NEW TREATMENT OF ESSENTIAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IN EFG METHOD BY COUPLING WITH RPIM

One of major difficulties in the implementation of meshfree methods using the moving least square (MLS) approximation, such as element-free Galerkin method (EFG), is the imposition of essential boundary conditions as the approximations do not pass through the nodal parameter values. Another class of meshfree methods based on the radial basis point interpolation can satisfy the essential boundary conditions exactly since its approximation function passes through each node in an influence domain and thus its shape functions possess the properties of delta function. In this paper, a coupled element-free Galerkin(EFG)-radial point interpolation method (RPIM) is proposed to enhance their advantages and avoid their disadvantages. Discretized equations of equilibrium are obtained in the RPIM region and the EFG region, respectively. Then a collocation approach is introduced to couple the RPIM and the EFG method. This method satisfies the linear consistency exactly and can maintain the stiffness matrix symmetric. Numerical tests show that this method gives reasonably accurate results consistent with the theory.     

质点积分无单元伽辽金法及其在金属挤压过程中的应用

无单元伽辽金法需要在背景网格上积分,计算量大.节点积分无单元伽辽金法把对求解域的积分转化为对节点的求和,效率高,但因零能模态不受控制而会产生不稳定现象,需要采取一定的稳定化方案.本文采用应力点思想,通过Newtor-Cotes法计算积分,建立了质点积分无单元伽辽金法,并通过小变形弹性静力学问题说明了该方法具有良好的稳定性,且计算效率远高于无单元伽辽金法.最后本文将质点积分无单元伽辽金法成功地应用于三维金属挤压成型过程的数值模拟,显示了该方法在分析此类问题时的优势和潜力.     

A numerical comparison of two different approximations of the error in a meshless method

Meshless methods still require considerable improvement before they equal the prominence of finite elements in computer science and engineering. In the Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method, it is obviously important that the error of approximation should be estimated, as it is in the Finite Element Method (FEM).In this paper we compare two different procedures to approximate the a posteriori error for the EFG method, both procedures are recovery based errors. The performance of the two different approximations of the error is illustrated by analysing different examples for 2-D potential and elasticity problems with known analytical solutions, using regular and irregular clouds of points. For irregular clouds of points, it is recommended to use smooth transition of nodes, thus creating areas of decreasing nodal densities.     

基于时域精细算法的EFG方法及其在粘弹性问题中的应用

将时域精细算法与EFG方法相结合，求解粘弹性静、动力问题，通过离散时间段上的变量展开，将时空耦合的初边值问题转化为一系列递推形式的边值问题，然后利用EFG方法进行自适应计算，对非线性问题无需进行迭代求解。此外，通过面力耦合技术，将FE方法和EFG方法简明有效地结合起来，避免了界面上形函数的复杂化．数值算例给出令人满意的结果。     

An Element Free Galerkin analysis of steady dynamic growth of a mode i crack in elastic–plastic materials

An Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method based formulation for steady dynamic crack growth in elastic–plastic materials is developed. A domain convecting parallel to the steadily moving crack tip is employed. The EFG methodology eliminates the stringent mesh requirements of the Finite Element Method (FEM) for such problems. Both rate-independent materials and rate-dependent materials are considered. The material is characterized by von Mises yielding condition and an associated flow rule. For rate-independent materials, both the influence of crack speeds and that of strain hardening on the mechanics of steady dynamic crack growth are investigated. For rate-dependent materials, only a non-hardening material is considered with emphasis on determining the influence of viscous properties of materials and crack speeds. The influence of strain hardening on steady dynamic crack growth shows the same trends as for steady quasi-static crack growth. The simplifications used in the literature in deriving analytical solutions for high strain-rate crack growth have been examined thoroughly using the numerical results.     

流动问题无网格Galerkin方法的稳定化方案研究

直接运用无网格Galerkin方法求解对流占优的非线性对流扩散方程及纯对流方程,会出现数值伪振荡现象。本文基于无网格Galerkin方法,构造了MFSUPG(Meshfree Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin),MF-GLS(Meshfree Galerkin Least-Square),MFSGS(Meshfree Sub-Grid Scale)及MFLS(Meshfree Least-Square)四种稳定化方案。数值实验表明:四种稳定化方案中,MFLS的通用性最强。耦合MFLS的无网格Galerkin方法能很好地求解对流占优的非线性对流扩散方程及纯对流方程,具有计算精度高、稳定性好、前后处理方便、算法实施简单的优点,并能捕捉解的大梯度变化。     

利用无网格伽辽金法分析材料稳态蠕变问题

稳态蠕变是高温环境下材料的一个重要的考虑问题，它也是材料破坏的一种重要形式。由于存在划分网格，利用传统有限元法模拟稳态蠕变有一定的不足之处。作为一种新兴的数值模拟方法，无网格法不需要划分单元，只需将求解问题离散成独立的结点，计算过程可以局部细化。利用连续介质的虚功原理，将无网格伽辽金法应用于稳态蠕变的数值模拟，推导了稳态蠕变的无网格伽辽金法控制方程。利用罚参数来实现稳态蠕变的不可压缩条件和本质边界条件，能够保证求解过程中刚度矩阵的对称正定性。通过实例的计算结果表明，无网格伽辽金法在求解稳态蠕变时具有较高的计算精度，结果与理论解结果吻合，而且前后处理较为简单。     

