Three-point explicit compact difference scheme with arbitrary order of accuracy and its application in CFD

Based on the successive iteration in the Taylor series expansion method,a three-point explicit compact difference scheme with arbitrary order of accuracy is derived in this paper.Numerical characteristics of the scheme are studied by the Fourier analysis. Unlike the conventional compact difference schemes which need to solve the equation to obtain the unknown derivatives in each node,the proposed scheme is explicit and can achieve arbitrary order of accuracy in space.Application examples for the convection- diffusion problem with a sharp front gradient and the typical lid-driven cavity flow are given.It is found that the proposed compact scheme is not only simple to implement and economical to use,but also is effective to simulate the convection-dominated problem and obtain high-order accurate solution in coarse grid systems.     

Comments on Three-point explicit compact difference scheme with arbitrary order of accuracy and its application in CFD

The explicit compact difference scheme,proposed in Three-point explicit compact difference scheme with arbitrary order of accuracy and its application in CFD by Lin et al.,published in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (English Edition),2007,28(7),943-953,has the same performance as the conventional finite difference schemes.It is just another expression of the conventional finite difference schemes. The proposed expression does not have the advantages of a compact difference scheme. Nonetheless,we can more easily obtain and implement compared with the conventional expression in which the coefficients can only be obtained by solving equations,especially for higher accurate schemes.     

求解二维污染扩散方程的时空任意阶的三点紧致显格式

通过在泰勒级数展开中运用逐阶迭代的方法,推导出了空间二阶导数任意精度的三点紧致的表达式,并在半高散方程中通过二维扩散方程本身把时间导数转换为空间导数,从而推导出了时空任意阶的三点紧致显格式.数值实验表明,本文格式的精度很高,而且具有使用简单,易于编程的优点,对求解二维污染扩散方程具有很好的应用前景.     

Comments on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Three-point explicit compact difference scheme with arbitrary order of accuracy and its application in CFD</Emphasis>

The explicit compact difference scheme, proposed in Three-point explicit compact difference scheme with arbitrary order of accuracy and its application in CFD by Lin et al., published in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics （English Edition）, 2007, 28（7）, 943-953, has the same performance as the conventional finite difference schemes. It is just another expression of the conventional finite difference schemes. The proposed expression does not have the advantages of a compact difference scheme. Nonetheless, we can more easily obtain and implement compared with the conventional expression in which the coefficients can only be obtained by solving equations, especially for higher accurate schemes.     

基于HWCNS格式的紧致插值方法研究

在保证良好间断捕捉能力的前提下,能够达到更高的分辨率,一直是有限差分方法努力的方向。基于HWCNS格式构造思想,发展了一种高精度非线性紧致插值方法,构造了紧致七阶HWCNS格式,分析了其频谱特性,利用多个典型算例对所构造的格式性能进行了考察。结果表明,在模拟包含间断和多尺度流动结构的长时间演化问题中,本文发展的方法在计算结果精度和综合计算效率方面优于显式五阶HWCNS和七阶WENO格式,与频谱分析结论一致。     

High-order accurate and high-resolution upwind finite volume scheme for solving euler/reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations

A high-order accurate explicit scheme is proposed for solving Euler/Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations for steady and unsteady flows, respectively. Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model is utilized to obtain the turbulent viscosity. For the explicit scheme, the Runge-Kutta time-stepping methods of third orders are used in time integration, and space discretization for the right-hand side (RHS) terms of semi-discrete equations is performed by third-order ENN scheme for inviscid terms and fourth-order compact difference for viscous terms. Numerical experiments suggest that the present scheme not only has a fairly rapid convergence rate, but also can generate a highly resolved approximation to numerical solution, even to unsteady problem. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Contract No. 59576007 and 19572038     

污染扩散方程高精度紧致格式及其稳定性分析

针对污染扩散方程提出了时间任意阶精度的显式格式,并对该格式的稳定性和精度进行了分析,理论结果表明:一阶精度的计算格式是传统的显格式,其稳定条件为:s≤1/2(s=D.Δt/Δx2,D为扩散系数,Δt为时间步长,Δx为空间步长),随着保留精度阶数的增加,稳定性范围也会随之增大;当保留无穷阶精度时,格式是无条件稳定的。这也就从一个侧面揭示了稳定性与时间精度之间的关系,为高性能数值计算格式的构思提供了可以借鉴的原则。数值算例的结果表明,本文格式具有一定的实用性。     

