双轴应力状态下正交异性动态光弹性应力——光性定律研究

基于静态下Ｈｙｅｒ和Ｌｉｕ表述的正交异性应力－光性定律，在前文中，提出了正交异性光弹性复合材料的动态应力－光性定律并证明了其在单轴应力状态下的正确性。本文旨在进一步考察在双轴应力状态下正交异性动态应力－光性定律的适用性，采用的方法是对纤维增强光弹性复合材料制作的平板模型施加冲击荷载，加载方向与材料纤维方向分别成０°、９０°及４５°角，同时进行正交异性动态光弹性实验和动态应变测量，另外，对该模型进行相应的各向异性介质时域边界元计算。把动态应变测量推算出的应力分量以及时域边界元计算出的应力分量分别代入正交异性动态应力－光性定律，得到随时间变化的双折射条纹级数历程，将其与正交异性动态光弹性实验的结果进行比较。实验及计算结果表明，在三个加载方向下，由这三种方法得到的双折射条纹级数历程均吻合良好，从而证明了前文提出的正交异性动态应力－光性定律在双轴应力状态下的正确性。     

各向异性介质波动问题的时域边界元法及实验验证

对前已建立的各向异性介质波动问题的时域边界元计算模型进行了实验验证．用单向纤维增强光弹性复合材料模拟正交异性介质，用冲击加载，加载方向与纤维方向分别成0°，90°及45°角度，进行了正交异性动态光弹性实验及动态应变测量，并同时对该模型进行了时城边界元计算．将时域边界元方法计算出的应力分量代入正交异性动态光弹性的动态应力-光性定律，得到双折射条纹级数随时间的变化曲线，将其与动态光弹性实验的结果进行比较；此外，由动态电测获得的应变响应曲线推算出应力时程；与时城边界元计算出的应为响应曲线也进行了比较．两种情况下，时域边界元的计算成果均与实验成果吻合较好，从而证明该各向异性介质波动问题的时域边界元计算模型具有较好的精度及稳定性，可用于各向异性介质的动态问题特别是波传播问题的分析研究．     

冲击作用下含孔洞纤维增强复合材料平板的动力学实验与数值研究

作为复合材料动力学实验与数值研究的应用实例 ,实验研究采用正交异性动态光弹性方法 ,数值分析运用各向异性介质的时域边界元方法。纤维增强光弹性复合材料平板被用来模拟含孔洞的正交异性半无限域 ,用小口径步枪施加与纤维方向成 0及 90两个方向的冲击载荷 ,在正交异性动态光弹性实验中记录了应力波在孔洞周围的传播、反射与绕射过程 ,此过程被进一步转换成应力分量的变化时程 ,并与相应的时域边界元方法的数值分析结果进行了比较。     

正交异性动态光弹性方法的几个基本问题的研究

文章对适用于动态研究的正交异性光弹性复合材料进行了分析，详细说明了光弹性复合材料中残余双折射的确定方法；基于静态下Ｈｙｅｒ和Ｌｉｕ应力－光性定律，提出了正交异性动态应力－光性定律，并对正交异性材料的动态力学参数及动态光弹性常数给出了实用的标定方法；最后，利用三个单轴压缩试件（０°，９０°及４５°），采用动态应变测量方法，证实了单轴应力状态下正交异性动态应力－光性定律的正确性。     

含椭圆孔或裂纹的等参数正交异性板平面问题基本解

应用Ｃａｕｃｈｙ积分的方法，分别给出了含椭圆孔或裂纹的等参数正交异性板在任意面内集中载荷作用下的复应力函数基本解或应力强度因子基本解，这些基本解对于应用边界元法求解此类正交异性板或各向同性板的某些弹性力学和断裂力学问题具有重要的意义。     

原岩应力状态的正交异性球壳模型评价

本文提出正交异性球壳模型,按弹性理论建立了原岩应力解析式,该方法弥补了以往各向同性球壳模型的不中,可计算出任意深度的原岩应力状态,铅垂应力,平均水平应力,水平面内最大及最小正应力。解析结构与原岩应力实例测值高度吻合。     

光弹法实测正交异性双材料界面裂纹断裂参数

采用光弹贴片法实测正交异性双材料界面裂纹尖端区域的应力应变场, 进而求出界面裂纹的断裂力学参量. 将正交异性双材料板加工成拉伸试件,在聚碳酸酯贴片 的单侧表面镀金属铝膜,以提高贴片的反射效率. 沿贴片后的双材料界面预制裂缝,逐渐加 大载荷,得到一系列清晰的等差线条纹图. 利用正交异性双材料界面裂纹尖端应力分量表达 式计算出应力强度因子. 实验表明,光弹贴片法可有效地分析正交异性双材料界面裂纹问题.     

