一种基于PIN结的硅基微型核电池研究

针对PN结式微型核电池由于衬底掺杂浓度较大而造成的少子寿命短,收集效率低等缺点,提出使用硅基PIN结作为微型核电池的换能结构,构建了PIN换能结构的电学模型,并对其性能影响因素进行了分析和仿真,优化了换能结构参数.完成换能结构加工之后,分别使用⁶³Ni,¹⁴⁷Pm和²⁴¹Am对换能结构进行了辐照实验.实验结果表明,PIN换能结构通过增加耗尽层宽度来增大电子空穴对的收集空间,通过使用保护环来降低漏电流,能够有效提高短路电流和开路电压,最终提升能量转换效率. 关键词： 微型核电池 辐射伏特 微机电系统 PIN结     

基于镍-63硅基辐伏能量转换结构初探

针对辐射伏特效应同位素微电池研究中所面临的主要问题——辐伏转换效率提高与辐射损伤 这一相互制约的矛盾体,利用单晶硅低能电子辐照感生缺陷行为研究,结合两种PIN结构的 电学性能测试,提出I区掺杂浓度为2×10¹² cm^-3的P⁺I (N^-) N⁺器件符合 P, N型硅辐射损伤效应预测结果.并以此为原型器件进行⁶³Ni辐照在线输出特性测试, 通过与Wisconsin大学实验数据比较,对影响能量转换效率低下的主要因素进行了分析, 考虑主要从器件采用三维PIN结结构;增大耗尽层能量沉积比重; I (N^-)区宽度与沉积深度匹配; 控制漏电流在皮安量级等方面提高能量转换效率,据此对硅基能量转换结构进行设计, 最终确定PIN多孔结构、辐射源厚度、掺杂浓度、耗尽层宽度等结构参数,完成换能结构优化.     

辐射伏特效应同位素电池研究进展

微机电系统（MEMS）正在受到越来越多的关注，但是缺少合适的机载电源使其应用被大大限制，成为制约其发展的瓶颈，因此开发一种小体积，高能量密度，长使用寿命的优质新型电源迫在眉睫。近年来，辐射伏特效应同位素电池的研究在国内外广泛开展，它是利用半导体结型器件的特殊性质，以放射性同位素作为驱动源，将衰变能转换为电能。这种电池具有理论转换效率高、使用寿命长、免维护、抗干扰性强等优点加之放射性同位素具有很大的能量密度，可以使电池（微）小型化和轻质（量）化；其主要结构一换能单元是半导体器件，因此很容易与MEMS一体化。这些特点使它成为可应用于MEMS的合适备选机载电源之一。     

虚实重构的核物理实验

<正>1主要内容核物理实验教学需要放射源,而放射源存在辐射,需要严格的防护措施,否则会对人体造成伤害,造成核物理与核技术教学实验的困境.为了减少辐射对人体的伤害,在许多核物理教学实验、核科学人才的培养过程中,通常采用脉冲信号源来代替放射源进行实验.而脉冲信号源无法给出具有放射源物理特征的核信号,很难满足核物理与核技术应用的需求.我们在核电子学、数字信号处理等技术的基础上,利用可编程器件、高速数字化器件和模拟ASIC技术研制了核脉冲信号     

基于一维TiO_2纳米管阵列薄膜的β伏特效应研究

介绍了一种采用宽禁带半导体二氧化钛纳米管阵列薄膜材料制备β伏特效应同位素电池的方法.通过对金属钛片的电化学阳极氧化制备了垂直定向、有序排列的二氧化钛纳米管阵列薄膜,研究了退火条件对二氧化钛纳米管阵列薄膜半导体光电性能的影响.通过与镍-63辐射源的集成封装,形成三明治结构镍-63/二氧化钛纳米管阵列薄膜/钛片的β伏特同位素电池.实验结果表明,基于氩气氛围下450?C退火的黑色二氧化钛纳米管阵列薄膜具有高的氧空位缺陷浓度和宽的可见-紫外吸收光谱.在使用β辐射总能量为10 m Ci的镍-63辐射源时,同位素电池的开路电压为1.02 V,短路电流75.52 n A,最大有效转换效率为22.48%.     