Weighted Compact Scheme for Shock Capturing

In this paper a new class of finite difference schemes - the Weighted Compact Schemes are proposed. According to the idea of the WENO schemes, the Weighted Compact Scheme is constructed by a combination of the approximations of derivatives on candidate stencils with properly assigned weights so that the non-oscillatory property is achieve when discontinuities appear. The primitive function reconstruction method of ENO schemes is applied to obtain the conservative form of the Weighted Compact Scheme. This new scheme not only preserves the characteristic of standard compact schemes and achieves high order accuracy and high resolution using a compact stencil, but also can accurately capture shock waves and discontinuities without oscillation. Numerical examples show the new scheme is very promising and successful.     

Efficiency benchmarking of seventh-order tri-diagonal weighted compact nonlinear scheme on curvilinear mesh

Efficiency improvements of high-order weighted compact nonlinear scheme (WCNS) are verified using a series of benchmark cases, proposed at the International Workshop on High-Order CFD Methods. A seventh-order tri-diagonal compact one of WCNSs (WCNS-E8T7), constructed in recent years, is investigated as a basic scheme, and compared to a typical fifth-order explicit WCNS (WCNS-E6E5) and a traditional second-order TVD scheme MUSCL. Among these tests, a symmetrical conservative metric method (SCMM) is adopted to ensure the accuracy and robustness of WCNSs when solving cases in the curvilinear coordinates. The computational efficiency of schemes is evaluated based on a non-dimensional cost in achieving the same level of accuracy. Related results show that WCNS-E8T7 has a better performance than WCNS-E6E5 with the same interpolation stencils. Moreover, the opinion that high-order methods can obtain higher computational efficiency than second-order methods is demonstrated on the cases ranging from academic problems to real-life computations.     

A generalised finite difference scheme based on compact integrated radial basis function for flow in heterogeneous soils

In the present paper, we develop a generalised finite difference approach based on compact integrated radial basis function (CIRBF) stencils for solving highly nonlinear Richards equation governing fluid movement in heterogeneous soils. The proposed CIRBF scheme enjoys a high level of accuracy and a fast convergence rate with grid refinement owing to the combination of the integrated RBF approximation and compact approximation where the spatial derivatives are discretised in terms of the information of neighbouring nodes in a stencil. The CIRBF method is first verified through the solution of ordinary differential equations, 2–D Poisson equations and a Taylor‐Green vortex. Numerical comparisons show that the CIRBF method outperforms some other methods in the literature. The CIRBF method in conjunction with a rational function transformation method and an adaptive time‐stepping scheme is then applied to simulate 1–D and 2–D soil infiltrations effectively. The proposed solutions are more accurate and converge faster than those of the finite different method used with a second‐order central difference scheme. Additionally, the present scheme also takes less time to achieve target accuracy in comparison with the 1D‐IRBF and higher order compact schemes.     

A high‐order compact finite‐difference lattice Boltzmann method for simulation of steady and unsteady incompressible flows

A high‐order compact finite‐difference lattice Boltzmann method (CFDLBM) is proposed and applied to accurately compute steady and unsteady incompressible flows. Herein, the spatial derivatives in the lattice Boltzmann equation are discretized by using the fourth‐order compact FD scheme, and the temporal term is discretized with the fourth‐order Runge–Kutta scheme to provide an accurate and efficient incompressible flow solver. A high‐order spectral‐type low‐pass compact filter is used to stabilize the numerical solution. An iterative initialization procedure is presented and applied to generate consistent initial conditions for the simulation of unsteady flows. A sensitivity study is also conducted to evaluate the effects of grid size, filtering, and procedure of boundary conditions implementation on accuracy and convergence rate of the solution. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed solution procedure based on the CFDLBM method are also examined by comparison with the classical LBM for different flow conditions. Two test cases considered herein for validating the results of the incompressible steady flows are a two‐dimensional (2‐D) backward‐facing step and a 2‐D cavity at different Reynolds numbers. Results of these steady solutions computed by the CFDLBM are thoroughly compared with those of a compact FD Navier–Stokes flow solver. Three other test cases, namely, a 2‐D Couette flow, the Taylor's vortex problem, and the doubly periodic shear layers, are simulated to investigate the accuracy of the proposed scheme in solving unsteady incompressible flows. Results obtained for these test cases are in good agreement with the analytical solutions and also with the available numerical and experimental results. The study shows that the present solution methodology is robust, efficient, and accurate for solving steady and unsteady incompressible flow problems even at high Reynolds numbers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High‐order implicit Runge–Kutta time integrators for fluid‐structure interactions

