新型高效热离子功率器件的性能特性研究

应用固体物理和不可逆热力学理论,研究新型高效石墨烯热离子热电功率器件的性能特性.通过数值求解器件高温和低温端的能量平衡方程,确定器件阴极板和阳极板的温度;分析输出电压和阴极板功函数对器件的伏安特性及两个极板温度的影响,确定器件在最大功率密度和最大效率时的参数特性;折衷考虑功率密度和效率,给出参数的优化取值区间;分析了高温热源温度对优化性能的影响.本文所得结果可为热离子能量转换器件的研制提供理论指导.     

基于杂质光伏效应的镍掺杂对砷化镓太阳电池性能的影响

利用杂质光伏效应能够使太阳电池充分利用那些能量小于禁带宽度的太阳光子,从而提高电池的转换效率.为了更好地利用杂质光伏效应提高砷化镓太阳电池的转换效率,本文利用数值方法研究在砷化镓太阳电池中掺入镍杂质以形成杂质光伏太阳电池,分析掺镍对电池的短路电流密度、开路电压以及转换效率的影响;同时,探讨电池的陷光结构对杂质光伏太阳电池器件性能的影响.结果表明:利用杂质光伏效应掺入镍杂质能够增加子带光子的吸收,使得电池转换效率提高3.32%;转换效率的提高在于杂质光伏效应使电池的红外光谱响应得到扩展;另外,拥有良好的陷光结构是取得好的杂质光伏效应的关键.由此得出:在砷化镓太阳电池中掺镍形成杂质光伏太阳电池是一种能够提高砷化镓太阳电池转换效率的新方法.     

新一代太阳电池概述

文章对新一代太阳电池的基本概念、研究现状和研究目标进行了详细的介绍.从"充分吸收光能,减少能量转换损失"的角度,分析了新一代太阳电池的结构设计特征.以纳米技术与叠层电池结构为基础,就高能光子的利用,介绍了宽带隙吸收层窗口电池、量子点热载流子电池和多重激子激发(MEG)的量子点电池;为解决低能光子损失,介绍了窄带隙光伏材料和中间带光伏器件包括量子点中间带和高失配构建的中间带电池;探讨了利用光-光转换的模式,对上转换和下转换的电池体系以及可能的极限效率进行了阐述.     

真空热离子发电器的性能优化和参数设计

建立一个包括外部和内部均存在传热不可逆损失的真空热离子发电模型,由阴极和阳极的能量平衡方程确定极板的工作温度,进而导出发电器输出功率和效率的一般表达式。在不同的工作条件下,对输出功率和效率进行优化,并讨论极板功函数和输出电压对系统性能的影响,获得系统的主要参数的优化选择判据。所得结果对材料的合理选择和器件的优化设计有指导意义。     

光伏半导体器件对能量小于禁带宽度光子的响应机理研究

利用光子能量为0.12 eV的10.6 μm连续激光分别辐照了禁带宽度为0.91和0.33 eV的光伏碲镉汞探测器. 实验表明,激光辐照下禁带宽度为0.91 eV的探测器输出正电压,而禁带宽度为0.33 eV的探测器对激光的响应方向却与之相反. 为了研究此现象,利用功率密度一定的10.6 μm激光辐照不同开路电压状态下禁带宽度为0.91 eV的探测器,实验结果证实初始开路电压是产生输出电压反向现象的原因. 对这一机理进一步分析发现,光伏探测器在光子能量小于禁带宽度的激光辐照下,其开路电压是热激发载流子导致的热生电动势和自由载流子吸收导致的晶格热效应共同决定的. 关键词： 能量小于禁带宽度的光子 光伏碲镉汞探测器 热生电动势 晶格热效应     

基于GaSb/CdS薄膜热光伏电池的器件设计

基于GaSb薄膜热光伏器件是降低热光伏系统成本的有效途径之一, 本文主要针对GaSb/CdS薄膜热光伏器件结构进行理论分析. 采用AFORS-HET软件进行模拟仿真, 分析GaSb和CdS两种材料各自的缺陷态密度、界面态对电池性能的影响. 根据软件模拟可以得知, 吸收层GaSb的缺陷态密度以及GaSb与CdS之间的界面态密度是影响电池性能的重要因素. 当GaSb缺陷态增加时, 主要影响电池的填充因子, 电池效率明显下降. 而作为窗口层的CdS缺陷态密度对电池性能影响不明显, 当CdS缺陷态密度上升4个数量级时, 电池效率仅下降0.11%.     

半导体激光无线传能中光伏电池转换效率

为选择合适的激光参量与光伏电池参量,以提高激光无线能量传输(LWPT)系统的能量转换效率,通过实验研究了LWPT系统中能量接收单元,也即光伏电池在半导体激光照射下的输出特性。通过波长为808 nm和915 nm的激光辐照GaAs和Si光伏电池,研究了不同激光功率密度、光伏电池温度、电池类型以及激光入射角度对光伏电池输出特性与能量转换效率的影响。实验中,在波长为808 nm的激光功率密度从0.06 W/cm2上升至0.37 W/cm2的过程中,Si电池的最大输出功率从0.12 W上升至0.32 W,能量转换效率从50.9%下降至21.2%;GaAs电池的最大输出功率从0.40 W上升到1.07 W,能量转换效率从57.9%下降至23.8%。随着激光功率密度的增加,光伏电池的输出功率先增加而后趋于饱和,但是高功率密度激光引起的电池温升会导致其光电转换效率的下降,所以激光功率密度的选择与光伏电池温度的控制是提高LWPT系统能量转换效率的关键因素。     