辐射感生应力弛豫对Alm Ga1-m N/GaN HEMT电学特性的影响

基于电荷控制原理建立了辐射感生AlmGa1-mN势垒层应力弛豫对AlmGa1-mN/GaN HEMTs器件电学特性影响的解析模型,并进行了仿真分析.结果表明,对于高Al组分HEMTs器件,AlmGa1-mN势垒层中辐射感生的应力弛豫影响更为显著.辐射感生应力弛豫不但导致2DEG下降和阈值电压正向漂移,而且能够引起漏极输出电流的明显下降.辐射感生应力弛豫是赝配AlmGa1-mN/GaN HEMTs辐射损伤的重要机理之一.     

辐射感生应力弛豫对AlmGa1－mN/GaN HEMT电学特性的影响

基于电荷控制原理建立了辐射感生Al_mGa_1-mN势垒层应力弛豫对Al_mGa_1-mN/GaN HEMTs器件电学特性影响的解析模型，并进行了仿真分析.结果表明，对于高Al组分HEMTs器件，Al_mGa_1-mN势垒层中辐射感生的应力弛豫影响更为显著.辐射感生应力弛豫不但导致2DEG下降和阈值电压正向漂移，而且能够引起漏极输出电流的明显下降.辐射感生应力弛豫是赝配Al_mGa_1-mN/GaN HEMTs辐射损伤的重要机理之一. 关键词： mGa_1-mN/GaN')" href="#">Al_mGa_1-mN/GaN HEMT 辐射损伤 应力弛豫     

总剂量效应致0.13μm部分耗尽绝缘体上硅N型金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管热载流子增强效应

空间科学的进步对航天用电子器件提出了更高的性能需求, 绝缘体上硅(SOI)技术由此进入空间科学领域, 这使得器件的应用面临深空辐射环境与地面常规可靠性的双重挑战. 进行SOI N型金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管电离辐射损伤对热载流子可靠性的影响研究, 有助于对SOI器件空间应用的综合可靠性进行评估. 通过预辐照和未辐照、不同沟道宽长比的器件热载流子试验结果对比, 发现总剂量损伤导致热载流子损伤增强效应, 机理分析表明该效应是STI辐射感生电场增强沟道电子空穴碰撞电离率所引起. 与未辐照器件相比, 预辐照器件在热载流子试验中的衬底电流明显增大, 器件的转移特性曲线、输出特性曲线、跨导特性曲线以及关键电学参数V_T, GM_max, ID_SAT退化较多. 本文还对宽沟道器件测试中衬底电流减小以及不连续这一特殊现象进行了讨论.     

部分耗尽绝缘层附着硅静态随机存储器总剂量辐射损伤效应的研究

通过分析部分耗尽绝缘层附着硅互补金属氧化物半导体静态随机存储器(SRAM)在动态偏置条件下的电学参数和功能参数随累积剂量的变化规律, 研究了绝缘层附着硅(SOI)工艺SRAM器件在⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐照后的总剂量辐射损伤效应及器件敏感参数与功能错误数之间的相关性,为进一步深入研究大规模SOI集成电路的抗总剂量辐射加固及其辐射损伤评估提供了可能的途径和方法.实验结果表明:辐射引起的场氧和埋氧漏电是功耗电流增大的主要原因; 阈值电压漂移造成输出高电平下降、低电平微小上升和峰-峰值大幅降低,以及传输延迟增大; 当总剂量累积到一定程度,逻辑功能因关断功能的失效而出现突变错误; 传输延迟和输出高电平与逻辑功能错误之间存在一定相关性.     

