A novel car-following model by sharing cooperative information transmission delayed effect under V2X environment and its additional energy consumption

A novel car-following model is offered based on the cooperative information transmission delayed effect involving headway and velocity under V2X environment. The stability conditions and mKdV equation of the new model are obtained via the linear and nonlinear analysis. Through numerical simulation, the variation trend of headway and hysteresis phenomenon are studied. In addition, we investigate the additional energy consumption of the vehicle during acceleration. In brief, theoretical analysis and simulation results confirm that the new car-following model based on the cooperative information transmission delayed effect can improve traffic stability and reduce additional energy consumption.     

Stability analysis of multiple-lattice self-anticipative density integration effect based on lattice hydrodynamic model in V2V environment

Under the environment of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, the traffic information on a large scale can be obtained and used to coordinate the operation of road traffic system. In this paper, a new traffic lattice hydrodynamic model is proposed which considers the influence of multiple-lattice self-anticipative density integration on traffic flow in the V2V environment. Through theoretical analysis, the linear stability condition of the new model is derived and the stable condition can be enhanced when more-preceding-lattice self-anticipative density integration effect is taken into account. The property of the unstable traffic density wave in the unstable region is also studied according to the nonlinear analysis. It is shown that the unstable traffic density wave can be described by solving the modified Korteweg-de-Vries (mKdV) equation. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the validity of the theoretical results. Both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate that multiple-lattice self-anticipative density integration effect can enhance the stability of traffic flow system in the V2V environment.     

CO2 emission control in new CM car-following model with feedback control of the optimal estimation of velocity difference under V2X environment

A new coupled map car-following model in this paper is proposed by considering the influence of the difference of the estimated optimal speed based on the coupled map (CM) car-following model under V2X environment. The stability of the new model is analyzed by applying the control theory, and the conditions are obtained for the stability of the traffic system. And the two scenes of vehicle stopping once and four times have been simulated. The simulation results show that the control term considered with optimal estimation of speed difference can effectively improve the stability of vehicle running and reduce CO₂ emissions in the CM car-following model.     

Exploring cooperative NOMA assisted hybrid visible light and radio frequency for enhanced vehicular message dissemination at road intersections

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication aims to achieve significantly improved safety and traffic efficiency, more particularly at road intersection where high percentage of accidents usually occur. The existing vehicular radio frequency (V-RF) based V2X utilizes relaying for improving safety message dissemination at road intersections. For a high traffic density scenario, the V-RF communication with relaying solution may suffer from large latency and low packet delivery rates due to channel congestion. In this paper, we explore cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) communication assisted hybrid vehicular visible light communication (V-VLC) and V-RF communication for improving safety message dissemination and enabling massive connectivity among vehicles for road intersection scenarios. We develop a stochastic geometry based analytical framework to model cooperative NOMA (C-NOMA) transmissions subject to interference imposed by other vehicles on roads. We also examine the impact of vehicles headlights radiation pattern viz. Lambertian and empirical path loss models on statistical characterization of the proposed C-NOMA supported hybrid solution. Our numerical findings reveal that C-NOMA assisted hybrid V-VLC/V-RF system leads to considerable improvement in outage performance and average achievable rate as compared to traditional V-RF solution with relaying. Interestingly, Lambertian model offers a lower outage and higher average achievable rate compared to the empirical model for the proposed hybrid solution. Further, we observe the performance improvement using maximal ratio combining (MRC) considering NOMA transmission for the proposed hybrid solution. The presented framework may serve as an alternative for cooperative intelligent transportation system (C-ITS) to meet diverse application needs for beyond 5G (B5G) V2X networks.     

Phase transition on speed limit traffic with slope

Through introducing a generalized optimal speed function to consider spatial position, slope grade and variable safe headway, the effect of slope in a single-lane highway on the traffic flow is investigated with the extended optimal speed model. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the flux of the whole road with the upgrade （or downgrade） increases linearly with density, saturates at a critical density, then maintains this saturated value in a certain density range and finally decreases with density. The value of saturated flux is equal to the maximum flux of the upgrade （or downgrade） without considering the slight influence of the driver＇s sensitivity. And the fundamental diagrams also depend on sensitivity, slope grade and slope length. The spatiotemporal pattern gives the segregation of different traffic phases caused by the rarefaction wave and the shock wave under a certain initial vehicle number. A comparison between the upgrade and the downgrade indicates that the value of saturated flux of the downgrade is larger than that of the upgrade under the same condition. This result is in accordance with the real traffic.     