This paper presents an approach to develop high‐order, temporally accurate, finite element approximations of fluid‐structure interaction (FSI) problems. The proposed numerical method uses an implicit monolithic formulation in which the same implicit Runge–Kutta (IRK) temporal integrator is used for the incompressible flow, the structural equations undergoing large displacements, and the coupling terms at the fluid‐solid interface. In this context of stiff interaction problems, the fully implicit one‐step approach presented is an original alternative to traditional multistep or explicit one‐step finite element approaches. The numerical scheme takes advantage of an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation of the equations designed to satisfy the geometric conservation law and to guarantee that the high‐order temporal accuracy of the IRK time integrators observed on fixed meshes is preserved on arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian deforming meshes. A thorough review of the literature reveals that in most previous works, high‐order time accuracy (higher than second order) is seldom achieved for FSI problems. We present thorough time‐step refinement studies for a rigid oscillating‐airfoil on deforming meshes to confirm the time accuracy on the extracted aerodynamics reactions of IRK time integrators up to fifth order. Efficiency of the proposed approach is then tested on a stiff FSI problem of flow‐induced vibrations of a flexible strip. The time‐step refinement studies indicate the following: stability of the proposed approach is always observed even with large time step and spurious oscillations on the structure are avoided without added damping. While higher order IRK schemes require more memory than classical schemes (implicit Euler), they are faster for a given level of temporal accuracy in two dimensions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A novel weighting switch function for uniformly high‐order hybrid shock‐capturing schemes

Hybrid schemes are very efficient for complex compressible flow simulation. However, for most existing hybrid schemes in literature, empirical problem‐dependent parameters are always needed to detect shock waves and hence greatly decrease the robustness and accuracy of the hybrid scheme. In this paper, based on the nonlinear weights of the weighted essentially non‐oscillatory (WENO) scheme, a novel weighting switch function is proposed. This function approaches 1 with high‐order accuracy in smooth regions and 0 near discontinuities. Then, with the new weighting switch function, a seventh‐order hybrid compact‐reconstruction WENO scheme (HCCS) is developed. The new hybrid scheme uses the same stencil as the fifth‐order WENO scheme, and it has seventh‐order accuracy in smooth regions even at critical points. Numerical tests are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of both the switch function and HCCS. Comparisons also reveal that HCCS has lower dissipation and less computational cost than the seventh‐order WENO scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High‐order compact numerical schemes for non‐hydrostatic free surface flows

The development of a numerical scheme for non‐hydrostatic free surface flows is described with the objective of improving the resolution characteristics of existing solution methods. The model uses a high‐order compact finite difference method for spatial discretization on a collocated grid and the standard, explicit, single step, four‐stage, fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method for temporal discretization. The Cartesian coordinate system was used. The model requires the solution of two Poisson equations at each time‐step and tridiagonal matrices for each derivative at each of the four stages in a time‐step. Third‐ and fourth‐order accurate boundaries for the flow variables have been developed including the top non‐hydrostatic pressure boundary. The results demonstrate that numerical dissipation which has been a problem with many similar models that are second‐order accurate is practically eliminated. A high accuracy is obtained for the flow variables including the non‐hydrostatic pressure. The accuracy of the model has been tested in numerical experiments. In all cases where analytical solutions are available, both phase errors and amplitude errors are very small. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new NND difference scheme of second-order in time and space

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Implementation of high‐order compact finite‐difference method to parabolized Navier–Stokes schemes

