美丽红色胭脂 魅力红色化学*

介绍了中国胭脂的演变简史,以化学视角对胭脂的发展进行分类:无机胭脂、有机胭脂(天然植物胭脂、有机合成类胭脂)等。进行模拟实验研究,探究胭脂制作工艺流程,分析胭脂中红色物质的成分和显色机制。阐述每个阶段胭脂的不足之处,科普胭脂中的红色化学知识,体会化学对美和健康的重要意义,感受化学的无穷魅力。     

Photoproduction of J/ψ in non-single-diffractive p+p collisions

Significant enhancements of J/ψ production at very low transverse momenta were recently observed by the ALICE and STAR collaborations in peripheral hadronic A+A collisions. The anomalous excess points to coherent photon-nucleus interactions in violent hadronic heavy-ion collisions, which were conventionally studied only in ultra-peripheral collisions. Assuming that the coherent photoproduction is the underlying mechanism responsible for the excess observed in peripheral A+A collisions, its contribution in p+p collisions with nuclear overlap, i.e. nonsingle-diffractive collisions, is of particular interest. In this paper, we perform a calculation of exclusive J/ψ photoproduction in non-single-diffractive p+p collisions at the RHIC and LHC energies based on the pQCD motivated parametrization using the world-wide experimental data, which could be further employed to improve the precision of the phenomenological calculations for photoproduction in A+A collisions. The differential rapidity and transverse momentum distributions of J/ψ from photoproduction are presented. In comparison with the J/ψ production from hadronic interactions, we find that the contribution of photoproduction is negligible.     

添加剂对锌铝尖晶石晶粒尺寸的影响

本文以氧化铝和氧化锌为原料,B2O3、Y2O3、TiO2为添加剂,采用固相反应法合成锌铝尖晶石,将试样在1550℃进行烧结,研究了三种添加剂对矿物组成和微观结构的影响,采用XRD、SEM等手段对烧后试样的物相组成和显微结构进行表征.结果表明:三种添加剂均使显气孔率显著降低,当含量超过1.5;时,显气孔率下降不明显.B2O3进入锌铝尖晶石间隙内形成间隙固溶体;Y2O3与Al2O3发生化学反应生成钇酸铝;当TiO2含量小于1.5;时,TiO2进入锌铝尖晶石晶格内形成置换固溶体,超过1.5;以后,TiO2与Al2O3反应生成钛酸铝.添加Y2O3的试样,生成的钇酸铝在锌铝尖晶石晶间,与空白样相比,晶粒尺寸更均匀;添加B2O3的试样,晶粒尺寸最大;其次是添加TiO2的试样.添加TiO2的试样抗KCl侵蚀性最好.     

Bi~(3+)或Sm~(3+)掺杂对NaGd(WO_4)_2∶Eu~(3+)荧光粉结构和发光性质的影响

采用水热法制备了白光LED用NaGd_(0.95-x)(WO_4)_2∶0.05Eu~(3+),x Bi~(3+)(x=0,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08)和NaGd_(0.95-y)(WO_4)_2∶0.05Eu~(3+),y Sm~(3+)(y=0,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04)系列红色荧光粉,通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜及荧光分光光度计等表征手段分析了样品的物相结构、颗粒形貌以及发光性质。结果表明:少量离子掺杂对NaGd(WO_4)_2的晶体结构影响较小,样品均为四方晶系、白钨矿结构的纯相;颗粒形貌呈四方盘状,且粒度均匀,分散性良好,Bi~(3+)或Sm~(3+)的引入使颗粒尺寸由原来的4μm分别增加至5μm和6μm。该系列荧光粉均可被近紫外光(394 nm)有效激发,其最强发射峰位于614 nm处,归属于Eu~(3+)的5D0→7F2电偶极跃迁。掺杂适量的Bi~(3+)或Sm~(3+)可有效提高NaGd_(0.95)(WO_4)_2∶0.05Eu~(3+)荧光粉的发光强度和红光的色纯度,其中Sm~(3+)的引入对其影响更为明显。     