直接施加本质边界条件的FE／EFG耦合算法及其数值实现

提出一种可以直接施加本质边界条件的有限元与无网格Galerkin（FE／EFG）耦合算法。将问题域分成FE和EFG两种类型的子域,采用转换矩阵耦舍两子域的交界面;通过另一转换矩阵将无网格区域本质边界上的名义位移转换成真实位移,从而可在其上直接施加本质边界条件;采用二次转换实现两种转换矩阵之间的协调。提出全域统一采用单元...     

Thermal solution of cylindrical composite systems using meshless method

This paper presents the thermal solution of cylindrical composite systems using meshless element free Galerkin (EFG) method. The EFG method utilizes the moving least square approximants, which are constructed by using a weight function, a basis function and a set of non-constant coefficients to approximate the unknown function of temperature. Dirichlet (essential) boundary conditions have been enforced using Lagrange multiplier and penalty methods. Existing rational weight function has been modified and used in the present analysis. MATLAB codes have been developed to obtain the numerical solution. The EFG results have been obtained using cubicspline, quarticspline, Gaussian, quadratic, hyperbolic, exponential, rational and cosine weight functions for a model problem. The results obtained using different EFG weight functions are also compared with those obtained by finite element method. The effect of scaling and penalty parameters has also been studied in detail.     

An error indicator for the element free Galerkin method

In this paper we present an error indicator for the Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method, whose evaluation is computationally so simple that it can be readily implemented in existing EFG codes. The error indicator works very well in all numerical examples for 2-D potential and elasticity problems that are presented here, for regular and irregular grid of nodes. Moreover, it was demonstrated that this method is very simple in terms of economy and gives a good performance. The results show the error in EFG approximation may be estimated via the error indicator described in this paper. The indicator allows the global energy norm error to be estimated and also gives a good evaluation of local errors. It can thus be combined with a full adaptive process of refinement or, more simply, provide guidance for cloud of points redesign.     

Solving viscoelastic problems with cyclic symmetry via a precise algorithm and EFGM

The paper combines a self-adaptive precise algorithm in the time domain with Meshless Element Free Galerkin Method (EFGM) for solving viscoelastic problems with rotationally periodic symmetry. By expanding variables at a discretized time interval, the variations of variables can be described more precisely, and iteration is not required for non-linear cases. A space-time domain coupled problem with initial and boundary values can be converted into a series of linear recursive boundary value problems, which are solved by a group theory based on EFGM. It has been proved that the coefficient matrix of the global EFG equation for a rotationally periodic system is block-circulant so long as a kind of symmetry-adapted reference coordinate system is adopted, and then a partitioning algorithm for facilitating parallel processing was proposed via a completely orthogonal group transformation. Therefore instead of solving the original system, only a series of independent small sub-problems need to be solved, leading to computational convenience and a higher computing efficiency. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the full advantages of the proposed algorithm. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ((10421002, 10472019 and 10172024); NKBRSF (2005CB321704) and the Fund of Disciplines Leaders of Young and Middle Age Faculty in Colleges of Liaoning Province. The English text was polished by Yunming Chen.     

An h-adaptive modified element-free Galerkin method

In this work an h-adaptive Modified Element-Free Galerkin (MEFG) method is investigated. The proposed error estimator is based on a recovery by equilibrium of nodal patches where a recovered stress field is obtained by a moving least square approximation. The procedure generates a smooth recovered stress field that is not only more accurate then the approximate solution but also free of spurious oscillations, normally seen in EFG methods at regions with high gradient stresses or discontinuities.The MEFG method combines conventional EFG with extended partition of unity finite element (EPUFE) methods in order to create global shape functions that allow a direct imposition of the essential boundary conditions.The re-meshing of the integration mesh is based on the homogeneous error distribution criterion and upon a given prescribed admissible error. Some examples are presented, considering a plane stress assumption, which shows the performance of the proposed methodology.     

A meshless method of a thin plate

A meshless approach to analysis of arbitrary Kirchhoff plates by the local boundary integral equation(LBIE) method is presented. The method combines the advantageous features of, all the three methods: the Galerkin finite element method (GFEM), the boundary element method (BEM) and the element-free Galerkin method (EFGM). It is a truly meshless method, which means that the discretization is independent of geometric subdivision into elements or cells, but is only based on a set of nodes (ordered or scattered) over a domain in question. It involves only boundary integration, however, over a local boundary centered at the node in question; It poses no difficulties in satisfying the essential boundary conditions while leading to banded and sparse system matrices using the moving least square (MLS) approximations. It is shown that high accuracy can be achieved for arbitrary geometries for clamped and simply-supported edge conditions. The method is found to be simple, efficient, and attractive. Project supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No. 19972019).     