弱正交异性材料残余应力测量的声弹性方法

为了适应工程材料的残余应力无损测量的要求,本文将横波和纵波声弹性相结合,建立适用於弱正交异性材料的平面声弹性残余应力测量方法,并应用该方法及自行研制的横波换能器对焊接试件的二维残余应力进行了测试。     

动态光弹性方法的主应力分离的研究

本文提出了动态光弹性、动态焦散线实验方法同边界元法结合的混合法，并用这种方法解决了动态光弹性主应力分离的问题，首先对现有的多火花高速摄影系统进行了改造，在动态实验过程中，成功地得到了不同瞬时的清晰的动态光弹性的等差线条纹和动态焦散线系列图像，这样，便可提取不同瞬时的边界应力值、全场主应力差值及边界上的外载。继而提出用Ｌａｐｌａｃｅ变换域上的边界元法来求解在冲击载荷作用下二维弹性模型全场的主应力和。最后，以受冲击载荷作用的圆盘为例，进行实验及边界元法计算，得到了分离的主应力场。     

复合材料光弹性分析的近似方法

本文提出了一种用于光弹性复合材料的简化应变——光学定律。按照这一简化定律。模型材料的主应变差和主应变方向只要利用光弹性实验测出的等差线与等倾线即可求得。些是一种正交异性光弹性分析的近似方法,这一方法所得结果与实验数据比较,最大误差在10％左右。由于采用简化应变——光学定律使得正交异性光弹性分析工作大为简便,因此它是一种适合于工程应用的近似方法。     

边界元法与光弹性实验相结合的应力分析法

本文介绍了边界无法与光弹性实验相结合进行应力分析的方法。叙述了用边界无法求解主应力的基本原理。结合光弹性实验等差线条纹图,可分离出主应力。     

Contact stresses: a short survey of models and methods of computations

Contact stresses are identified as normal and tangential forces between contacting solids. The normal stresses are modeled using unilateral and complementary conditions, elastic response and normal compliance. Friction laws describe the tangential traction. Friction of materials depends on pressure, sliding velocity, surface temperature, time of contact, surface roughness and presence of wear debris. Phenomenological, micro-mechanical and atomic-scale models as well as non-classical models of anisotropic and heterogeneous friction are important steps in the development of friction modeling. Sophisticated friction models are desirable in vibrating systems, materials processing, rolling contacts, rubber and polymers, geomechanics, bioengineering and living systems. Main numerical methods in contact mechanics are: finite element method, boundary element method and discrete element method. To include specific contact constraints, the following computing techniques are applied: Lagrange multipliers, penalty function, perturbated and augmented Lagrangian methods, mathematical programming methods. The advances of adhesion and impact modeling are outlined in this paper.     

Linear and Nonlinear Algorithms for Stress Separation in Photoelasticity

An experimental-numerical hybrid method for the stress separation in photoelasticity is proposed in this study. In the proposed method, boundary conditions for a local finite element model, that is, tractions along boundaries are inversely determined from photoelastic fringes. Two algorithms are proposed for determining the boundary condition. One is a linear algorithm in which the tractions are obtained by the method of linear least-squares from both principal stress difference and principal direction. Another is the nonlinear algorithm in which the tractions are determined only from the principal stress difference. After determining the boundary conditions for the local finite element model, the stresses can be obtained by finite element direct analysis. The effectiveness is demonstrated by applying the proposed method to a perforated plate under tension and contact problems. Results show that the boundary conditions of the local finite element model can be determined from the photoelastic fringes and then the individual stresses can be obtained by the proposed method. Furthermore, the stresses can be evaluated even if the boundary condition is complicated such as at the contact surface. It is expected that the proposed method can be powerful tool for stress analysis.     

