烟用香料西番莲提取物的热裂解产物

为了研究西番莲提取物在卷烟加料中的应用,采用有氧裂解在不同的温度下对西番莲提取物进行裂解,最大可能地模拟真实卷烟燃烧条件和工况,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GS-MS)对裂解后产物进行分析.结果发现裂解后产生大量的香气物质如:醛类、酮类、酯类等,这些物质对改善卷烟的香气和吸味有一定的作用.     

卷烟盘纸添加剂的热裂解产物研究

应用经过优化的热裂解-SPME-GC-MS方法,模拟卷烟燃烧方式对烟草中的两种功能型盘纸添加剂在大气氛围不同温度下的热裂解行为进行研究,初步探讨了功能型盘纸添加剂对卷烟燃吸的影响.结果表明,4#盘纸添加剂的裂解产物对比卷烟烟气的改善作用大于1#;使用热裂解对功能型卷烟添加剂进行研究有利于挑选那些对卷烟品质有利而又实现其功能的添加剂,优化添加剂配方,以提高卷烟品质和防止有害物质的引入.     

Py-GC/MS分析技术与其在烟用中草药添加剂中的应用

通过热裂解实验,可以更加深入地了解卷烟燃吸过程中各个燃烧条件和整个烟气化学的关系,还可对不同温度下的裂解产物和作用机理进行研究.本文综述了裂解-气相色谱/质谱法在烟用中草药添加剂研究中的应用.     

独活浸膏的热裂解产物分析

采用在线热裂解-气相色谱质谱联用技术(Py-GC-MS),模拟卷烟燃吸状态,对独活浸膏进行热裂解,裂解产物经气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析。结果表明:独活浸膏的热裂解产物中共鉴定出51种成分,主要有5-羟甲基糠醛(29.00%)、甲氧基欧芹酚(18.79%)、(Z,Z)-9,12-亚油酸(5.76%)、(E)-2-甲基-2-丁烯酸(3.64%)、5-甲基糠醛(2.79%)、十六酸(2.67%)、2,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4H-吡喃-4-酮(1.55%)、糠醛(1.29%)等致香物质,该结果为独活浸膏在卷烟中的应用提供理论依据。     

裂解-气相色谱-质谱联用技术研究厚朴浸膏的热裂解

采用在线热裂解-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(Py-GC-M S),模拟卷烟燃吸状态,对厚朴浸膏的热裂解行为进行研究。结果表明:厚朴浸膏的热裂解产物中共鉴定出49种挥发性成分,含量较高的成分为厚朴酚(27.95%)、4-甲氧基和厚朴酚(21.88%)、和厚朴酚(15.46%)、石竹烯(0.69%)、氧化石竹烯(0.59%)、古巴烯(0.43%)等。厚朴酚、和厚朴酚为厚朴主要活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗抑郁、抗菌等活性。该结果为厚朴浸膏在卷烟中的应用提供理论依据。     

木质素对再造烟叶烟气中苯酚的影响

通过对木质素以及添加一定比例木质素的再造烟叶进行热裂解分析,探讨木质素对再造烟叶苯酚释放量的影响。结果表明,木质素热裂解产物中酚类物质含量较高;再造烟叶热裂解产生的苯酚及其他酚类物质含量随木质素含量的增加而升高。结果对降低再造烟叶及卷烟苯酚释放量的技术开发具有重要意义。     

干红枣ASE提取物的GC/MS分析及其在卷烟中的应用

采用加速溶剂萃取法（ASE）萃取干枣中的香味成分,并进行毛细管气相色谱/质谱（GC/MS）分析和卷烟加香应用效果研究。结果表明：利用GC/MS从干红枣ASE提取物中共鉴定出35个挥发性成分,其中主要香味成分是：5-羟甲基糠醛、环十六内酯、十五-14-烯酸、2,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4H-吡喃-4-酮、棕榈酸、2-羟基-环十五酮、十八-9-烯醛、十八-9-烯酸、氧杂环十三-2-酮、1,3-环戊二酮和己酸等。香味轮廓分析法和卷烟应用实验显示：干红枣ASE提取物能有效地掩盖卷烟杂气,提高烟香丰富性,使烟气柔和细腻。     