考虑车与车互联通讯技术的交通流跟驰模型

基于Newell跟驰模型,建立考虑车与车互联(vehicle-to-vehicle,V2V)通讯技术的单车道跟驰模型.根据V2V技术的特征,引入参数α以表征驾驶员在收到V2V技术所提供的实时交通信息后的提前反应程度.根据线性稳定分析方法,得到V2V跟驰模型的中性稳定条件.通过计算机的模拟,研究V2V技术对交通流运行的影响,分析小扰动下V2V跟驰模型对参数变化的敏感性,研究不同α取值下交通流密度波及迟滞回环的变化.研究发现:1)与全速度差跟驰模型相比,在引入V2V后,交通流在加速起步、减速刹车及遇到突发事件时,车辆运行的安全性和舒适性均得到不同程度的提升;2)V2V跟驰模型对参数α及T的变化较为敏感,且在交通流较为拥堵时,V2V技术的引入可以提升交通流的平均速度;3)参数α的增大、T的减小可以有效提升V2V跟驰模型在不同交通环境下的运行稳定性.由于可以实时地获取交通流运行的状态并针对性地改变车辆自身的运行,V2V交通流跟驰模型提升了交通流运行的稳定性.     

强脉冲X射线辐照Si-SiO2界面对C-V 和I-V特性曲线的影响

 利用强脉冲X射线对Si-SiO₂界面进行了辐照，测量了C-V曲线和I-V曲线。实验发现，经过强脉冲X射线对Si-SiO₂界面进行的辐照，使C-V曲线产生了正向漂移，这一点与低剂量率辐射结果不同；辐射后，感生I-V曲线产生畸变；特别地，从I-V曲线上还反映出强脉冲X射线辐照的总剂量效应造成电特性 参数明显退化，最后甚至失效。讨论了强脉冲X射线辐照对Si-SiO₂界面产生损伤的机理，并对实验结果进行了解释。     

The effect of ACC vehicles to mixed traffic flow consisting of manual and ACC vehicles

This paper studies the effect of adaptive cruise control （ACC） system on traffic flow by using simulations. The multiple headway and velocity difference （MHVD） model is used to depict the motion of ACC vehicles, and the simulation results are compared with the optimal velocity （OV） model which is used to depict the motion of manual vehicles. Compared the cases between the manual and the ACC vehicle flow, the fundamental diagram can be classified into four regions： I, II, III, IV. In low and high density the flux of the two models is the same; in region II the free flow region of the MHVD model is enlarged, and the flux of the MHVD model is larger than that of the OV model; in region III serious jams occur in the OV model while the ACC system suppresses the jams in the MHVD model and the traffic flow is in order, but the flux of the OV model is larger than that of the MHVD model. Similar phenomena also appeared in mixed traffic flow which consists of manual and ACC vehicles. The results indicate that ACC vehicles have significant effect on traffic flow. The improvement induced by ACC vehicles decreases with the increasing proportion of ACC vehicles.     

A Two-Lane Cellular Automata Model with Influence of Next-Nearest Neighbor Vehicle

In this paper, we propose a new two-lane cellular automata model in which the influence of the next-nearest neighbor vehicle is considered. The attributes of the traffic system composed of fast-lane and slow-lane are investigated by the new traffic model. The simulation results show that the proposed two-lane traffic model can reproduce some traffic phenomena observed in real traffic, and that maximum flux and critical density are close to the field measurements.Moreover, the initial density distribution of the fast-lane and slow-lane has much influence on the traffic flow states.With the ratio between the densities of slow lane and fast lane increasing the lane changing frequency increases, but maximum flux decreases. Finally, the influence of the sensitivity coefficients is discussed.     

Monte Carlo investigation of the influence of V/III flux ratio on GaAs/GaAs(001) submonolayer epitaxy

The influence of the V/III flux ratio on the submonolayer growth of GaAs on the GaAs (001) surface is simulated by the Monte Carlo method. Growth is carried out using the method of molecular beam epitaxy at different values of process parameters. The surface density of islands against the V/III flux ratio is calculated. The saturation value of the surface density at 580°C is found to be 2 × 10¹² cm^–2, which is in agreement with the experimental data. The V/III flux ratio influences the island density most strongly at a reduced temperature (550°C) and an elevated growth rate (a monolayer per second), when the arsenic desorption is weak. The fraction of arsenic atoms in the growing film is estimated under different process conditions. It has been shown that, as the surface coverage rises, the influence of the V/III flux ratio on the fraction of arsenic atoms becomes weaker.     

Cellular Automaton Models of Highway Traffic Flow Considering Lane-Control and Speed-Control

As two kinds of management modes of highway traffic control, lane-control, and speed-control produce different effect under different conditions. In this paper, traffic flow cellular automaton models for four-lane highway system with two opposing directions under the above two modes are established considering car and truck mixed running. Through computer numerical simulating, the fundamental diagrams with different parameters are obtained, and after the analysis of density-flux diagrams, the variation discipline of flux with traffic density under different control models is gained. The results indicate that, compared with lane-control, utilization ratio of road can be further improved with speed-control when the truck number increases. The research result is of great significance for reasonable providing theoretical guidance for highway traffic control.     