匀浆提取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定烟草中亚硝胺含量

提出了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定烟草中N-亚硝基降烟碱(NNN)、N-亚硝基新烟草碱(NAT)、N-亚硝基假木贼碱(NAB)和4-甲基亚硝基吡啶基丁酮(NNK)等4种亚硝胺含量的方法。烟草样品经0.1mol.L-1乙酸铵溶液匀浆提取,离心分离取上清液过Waters AcquityUPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1mm×100mm,1.7μm)分离,以乙腈和0.01mol.L-1乙酸铵溶液按不同体积混合作流动相梯度洗脱。串联质谱测定中采用电喷雾离子源正离子模式和多反应监测模式检测,同位素内标法定量。NNK、NNN、NAB和NAT的检出限(3s)分别为0.06,0.17,0.15,0.053μg.L-1。方法的加标回收率在92.1%～104%之间;日内和日间相对标准偏差(n=7)分别为2.7%～3.3%和3.5%～4.2%。     

Cosmic ray test for a T0 detector

The endcap of time-of-flight (ETOF) detector in BES (Beijing Spectrometer) III is planned to be upgraded by using multi-gap resistive plate chambers (MRPCs) and the designed time resolution of the MRPCs is around 50 ps. Thus a time-zero (T0) detector needs to be built to offer a high quality reference time for the MRPCs beam test. So a T0 detector is built using plastic scintillator tiles (BC420) to couple with four fast phototubes (PMTs, Hamamatsu H6533). The timing properties of the detector is studied by using a cosmic ray test and factors related to the time resolution, such as plastic scintillator size, readout mode and angle effects, are discussed. T0 detector timing resolutions of ～41-62 ps are achieved, which means that the T0 detector can be used in the MRPC beam test.     

Derivation of baroclinic Ertel–Rossby invariant-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation in moist flow

For the potential vorticity （PV） invariant, there is a PV-based complete-form vorticity equation, which we use heuris- tically in the present paper to answer the following question： for the Ertel-Rossby invariant （ERI）, is there a corresponding vorticity tendency equation？ Such an ERI-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation is derived and discussed in detail in this study. From the obtained new vorticity equation, the vertical vorticity change is constrained by the vertical velocity term, the term associated with the slope of the generalized momentum surface, the term related to the horizontal vorticity change, and the baroclinic or solenoid term. It explicitly includes both the dynamical and thermodynamic factors＇ influence on the vorticity change. For the ERI itself, besides the traditional PV term, the ERI also includes the moisture factor, which is excluded in dry ERI, and the term related to the gradients of pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy that reflects the fast-manifold property. Therefore, it is more complete to describe the fast motions off the slow manifold for severe weather than the PV term. These advantages are naturally handed on and inherited by the ERI-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation. Then the ERI-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation is further transformed and compared with the traditional vorticity equation. The main difference between the two equations is the term which describes the contribution of the solenoid term to the vertical vorticity development. In a barotropic flow, the solenoid term disappears, then the ERI-based thermally-coupled vorticity equation can regress to the traditional vorticity equation.     

A GEANT4 simulation study of BESⅢ endcap TOF upgrade

A GEANT4-based Monte-Carlo (MC) model is developed to study the performance of endcap time-of-flight (ETOF) at BESⅢ. It's found that the multiple scattering effects, mainly from the materials at the MDC endcap, can cause multi-hit on the ETOF's readout cell and significantly influence the timing property of ETOF. A multi-gap resistive plate chamber (MRPC) with a smaller readout cell structure is more suitable for the ETOF detector due to significantly reduced multi-hit rate (per channel), from 71.5% for currently-used scintillator-based ETOF to 21.8% or 16.7% for MRPC-based ETOF, depending on the readout pad size used. The timing performance of an MRPC ETOF is also improved. These simulation results suggest and guide an ETOF upgrade effort at BESⅢ.     

A prototype MRPC beam test for the BESⅢ ETOF upgrade

A prototype multi-gap resistive plate chamber (MRPC) with a 2×6 gap structure is developed for the upgrading of the endcap time-of-flight (ETOF) detector in the Beijing Spectrometer (BESⅢ). The prototype MRPC is tested in the E3 beam line of the Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC) with secondary charged particles (π and p, etc) of 600 MeV/c. The test results show that the time resolution of the MRPC can reach 50 ps and that the detection efficiency is greater than 98%.