热脱附和气-质联用测定卷烟包装材料中的酞酸酯

建立热脱附-气相色谱-质谱的方法对卷烟包装材料中的酞酸酯(邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯和邻苯二甲酸正丁正辛酯)进行测定,采用正交实验优化了热脱附条件,优化条件为卷烟包装材料在100℃的热脱附系统(TDS)中热脱附4min,目标物随流量为50mL/min的载气进入-50℃的冷进样系统(CIS4)中冷却,脱附结束后CIS4升温至200℃将目标物挥发进入GC-MS中进行分离和鉴定.采用外标法进行定量,所得校准曲线的线性关系良好,4种酞酸酯在100℃时脱附2min的加标平均回收率范围为80%-90%,相对标准偏差分别为2.07%、3.57%、2.21%和6.38%.该方法样品用量少,前处理简单,重现性较好,可用于卷烟包装材料中酞酸酯的同时测定.     

聚-α-甲基苯乙烯热降解产物研究

 降解芯轴技术是制备激光惯性约束聚变靶丸的重要技术之一。采用热分析技术研究了聚-α-甲基苯乙烯（PAMS）热降解温度，采用裂解色谱-质谱联用技术分析了PAMS的热降解产物。研究表明：PAMS降解温度范围为260～320 ℃，在此温度下PAMS降解产物主要是α-甲基苯乙烯单体，另外还有微量四氢呋喃溶剂残留及α-甲基苯乙烯二聚体。因主链上季碳原子的存在，PAMS的热降解过程以端基裂解的解聚反应为主，单体产率超过99%。     

煤油热沉与热裂解反应特性的试验研究

本文设计了一种煤油热裂解反应特性与热沉测量试验系统,利用该试验系统和原始标定法的热损测量方法,测量出了在亚临界和超临界压力下煤油热裂解反应的热沉大小,并进行了热裂解反应主要分解产物成分含量的测定与分析。结果表明：壁温随热流密度增加而增加;在相同燃油温度条件下,压力增大,热沉降低;裂解反应气体的浓度变化主要受到燃油温度和...     

关于"太阳在银河系中所受引力与到银心距离r的关系"的讨论

讨论了银道面内的引力场强分布和太阳在银河系中所受引力与到银心距离r的关系，指出引力场强g并不是与r的平方成反比，这是由于银河系的大小和形状不能忽略造成的．强调了万有引力定律的适用条件．     

物理力学公式、定律在"和平号"空间站坠毁过程中的运用

利用物理力学定律对“和平号”空间站坠毁过程作了比较详细的计算和描述，旨在使读者在航天器有关知识有更多了解。     

On the vibration modes of the air-water interface in the presence of surface films

Summary A numerical method is described which allows one to obtain the solutions of the linearized Navier-Stokes equation for the case of wave motion at the air-water interface in the presence of both soluble and insoluble films. The results are shown, and we discuss evidence of two vibration modes,i.e. transversal and longitudinal waves. Their behaviour appears to be closely linked, especially in the case of insoluble films.

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Riassunto Viene descritto un metodo numerico che permette di ottenere le soluzioni dell'equazione di Navier-Stokes linearizzata nel caso di moto ondoso all'interfaccia aria-acqua in presenza di film solubili ed insolubili. Sono mostrati i risultati e si discute l'evidenza di due modi vibrazionali,i.e. onda longitudinale e trasversale. Il loro comportamento appare strettamente correlato, specialmente nel caso di film insolubili.

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Резюме Описывается численный метод, который позволяет получить решения линеаризованного уравнения Навье-Стокса для случая волнового движения границы раздела воздух-вода при наличии растворимых и нерастворимых пленок. Приводятся результаты, и мы обсуждаем появление двух колебательных мод, т.е. поперечных и продольных волн. Показывается, что их поведение тесно связано, особенно в случае нерастворимых пленок.