Cu元素对Cu(In,Ga)Se_2薄膜及太阳电池的影响

Cu元素成分对Cu(In,Ga)Se2(简称CIGS)薄膜材料的电学性质及其电池器件性能有很重要的影响.本文利用蒸发法制备了贫Cu和富Cu的CIGS吸收层(0.7Cu/(Ga+In)1.15)及相应的电池器件.扫描电镜和Hall测试发现,富Cu材料的结构特性(晶粒大、结晶状态好)和电学特性(电阻率低、迁移率高等)优于贫Cu材料,而性能测试表明贫Cu器件的效率优于富Cu器件.变温性能测试分析表明,贫Cu器件的主要复合路径是体复合,激活能与CIGS禁带宽度相当;富Cu器件的主要复合路径是界面复合,其激活能远小于CIGS禁带宽度,这大大降低了开路电压Voc,从而降低了电池效率.最后利用蒸发三步法制备了体材料稍富Cu表面贫Cu的CIGS吸收层,降低了短路电流和开路电压的损失,获得了超过15%的电池效率.     

Demonstration of a 4H SiC Betavoltaic Nuclear Battery Based on Schottky Barrier Diode

A 4H SiC betavoltaic nuclear battery is demonstrated. A Schottky barrier diode is utilized for carrier separation. Under illumination of Ni-63 source with an apparent activity of 4mCi/cm^2, an open circuit voltage of 0.49 V and a short circuit current density of 29.44nA/cm^2 are measured. A power conversion efficiency of 1.2% is obtained. The performance of the device is limited by low shunt resistance, backscattering and attenuation of electron energy in air and Schottky electrode. It is expected to be significantly improved by optimizing the design and processing technology of the device.     

以碳粉为负极材料制备锂离子电池及电池性能测试

在能量存储技术中,锂离子电池是高能量密度的电化学电源.以碳为负极材料,涂膜制备了负极片,以锂片为正极片制备了CR2016锂离子电池,并对其性能进行了测试,分析了碳粉为锂电负极材料的特性.     

电动汽车锂离子电池热管理系统研究进展

锂离子电池作为电动汽车最广泛使用的动力源,对工作温度高度敏感,为保证其高性能和安全运行,电池热管理系统必不可少.本文综述了近年来锂离子电池热管理系统的研究进展.首先讨论了由高低温环境和电池温度不均匀引起的临界热问题.在此基础上,对设计原则和现有的电池热管理系统进行了广泛的介绍和阐述.然后进一步分析了用于未来电池热管理系统的热电器件和内部加热方法等新兴技术.分析表明,被动和主动冷却/加热方法的组合有望满足苛刻的热要求,特别是在功率波动剧烈的动态条件下.此外,电池在变工况下所输出的电流、电压等均不相同,因此建议对电动汽车动力电池进行动态性能实时管理,从而延长电池使用寿命。     

Neutron-based characterization techniques for lithium-ion battery research

During the past decades, Li-ion batteries have been one of the most important energy storage devices. Large-scale energy storage requires Li-ion batteries which possess high energy density, low cost, and high safety. Other than advanced battery materials, in-depth understanding of the intrinsic mechanism correlated with cell reaction is also essential for the development of high-performance Li-ion battery. Advanced characterization techniques, especially neutron-based techniques,have greatly promoted Li-ion battery researches. In this review, the characteristics or capabilities of various neutron-based characterization techniques, including elastic neutron scattering, quasi-elastic neutron scattering, neutron imaging, and inelastic neutron scattering, for the related Li-ion-battery researches are summarized. The design of in-situ/operando environment is also discussed. The comprehensive survey on neutron-based characterizations for mechanism understanding will provide guidance for the further study of high-performance Li-ion batteries.     

