of CO₂, N₂, H₂ and CH₄ for the PES + 0.04 wt% GNs increases from 9 to 2246, 11 to 2235, 9 to 7151, and 3 to 4176 Barrer respectively, as compared with pure PES membrane at 1 bar and 20 °C due to improving the membrane absorption and porosity. In addition, by increasing the pressure, the permeability and selectivity of CO₂, N₂, H₂ and CH₄ are increased due to the increased driving force for the transport of gas via membranes. Furthermore, the permeability of CO₂, N₂, H₂ and CH₄ increased by increasing the temperature from 20 to 60 °C due to the plasticization in the membranes and the improvement in polymer chain movement. This result proved that the prepared membranes can be used for gas separation applications.