     

利用偏振度研究散射介质浓度及杂质比的数值分析

为了研究散射介质的粒子数浓度对散射光偏振度的影响以及杂质混合比与目标偏振度的关系,求解了当激光器输出波长处于近红外波段806 nm时目标的米勒矩阵及偏振度的数值解,结果表明偏振度随散射介质粒子数浓度的变化十分显著;通过建立混合目标模型,讨论了杂质比与偏振度的数值关系,并对目标的偏振度进行了归一化,而且实现了由归一化偏振度对杂质混合比的反演。本文的研究结果为利用散射光偏振度研究大气遥感提供了新的途径。     

Sea level oscillations in the gulf of Trieste, the role of the atmospheric-pressure forcing and the tidal effect in the pressure and wind behaviour

Summary This paper is divided into three parts. The first one takes some cases of sea level perturbation (the tides being removed) at Trieste into account. The spectral analysis shows the occurring of the principal seiches of the Adriatic Sea together with oscillations believed as forced oscillations. In the second part the pressure oscillations have been examined and the same periods forcing the sea level have been found. Such oscillations appear very evident and stable, mostly in the summer months. In the third part of the work the tidal effect on the wind, derived from the atmospheric pressure, is tested. In the summer situations prevailing breezes are present and the spectral analysis of the records points out clearly the occurrence of some ?wind tides? both in the diurnal and semi-diurnal range.

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Riassunto Questo lavoro si articola in tre parti. Nella prima parte sono mostrati alcuni casi in cui il livello del mare a Trieste è perturbato da forti oscillazioni extramareali. I grafici della marea meteorologica registrati negli intervalli temporalit(1)…t(14) possono tipicizzare queste situazioni, essi riportano l'evoluzione del livello dopo che le maree sono state eliminate con calcoli di filtraggio dei dati osservati. Da queste serie temporali sono stati eseguiti gli spettri di ampiezza col metodo dei minimi quadrati. In questi si vedono due picchi, sempre presenti sui periodi di circa 11 e 21 ore che sono, mediamente e arrotondando, i periodi delle sesse principali (longitudinali) dell'Adriatico. Quando il livello è perturbato queste ultime sono sempre presenti, pur con ampiezza diversa, assieme ad altre di origine locale. Si rilevano anche onde forzate da oscillazioni barometriche. La seconda parte del lavoro esamina alcune onde barometriche forzanti. Si trova che le piú stabili onde barometriche presenti nell'evoluzione della pressione atmosferica a Trieste sono le cosiddette maree atmosferiche. Alcune considerazioni sono presentate su questo fenomeno. Data la persistenza delle maree atmosferiche nella pressione, un sincrono effetto viene cercato nel vento. Nella terza parte del lavoro si esamina questo effetto trovando che effettivamente, in regime di brezza, periodicità ?mareali? si trovano anche nell'evoluzione del vento. In altri regimi ?le maree del vento? sono completamente mascherate da altri effetti, come le maree marine quando si sovrappongono forti perturbazioni di carattere extramareale.

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Резюме Эта статья делится на три части. В первой части рассматриваются некоторые случаи колебания уровня моря (влияние прилива исключается) в заливе Триеста. Спектральный анализ показывает существование главных сейшей Адриатического моря вместе с другими осцилляциями, которые рассматриваются как вынужденные колебания. Во второй части исследуются осцилляции давления и обнаружены колебания уровня моря с такими же периодами. Такие осцилляции являются заметными и устойчивыми, особенно в летние месяцы. В третьей части работы исследуется влияние приливов на ветер, порожденный атмосферным давлением. В летний период превалируют бризы и спектральный анализ показывает в явном виде существование некоторых ?ветровых приливов? в суточных и полусуточных диапазонах измерений.

     

核运动对非奇次谐波产生的影响

理论研究了H2+、D2+、T2+辐射高次谐波的特点.结果表明,在核运动影响下,不仅奇次谐波呈现红移现象,而且谐波光谱呈现非奇次谐波.随着核质量增大,奇次谐波频移和非几次谐波强度都减弱.但是随着激脉宽增大,非奇次谐波的产生明显被增强.理论分析表明,谐波频移是由谐波辐射在激光上升和下降区间的非对称性导致的;非奇次谐波是由于分子对称性在较大核间距离处遭破坏产生的.     