基于车载通信标准街道场景的电磁散射信道模型

针对室外无线信道视距(line of sight,LOS)/非视距(non-line of sight,NLOS)传输环境下的车到车(vehicular-to-vehicular,V2V)通信系统,本文提出了一种基于标准街道散射的统计信道模型,其移动发射机(mobile transmitter,MT)与移动接收机(mobile receiver,MR)处于运动状态,街道两旁分布的散射体固定.由几何模型出发又引入了一种随机的参考信道模型,其散射体有无穷多个,均以平行于街道两侧的散射条纹形式均匀分布在三维(three dimensional,3D)空间的一个二维(two dimensional,2D)矩形内部.在室外街道通信环境下,模型推导了散射信道中发射角(angle of departure,AOD)以及到达角(angle of arrival,AOA)的概率密度函数(probability density functions,PDFs)解析式;研究了多普勒功率谱密度(power spectral density,PSD)及其时间自相关函数(autocorrelation function,ACF);分析了模型多普勒参数以及街道散射体等因素对V2V通信系统性能的影响.与城市、农村的测量信道对比分析,表明本模型仿真的统计特性符合理论与实际,拓宽了室外V2V无线通信信道建模的研究.为评估室外V2V通信系统的传输特性、仿真无线通信系统提供了有力的研究工具.     

智能交通灯对交叉路口交通流的影响

以改进的NaSch模型为基础,采用开放边界条件,分别对普通交通灯和智能交通灯控制下的十字交叉路口交通流进行模拟.结果表明,主干道车辆较多时,智能交通灯控制下的主干道车辆平均速度和流量都比普通交通灯控制下高,并可减少车辆的无谓等待时间. 关键词： 元胞自动机 交叉路口 智能交通灯 NaSch模型     

A new cellular automata model of traffic flow with negative exponential weighted look-ahead potential

With the development of traffic systems, some issues such as traffic jams become more and more serious. Efficient traffic flow theory is needed to guide the overall controlling, organizing and management of traffic systems. On the basis of the cellular automata model and the traffic flow model with look-ahead potential, a new cellular automata traffic flow model with negative exponential weighted look-ahead potential is presented in this paper. By introducing the negative exponential weighting coefficient into the look-ahead potential and endowing the potential of vehicles closer to the driver with a greater coefficient, the modeling process is more suitable for the driver's random decision-making process which is based on the traffic environment that the driver is facing. The fundamental diagrams for different weighting parameters are obtained by using numerical simulations which show that the negative exponential weighting coefficient has an obvious effect on high density traffic flux. The complex high density non-linear traffic behavior is also reproduced by numerical simulations.     

Complete spectroscopy of51,52V via the50,51V(n, γ) reactions

The gamma-ray spectra emitted after thermal neutron capture in highly enriched⁵⁰V and^natV targets have been studied using in-pile targets at the ILL high flux reactor and pair and germanium detectors. The neutron binding energies in⁵¹V and⁵²V were determined to beB _n (⁵¹V)=11051.11(17) keV andB _n (⁵²V)=7311.22(26) keV. The thermal neutron capture cross-section in⁵⁰V was measured to be 21 _–2 ⁺⁴ b. From 724 lines attributed to⁵¹V, 330 transitions, comprising 90% of the-ray flux, were placed into the level scheme. Fifty-nine primary dipole transitions from the 11/2⁺ or 13/2⁺ capture states in⁵¹V were established from which the E1 strength distribution was deduced. The energy scaling of these primary transitions was found to follow the E1-giant dipole resonance dominance. Many new levels were established; a number of states proposed in previous (d,p) and (n,) work were confirmed from their primary population and decaying secondary radiations. The density of levels in the high spin (9/2I15/2) region was parametrized with the Fermi gas model. The spin distributions of⁵¹V were analyzed and a spin cut-off parameter =2.8 (3) was deduced. — A nearly complete level scheme of⁵²V up to 3.5 MeV excitation and similar results concerning the level density and the primary -ray spectrum were obtained in the⁵¹V (n, )⁵²V study.Supported by Deutsches BMFT under contract 06GÖ141     

Effects of V/Ⅲ ratio on a-plane GaN epilayers with an InGaN interlayer

The effects of V/Ⅲgrowth flux ratio on a-plane GaN films grown on r-plane sapphire substrates with an InGaN interlayer are investigated.The surface morphology,crystalline quality,strain states,and density of basal stacking faults were found to depend heavily upon the V/Ⅲratio.With decreasing V/Ⅲratio,the surface morphology and crystal quality first improved and then deteriorated,and the density of the basal-plane stacking faults also first decreased and then increased.The optimal V/Ⅲratio growth condition for the best surface morphology and crystalline quality and the smallest basalplane stacking fault density of a-GaN films are found.We also found that the formation of basal-plane stacking faults is an effective way to release strain.     

