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计算多级固体颗粒-流体流动反应器系统中颗粒的平均转化率是反应器设计、优化及控制必须解决的一个主要问题。本文提出了用Monte Carlo方法模拟多级返混流动系统停留时间分布(RTD)及颗粒束平均转化率的概念及原则:通过模拟随机停留时间以确定瞬时转化率,模拟其随机返混以跟踪颗粒束在系统中的随机运动,记录运动过程的“状态值”—停留 相似文献
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本文采用非稳态脉冲进料法,测定了在塔径为45mm、高890mm的两相鼓泡床中及具有液固外循环系统的三相流化床中的液相轴向返混系数。此外还在床径为150mm、高3200mm的两相鼓泡床中进行了上述测定,以了解塔径对返混的影响。所用固相为<100μm的钢玉粉,液相中的固相重量浓度为20%,水及空气的空床截面速度均在1—9cm/s。在采用的试验条件下,液相轴向返混系数D_L值波动于6—140cm~2/s之间。在相同操作条件下,两相鼓泡床和三相流化床中的D_L值不同,其差异大小决定于操作条件。两相鼓泡床的试验结果表明,床径不仅影响D_L值,而且在不同气、液速操作条件下对液相返混程度的影响规律亦不同。与串联理想搅拌釜的计算结果相比较,说明在本文试验条件范围内,三相流化床及两相鼓泡床中的液相返混是比较严重的。在试验中,我们研究了电子计算机的联用技术,大大提高了试验的精度及速度,并突出了非稳态试验方法的优点。 相似文献
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多釜串联实验有利于理解多釜串联反应器的返混特性、停留时间分布与多釜串联模型的关系、模型参数的物理意义、模型参数的计算方法和停留时间分布的测定方法。该改进设计加入了一个并行的大釜对照反应器,能使学生更直观地了解系统的流动特性,理解多釜串联模拟理想反应器的实际意义。相比单理想反应器,多釜串联模拟是在较高浓度下进行的,减少了混合作用所产生的稀释效应,使过程的推动力得以提高。 相似文献
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利用高通量技术设计并运行了16路平行动力学固定床反应器,用于测量不同接触时间下的稳态反应物消耗速率和产物生成速率,研究了钴基费托催化剂的宏观动力学,包括C1~C4烷烃与烯烃的稳态反应速率及其随床层的分布,以及它们与反应器温度的关系.在等温固定床非扩散限制的反应条件下,除C1和C2烃类外,Cn的生成速率及CO/H2的消耗速率均随接触时间的增加先上升后下降,且烯烃生成速率的最高点较烷烃更靠近反应器入口;反应温度对速率的影响与转化率有关:生成烷烃的表观活化能大于烯烃.高通量动力学反应器可用于生成宏观动力学数据库,以预测催化剂在工业固定床反应器中的行为. 相似文献
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CSTR中H2O2-KSCN-CuSO4非线性反应体系的研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
非统性化学反应现象(包括化学振荡、化学波和化学混饨等)的研究近二十年来进展较快,BZ反应*、NADH氧化的生化反应*及卤类化合物主导的其它反应体系[’-’]的混饨、双节律等复杂非线性现象不断被发现并得到不同程度的确证.无卤无机反应体系的复杂非线性现象未见报导,我们选择H202-KSCN-CllS04-N。OH无卤体系K7]进行探索,此反应在连续搅拌反应器(CSTR)和封闭反应器(batch)皆有振荡现象,在体系中加入鲁米诺(11J.----n由产生发光振荡现象问,我们对这个反应体系的进一步研究发现复杂振荡(包括非周期过程)… 相似文献
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分子筛膜具有规整的微孔结构(<1 nm), 耐高温高压、 抗有机溶剂, 在液相和气相小分子分离中受到广泛关注. 分子筛膜可以与催化反应耦合于一体构成膜反应器, 使反应过程与组分分离同时进行, 促进反应平衡移动, 达到反应强化的效果. 本文概述了近十年不同类型分子筛膜反应器在催化反应中的应用研究进展, 并对分子筛膜反应器未来的发展趋势进行了展望. 相似文献
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混床再生剂的纯度和阴、阳树脂的混合程度会严重影响到混床出水水质.用高纯碱替代工业碱再生混床的阴树脂;采用反常规均粒混床树脂;对混床树脂采用特殊的再生和输送方法等措施均可提高出水水质. 相似文献
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Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain. 相似文献
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Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights. 相似文献
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The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (Asi). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of Asi, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of Asi. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As2O3) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of Asi metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of Asi uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems. 相似文献