On the origin of the inverted-barometer effect at subinertial frequencies

Summary An analytical model, simulating the frictionless response of the sea contained in a rotating, rectangular channel of arbitrary width to air pressure waves travelling at varying directions, is developed. Since planetary atmospheric waves are of primary interest as forcing agents, a solution is found for subinertial frequencies. For an atmospheric wave travelling along a channel whose width is close to the Rossby deformation radius, the model predicts sea levels and currents organized in two coastal waves and a geostrophic current system prevailing in mid-basin. The right-hand coastal wave is more pronounced than the left-hand wave. The structure is coupled to the atmospheric wave, and is resonantly driven when the phase velocity of the forcing wave approaches the Kelvin wave velocity. Along the coasts a quasi-static adjustment occurs under off-resonant conditions. When the atmospheric wave is moving across the channel at a sharp angle, the response of the sea is enhanced for the apparent along-channel velocities below those of free shallow-water waves, due to reflections at channel boundaries. For the atmospheric wave that travels at right angle across the channel, the resonance is not possible, and the sea level undershoots a simple inverted-barometer response. Both travelling and standing waves appear in the channel. In the narrow-channel limit only a standing wave remains, with a nodal line in the middle of the channel. In the central part of the channel the currents are almost geostrophic at very low frequencies. The model is used to interpret some aspects of the response of the Mediterranean Sea to planetary-scale atmospheric forcing. In particular, it is shown that resonant transfer of energy from the atmosphere to the sea is most unlikely, since planetary atmospheric waves are rather slow and they travel along the main axis of the Mediterranean basin.     

Fronts and internal currents at the northern mouth of the Strait of Messina

Summary We compare recent observations of internal waves and currents generated by tidal mixing inside the strait of Messina, with classical measurements made in 1922–1923 by Francesco Vercelli. A peculiar front South of Capo Vaticano in southern Tyrrhenian Sea is described. Its relation with the turbulence due to the breaking of internal nonlinear waves generated by the inside the Strait of Messina is discussed. We recall that this last phenomenon is novel as far as the Mediterranean Sea is concerned.

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Riassunto In questo lavoro si confrontano recenti osservazioni di onde interne e correnti generate dalla marea nello Stretto di Messina con le misure fatte de Francesco Vercelli negli anni 1922–1923. In particolare si analizza l'ipotesi che la formazione e la scomparsa del fronte presente a sud di Capo Vaticano (Tirreno Meridionale) sia dovuta alla turbolenza generata dalla rottura di onde interne non lineari proveiennti dallo Stretto di Messina con periodicità semidiurna. Si sottolinea la novità dell'osservazione di tale fenomeno per quanto riguarda il Mar Mediterraneo.

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Резюме Мы сравниваем недавние наблюдения внутренних волн и течений, образованных приливным перемешиванием внутри Мессинского пролива, с классическими изменениями, проведенными в 1922–1923 г.г. Франческо Верчелли. Описывается специфический фронт на юге мыса Ватикана в южной части Тирренского моря. Обсуждается связь фронта с турбулентностью, обусловленной разрывом внутренних ыелинейных волх, образованных приливом внутри Мессинского пролива. Мы отмечаем, что это явление является новым для Средиземного моря.

     

Evaporation and heat exchanges between the sea and the atmosphere in the Gulf of Trieste during 1988

Summary Daily mean values of meteo-oceanographic parameters are used to compute evaporation and heat fluxes between the sea and the atmosphere in the Gulf of Trieste during 1988. Incoming solar radiation, long-wave radiation, latent and sensible heat fluxes are considered in the total heat budget. The contribution of the single parameters entering each formula is examined and a comparison between the results from different evaporative formulae is performed. The total heat budget for the year considered gives a net loss of energy of 21 W/m² which must be supplied by the heat transported by marine currents. The balance is positive for the sea surface from April to July, negative for the remaining period. Long-wave radiation accounts for the 45% of the total heat loss, latent heat for 53% and sensible heat for 2%. Computed annual mean evaporation is 1058 mm, with high peaks of more than 15 mm/day during strong Bora wind events. Evaporation slightly prevails on precipitation giving a net water loss of 30 cm. A comparison with what is found in the literature shows these results representative of the entire North Adriatic Sea. They confirm that this basin represents a sink of heat whose role in the general Mediterranean circulation consists in trasforming surface warmer waters coming from South in denser ones.