A theoretical model for uni-directional ant trails

A theoretical model of uni-directional ant traffic, motivated by the motion of ants in trail is proposed. Two different type of ants, one of which smells very well and the other does not, are considered. The flux of ants in this model is investigated as functions of the probability of evaporation rate of pheromone. The obtained results indicate that the mean velocity of the ants varies non-monotonically with their density. In addition, it is observed that phase transition in the flux and the mean velocity vs. density occurs at certain density for a fixed evaporation rate. The effective hopping probability is investigated as well depending on the evaporation rate of pheromone. It is worth to note that the proposed model can be generalized for vehicular traffic on freeways.     

基于亲电/亲核反应描述符的气体介质绝缘强度预测

研究分子微观参数与气体介质绝缘强度的关联，可为SF₆替代气体筛选提供方向.本文基于密度泛函理论，采用M06-2X泛函与def2系列基组，计算了73种气体分子的亲电/亲核反应描述符，包括轨道能量参数、概念密度泛函理论的参数、不同电子概率密度等值面的静电势参数等；分析了各描述符与气体介质绝缘强度的相关性，以及描述符的独立性，最终提出了绝缘强度预测模型.最低空轨道能量、正负静电势表面积、静电势平均偏差、简缩局部亲电指数最小值与绝缘强度相关性较强，且彼此间相关性较低.预测模型在电子概率密度0.0002 a.u.时精度最优，其可决系数R²为0.809,均方误差MSE为0.096.     

CEAR: A cooperation based energy aware reward scheme for next generation green cognitive radio networks

Cognitive Radio (CR) networks are envisioned as a key empowering technology of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication networks, which solves the major issues of 5G, like high-speed data transmission, seamless connectivity, and increased demand for mobile data. Another significant characteristic of the 5G network is green communications, as energy consumption from the communication field is predicted to rise remarkably by the year 2030. In this work, we are concerned about energy-related issues and propose a cooperation-based energy-aware reward scheme (CEAR) for next-generation green CR networks. The proposed CEAR scheme is based on the antenna and temporal diversity of the primary users (PUs). For providing the service to the PUs, the users of another network called cognitive users (CUs) work as a cooperative relay node, and, in return, they get more spectrum access opportunities as a reward from the primary network. The CUs with delay-tolerant data packets take a cooperative decision by recognizing the availability and traffic load of PUs, channel state information, and data transmission requirements. We utilize the optimal stopping protocol for solving the decision-making problem and use the backward induction method to obtain the optimal cooperative solution. The simulation results reveal notable enhancements in energy efficiency (EE) of CUs compared with other cooperative schemes. The proposed CEAR scheme is more energy-efficient for ultra-dense network deployment because results show that the CU’s EE, spectral efficiency (SE), and throughput improved with the increase of PUs.     

Physical layer security of vehicular networks with cooperative jamming helpers

As an important part of the intelligent transportation system (ITS), vehicular networks can provide drivers and passengers with more comfortable and convenient services such as efficient traffic management and infotainment. However, the security threats on data exchanges over vehicular networks have become increasingly severe. Different from conventional cryptographic technologies, the application of physical layer security (PLS) to vehicular networks has been investigated to prevent the security of exchanging data from the eavesdropper and measure precisely the leaked information to the eavesdropper, due to its low complexity and communication overhead. In this work, we are concerned with the PLS of cooperative vehicular networks consisting of a source vehicle, a destination vehicle, an eavesdropping vehicle and a cooperative jamming vehicle. First, to improve the secrecy performance, the cooperative jamming helper emits jamming signals to degrade the eavesdropping channel without harming the legitimate channel. Then, based on the Rayleigh fading channel models and the traffic models, the closed-form expressions of the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the average secrecy capacity (ASC) of the considered vehicular networks are derived, which deliver more implications of various system parameters on SOP and ASC performances and can be computed without simulations at a lower complexity. Second, a definition of the optimal jamming vehicle is introduced and then the cooperative jamming vehicle selection strategy is presented. The existence of the optimal jamming vehicle is measured in probability, which is explored analytically. Third, the optimal power allocation that maximizes the secrecy capacity is found analytically for the source vehicle and the cooperative jamming helper. Finally, simulations are also presented to demonstrate the validation of these analytical results and confirm the advantages of the cooperative jamming strategy and the optimal power allocation. From the numerical results, more observations on the effects of the main system parameters on secrecy performances are obtained, which provides some useful guides for practice.