Global interpolating meshless shape function based on generalized moving least-square for structural dynamic analysis

A global interpolating meshless shape function based on the generalized moving least-square (GMLS) is formulated by the transformation technique. Both the shape function and its derivatives meet the Kronecker delta function property. With the interpolating GMLS (IGMLS) shape function, an improved element-free Galerkin (EFG) method is proposed for the structural dynamic analysis. Compared with the conventional EFG method, the obvious advantage of the proposed method is that the essential boundary conditions including both displacements and derivatives can be imposed by the straightforward way. Meanwhile, it can greatly improve the ill-condition feature of the standard GMLS approximation, and provide good accuracy at low cost. The dynamic analyses of the Euler beam and Kirchhoff plate are performed to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the improved method. The comparison between the numerical results of the conventional method and the improved method shows that the proposed method has better stability, higher accuracy, and less time consumption.     

混合变换法在无网格伽辽金方法中的应用

移动最小二乘近似的非插值特征给无网格伽辽金方法的应用带来了一定的的困难，本文将再生核质点法中的混合变换法与无网格伽辽金方法相结合，通过对移动最小二乘近似进行局部修正，实现了无网格伽辽金方法中本质边界条件的精确施加。对权函数、影响半径、积分阶等对计算精度的影响进行了有益的探讨。数值计算结果表明了方法的可行性。     

基于局部搜索算法的自然邻接点方法

自然邻接点方法(NNM)采用自然邻接点形函数进行插值，其插值形函数具有严格定义，且与 有限元形函数一样形式简洁、性能优良，因而避免了EFG法里难以准确施加位移边界条件和 材料不连续条件等诸多主要困难. 但是从形式上看自然邻接点方法仍然属于有网格的方法， 其研究和应用受到了较大的限制. 为了克服这个缺点，对于任意给定的数值积分点，提出了 一种基于局部搜索自然邻接点的寻找算法对NNM进行改进. 改进后的NNM与无单元伽辽金法 (EFG)的插值和求解过程类似，兼具有EFG的真正无网格特性及NNM的便于处理边界和材料 不连续条件等优点. 所得计算结果表明，改进后的NNM的计算精度和计算时间与NNM相当， 是一种比较理想的数值求解方法.     

Meshless Galerkin analysis of Stokes slip flow with boundary integral equations

This paper presents a novel meshless Galerkin scheme for modeling incompressible slip Stokes flows in 2D. The boundary value problem is reformulated as boundary integral equations of the first kind which is then converted into an equivalent variational problem with constraint. We introduce a Lagrangian multiplier to incorporate the constraint and apply the moving least‐squares approximations to generate trial and test functions. In this boundary‐type meshless method, boundary conditions can be implemented exactly and system matrices are symmetric. Unlike the domain‐type method, this Galerkin scheme requires only a nodal structure on the bounding surface of a body for approximation of boundary unknowns. The convergence and abstract error estimates of this new approach are given. Numerical examples are also presented to show the efficiency of the method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种新的数值方法——无网格伽辽金法（EFGM）

无网格伽辽金法（ＥＦＧＭ）是近几年发展起来的与有限元相似的一种数值算法,它采用移动的最小二乘法构造形函数,从能量泛函的弱变分形式中得到控制方程,并用拉氏乘子满足本征边界条件,从而得到偏微分方程的数值解中得到该法只需节点信息,不需将节点连成单元,此外,还有精度高,后处理方便等优点,本文介绍其基本原理及实现过程,并用算例表明,该法具有一定的发展前景。     

基于无网格稳定化方案求解非稳态强对流问题的自适应节点加密技术

无网格Taylor最小二乘(MFLS)稳定化方案可有效地消除无网格Galerkin方法求解对流占优问题时产生的数值伪振荡,但当对流作用很强或纯对流时,它的求解效果不尽人意.因此,本文基于MFLS稳定化方案给出了一种自适应节点加密技术.该技术将无网格方法中背景积分单元作为自适应节点加密时物理量梯度指标的控制单元,并计算该控制单元上的物理量梯度指标;然后将其与给定的物理量梯度指标限进行比较,标识出大梯度区域从而进行自适应节点加密.数值实验表明,当求解对流作用很强的问题或纯对流问题时,这种基于MFLS稳定化方案的自适应节点加密技术不仅能有效地标示出数值振荡区域,而且可以彻底地消除数值伪振荡.     

基于正交基无单元Galerkin法和非线性规划的安定分析方法

基于安定分析的下限定理,用正交基无单元Galerkin法建立了交交载荷作用下理想弹塑性结构安定分析的下限计算格式.在给定载荷域的载荷角点所对应的载荷作用下,采用正交基无单元Galerkin法计算相应的虚拟弹性应力场.并且利用结构在正交基无单元Galerkin法弹塑性增量分析中平衡迭代结果计算得到自平衡应力场基矢量,然后由这些基矢量的线性组合模拟自平街应力场.安定分析问题最终被归结为一系列未知变量较少的非线性数学规划子问题,通过复合形法求解.算例表明该方法的计算结果是令人满意的,并且对初始复合形顶点和用于构造自平衡应力场基矢量的载荷增量是非常不敏感的.