Separation of principal stresses in dynamic photoelasticity

A new and effective method used to separate the transient principal stresses for dynamic photoelasticity is proposed. This is a hybrid method combining the optical method of dynamic caustics and the boundary element numerical method. Firstly, a modified Cranz-Schardin spark camera is used to record simultaneously the isochromatic fringe patterns of photoelasticity and the shadow spot patterns in the dynamic process. By means of the isochromatic fringe patterns, the difference between transient principal stresses in the whole domain and the principal stresses along the free boundary can be solved. In addition, the method of caustics is a very powerful technique for measuring the concentrative load. Then, the sum of the principal stresses is calculated by the boundary integral equation obtained from the Laplace integral transform of the wave equation. So, the transient principal stresses can be determined from the experimental and numerical results. As an example, the transient principal stresses in a polycarbonate disk under an impact load are resolved. Concurrently published in the Chinese Edition of Acta Mechanica Sinica, Vol. 26, No. 1, 1994     

Stress Separation of Interferometrically Measured Isopachics in a Perforated Plate

A method for the stress separation of interferometrically measured isopachics using an Airy stress function is proposed in this study. A Poisson equation that represents the relationship between the sum of principal stresses and an Airy stress function is solved using a finite element method. The Dirichlet boundary condition for solving the Poisson equation is determined by the approximation of an assumed Airy stress function along the boundary of the model. Therefore, the distribution of the Airy stress function is obtained from the measured isopachic contours. Then, the stresses are obtained from the computed Airy stress function. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by applying the proposed method to the isopachic contours in a perforated plate obtained by Mach-Zehnder interferometry. Results indicate that stress components around a hole in a plate can be obtained from isopachics by the proposed method.     

A boundary element formulation for a class of non-local damage models

This paper proposes and discusses a boundary element formulation for a particular class of non-local damage models. The formulation as well as the boundary element computational code developed during this research have proven to be very simple and efficient, providing reliable information on the strains and stresses in damage-softening models. The numerical approach uses a finite-grid to estimate the damage values. Some illustrative numerical examples, which show the simplicity and versatility of the proposed approach, are included and discussed in detail.     

Boundary contour analysis for surface stress recovery in 2-D elasticity and Stokes flow

Summary A variant of the boundary element method, called the boundary contour method, offers a further reduction in dimensionality. Consequently, boundary contour analysis of 2-D problems does not require any numerical integration at all. In a boundary contour analysis, boundary stresses can be accurately computed using the approach proposed in Ref. [1]. However, due to singularity, this approach can be used only to calculate boundary stresses at points that do not lie at an end of a boundary element. Herein, it is shown that a technique based on the displacement/velocity shape functions can overcome this drawback. Further, the approach is much simpler to apply, requires less computational effort, and provides competitive accuracy. Numerical solutions and convergence study for some well-known problems in linear elasticity and Stokes flow are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. This research was supported in part by the 2004 Ralph E. Powe Junior Faculty Enhancement Award from Oak Ridge Associated Universities and by the University of South Alabama Research Council.     

Dynamic simulation of the hydrodynamic interaction among immersed particles in Stokes flow

A numerical method for the dynamic simulation of the hydrodynamic interaction among particles in Stokes flow is developed. The method couples the quasi-static Stokes equations for the fluid with the equilibrium equations for the particles. The boundary element method is used to represent the velocity at a general field point in terms of surface velocities and stresses. However, neither the stresses nor the velocities are assumed to be known on the surface of the particles. Kinematic equations relating the linear and angular velocities at the centroids of the particles to the surface velocities are combined with the discretized boundary element equations and the equilibrium equations to generate a system of linear equations. The associated coefficient matrix is correspondent to the grand resistance matrix which relates the velocities of the particles to a given geometry.     

两相材料V形切口应力强度因子边界元分析

建立了边界元法计算两相材料粘结V形切口奇异应力场的新途径。在V形切口尖端挖出一小扇形,将该扇形弧线边界的位移和面力表示为有限项奇性指数和特征角函数的线性组合,其组合系数即为广义应力强度因子,将该组合回代到在被挖去小扇形后的剩余结构内建立的边界积分方程,离散后可求解出组合系数,获得两相材料粘结V形切口尖端的应力强度因子。算例证明了本文方法的有效性。