The numerical solution to the parabolized Navier–Stokes (PNS) and globally iterated PNS (IPNS) equations for accurate computation of hypersonic axisymmetric flowfields is obtained by using the fourth‐order compact finite‐difference method. The PNS and IPNS equations in the general curvilinear coordinates are solved by using the implicit finite‐difference algorithm of Beam and Warming type with a high‐order compact accuracy. A shock‐fitting procedure is utilized in both compact PNS and IPNS schemes to obtain accurate solutions in the vicinity of the shock. The main advantage of the present formulation is that the basic flow variables and their first and second derivatives are simultaneously computed with the fourth‐order accuracy. The computations are carried out for a benchmark case: hypersonic axisymmetric flow over a blunt cone at Mach 8. A sensitivity study is performed for the basic flowfield, including profiles and their derivatives obtained from the fourth‐order compact PNS and IPNS solutions, and the effects of grid size and numerical dissipation term used are discussed. The present results for the flowfield variables and also their derivatives are compared with those of other basic flow models to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method. The present work represents the first known application of a high‐order compact finite‐difference method to the PNS schemes, which are computationally more efficient than Navier–Stokes solutions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improvements on the accuracy of derivative estimation from DPIV velocity measurements

Accuracy of out-of-plane vorticity estimation from in-plane experimental velocity measurements is investigated with particular application to digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). Simulations of known flow fields are used to quantify errors associated with amplification of the velocity measurement noise and method bias error due to spatial sampling resolution. A novel, adaptable, hybrid estimation scheme combining implicit compact finite difference and Richardson extrapolation schemes is proposed for improved vorticity estimation. The scheme delivers higher-order truncation error with less noise amplification than an explicit second order finite difference scheme. Finally, a complete framework for predicting, a priori, the random, bias, and total error of the vorticity estimation on the basis of the error of the resolved velocities and the choice of differentiation scheme is developed and presented. A portion of this work was presented at ASME IMECE 2003 conference An erratum to this article is available at .     

Developing shock-capturing difference methods

A new shock-capturing method is proposed which is based on upwind schemes and flux-vector splittings. Firstly, original upwind schemes are projected along characteristic directions. Secondly, the amplitudes of the characteristic decompositions are carefully controlled by limiters to prevent non-physical oscillations. Lastly, the schemes are converted into conservative forms, and the oscillation-free shock-capturing schemes are acquired. Two explicit upwind schemes (2nd-order and 3rd-order) and three compact upwind schemes (3rd-order, 5th-order and 7th-order) are modified by the method for hyperbolic systems and the modified schemes are checked on several one-dimensional and two-dimensional test cases. Some numerical solutions of the schemes are compared with those of a WENO scheme and a MP scheme as well as a compact-WENO scheme. The results show that the method with high order accuracy and high resolutions can capture shock waves smoothly.     

Nonlinear Comparison of High-order and Optimized Finite-difference Schemes

The effect of reducing the formal order of accuracy of a finite-difference scheme in order to optimize its high-wavenumber performance, is investigated using the 1-D nonlinear unsteady inviscid Burgers' equation. Both explicit and compact schemes are compared to schemes wilh various levels of optimization. Results are given for the absolute and L2 errors as a function of time. It is found that the benefits of optimization do carry over into nonlinear applications.     

High‐order compact finite difference schemes for the vorticity–divergence representation of the spherical shallow water equations

This work is devoted to the application of the super compact finite difference method (SCFDM) and the combined compact finite difference method (CCFDM) for spatial differencing of the spherical shallow water equations in terms of vorticity, divergence, and height. The fourth‐order compact, the sixth‐order and eighth‐order SCFDM, and the sixth‐order and eighth‐order CCFDM schemes are used for the spatial differencing. To advance the solution in time, a semi‐implicit Runge–Kutta method is used. In addition, to control the nonlinear instability, an eighth‐order compact spatial filter is employed. For the numerical solution of the elliptic equations in the problem, a direct hybrid method, which consists of a high‐order compact scheme for spatial differencing in the latitude coordinate and a fast Fourier transform in longitude coordinate, is utilized. The accuracy and convergence rate for all methods are verified against exact analytical solutions. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of the results for an unstable barotropic mid‐latitude zonal jet employed as an initial condition are addressed. It is revealed that the sixth‐order and eighth‐order CCFDMs and SCFDMs lead to a remarkable improvement of the solution over the fourth‐order compact method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.