Thermal transport in lithium-ion battery: A micro perspective for thermal management

In recent years, lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries have served as significant power sources in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles because of their high energy density and rate capability. There are growing concerns towards the safety of Li-ion batteries, in which thermal conductivities of anodes, cathodes, electrolytes and separator play key roles for determining the thermal energy transport in Li-ion battery. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art studies on the thermal conductivities of commonly used anodes, cathodes, electrolytes and separator in Li-ion batteries, including both theoretical and experimental reports. First, the thermal conductivities of anodes and cathodes are discussed, and the effects of delithiation degree and temperature of materials are also discussed. Then, we review the thermal conductivities of commonly used electrolytes, especially on solid electrolytes. Finally, the basic concept of interfacial thermal conductance and simulation methods are presented, as well as the interfacial thermal conductance between separator and cathodes. This perspective review would provide atomic perspective knowledge to understand thermal transport in Li-ion battery, which will be beneficial to the thermal management and temperature control in electrochemical energy storage devices.     

Design and management of lithium-ion batteries:A perspective from modeling,simulation,and optimization

Although the lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have been increasingly applied in consumer electronics, electric vehicles,and smart grid, they still face great challenges from the continuously improving requirements of energy density, power density, service life, and safety. To solve these issues, various studies have been conducted surrounding the battery design and management methods in recent decades. In the hope of providing some inspirations to the research in this field, the state of the art of design and management methods for LIBs are reviewed here from the perspective of process systems engineering. First, different types of battery models are summarized extensively, including electrical model and multi-physics coupled model, and the parameter identification methods are introduced correspondingly. Next, the model based battery design methods are reviewed briefly on three different scales, namely, electrode scale, cell scale, and pack scale. Then, the battery model based battery management methods, especially the state estimation methods with different model types are thoroughly compared. The key science and technology challenges for the development of battery systems engineering are clarified finally.     

热光伏能量转换器件的热力学极限与优化性能预测

受不可逆损失的影响,热光伏能量转换器件在高品位热能回收与利用方面受到限制.本文揭示不可逆损失来源,提供热光伏能量转换器件性能提升方案.利用半导体物理和普朗克热辐射理论,确定热光伏能量转换器件在理想条件下的最大效率.进而考虑Auger与Shockley-Reed-Hall非辐射复合和不可逆传热损失对光伏电池的电学、光学和热学特性的影响,预测热光伏器件优化性能.确定功率密度、效率和光子截止能量的优化区间.结果表明:相比于理想热光伏器件,非理想热光伏器件的开路电压、短路电流密度和效率有所降低;优化热光伏电池电压、光子截止能量和热源温度,可提升器件的功率密度和效率.通过对比发现理论与实验结果较一致,所得结果可为实际热光伏能量转换器件的研制提供理论指导.     

Highly efficient charging and discharging of three-level quantum batteries through shortcuts to adiabaticity

Quantum batteries are energy storage devices that satisfy quantum mechanical principles. How to improve the battery’s performance such as stored energy and power is a crucial element in the quantum battery. Here, we investigate the charging and discharging dynamics of a three-level counterdiabatic stimulated Raman adiabatic passage quantum battery via shortcuts to adiabaticity, which can compensate for undesired transitions to realize a fast adiabatic evolution through the application of an additional control field to an initial Hamiltonian. The scheme can significantly speed up the charging and discharging processes of a three-level quantum battery and obtain more stored energy and higher power compared with the original stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. We explore the effect of both the amplitude and the delay time of driving fields on the performances of the quantum battery. Possible experimental implementation in superconducting circuit and nitrogen–vacancy center is also discussed.     

小型风光互补发电演示装置

研制了适用于大学物理演示实验教学的小型风光互补发电演示装置,该装置由叶片、风力发电机、光伏太阳能电池板、控制器、蓄电池、逆变器、负载等几部分组成.整个系统以光电互补控制器为核心,经由风力发电机与光伏太阳能电池板将风能和太阳光能转变为电能,并将其储存于蓄电池中供负载使用.该装置展示了风力发电系统的组成,演示了风力发电原理和相关空气动力学原理.