新型高效聚合物/富勒烯有机光伏电池研究进展

有机聚合物/富勒烯本体异质结光伏电池以其不断提高的能量转换效率受到了研究人员的广泛关注, 近年来成为光伏电池研究领域的热点之一. 本文主要通过对聚合物/富勒烯太阳能电池的内部机理,包括光吸收、激子扩散和解离以及自由载流子输运和提取等关键科学问题, 从器件材料和结构优化、形貌控制和界面修饰等不同侧面介绍了提高聚合物/富勒烯太阳能电池性能的方法, 讨论了各种器件的结构和能量转换效率, 对于进一步开展这方面的研究工作指明了方向, 最后对其未来的发展前景做出了展望.     

不可逆太阳能Stirling热机性能优化及参数分析

建立不可逆太阳能Stirling热机循环系统,研究太阳能集热器辐射对流热损、有限速率热传导,回热器的回热损失及其它不可逆因素对系统性能的影响.基于热力学分析方法和最优控制理论,导出系统总效率和集热器工作温度所满足的优化方程,确定和评估相关性能界限和优化设计参数值,并详细讨论包括与传热系数有关的综合因子、回热损失因子以及...     

一维光子晶体在热光伏技术中的应用

将光子晶体的禁带特性应用于热光伏技术的光谱选择控制.针对锑化镓(GaSb)热光伏电池,采用硅(Si)和二氧化硅(SiO2)优化设计了一维光子晶体滤光器.研究了这种滤光器的光谱特性,分析了滤光器的介质层厚度偏差、周期以及热辐射能量入射角度对滤光器光谱特性的影响,研究了高温辐射体不同温度时这种滤光器的光谱效率.     

Performance Analysis and Optimization for Irreversible Combined Carnot Heat Engine Working with Ideal Quantum Gases

An irreversible combined Carnot cycle model using ideal quantum gases as a working medium was studied by using finite-time thermodynamics. The combined cycle consisted of two Carnot sub-cycles in a cascade mode. Considering thermal resistance, internal irreversibility, and heat leakage losses, the power output and thermal efficiency of the irreversible combined Carnot cycle were derived by utilizing the quantum gas state equation. The temperature effect of the working medium on power output and thermal efficiency is analyzed by numerical method, the optimal relationship between power output and thermal efficiency is solved by the Euler-Lagrange equation, and the effects of different working mediums on the optimal power and thermal efficiency performance are also focused. The results show that there is a set of working medium temperatures that makes the power output of the combined cycle be maximum. When there is no heat leakage loss in the combined cycle, all the characteristic curves of optimal power versus thermal efficiency are parabolic-like ones, and the internal irreversibility makes both power output and efficiency decrease. When there is heat leakage loss in the combined cycle, all the characteristic curves of optimal power versus thermal efficiency are loop-shaped ones, and the heat leakage loss only affects the thermal efficiency of the combined Carnot cycle. Comparing the power output of combined heat engines with four types of working mediums, the two-stage combined Carnot cycle using ideal Fermi-Bose gas as working medium obtains the highest power output.     

太阳电池中光电转换的有效能

本文提出了光量子在光电转换中的能昔效率的表示方法,给出了太阳电池光电转换的理论效率极限,以及太阳电池的理论最佳带隙和最佳截止波长,最后,讨论了光电转换的驱动力,分析了光电跃迁的有效能的不可逆损失和熵增,给出了太阳电池中激发电子的有效能的表达式.     

Direct energy conversion of plasma energy

An application of ambipolar potential in a magnetized plasma is proposed for direct energy conversion. Analyses of a model device for 20-MW-per-unit-length (without considering end loss) and 14-MW-per-unit-length (with the end loss) are shown. The plasma density profile, the potential distribution in the device, and the voltage-current characteristics are obtained on the basis of the Poisson continuity equation system. As an example, a theoretical energy loss by neutral particles, which should not affect the total efficiency much. Experiments with a small thermal ionization-type device were performed wherein the relations of output voltage versus current and power versus impedance were acquired. the experimental results are compared with the theoretical and a qualitative agreement is obtained     

Performance analysis of near-field thermophotovoltaic devices considering absorption distribution

This paper elucidates the energy transfer and conversion processes in near-field thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems, considering local radiation absorption and photocurrent generation in the TPV cell. Radiation heat transfer in a multilayered structure is modeled using the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, and the electric current generation is evaluated based on the photogeneration and recombination of electron-hole pairs in different regions of the TPV cell. The effects of near-field radiation on the photon penetration depth, photocurrent generation, and quantum efficiency are examined in the spectral region of interest. The detailed analysis performed in the present work demonstrates that, while the near-field operation can enhance the power throughput, the conversion efficiency is not much improved and may even be reduced. Subsequently, a modified design of near-field TPV systems is proposed to improve the efficiency.     

Performance Optimizations with Single-, Bi-, Tri-, and Quadru-Objective for Irreversible Diesel Cycle

Applying finite time thermodynamics theory and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II), thermodynamic analysis and multi-objective optimization of an irreversible Diesel cycle are performed. Through numerical calculations, the impact of the cycle temperature ratio on the power density of the cycle is analyzed. The characteristic relationships among the cycle power density versus the compression ratio and thermal efficiency are obtained with three different loss issues. The thermal efficiency, the maximum specific volume (the size of the total volume of the cylinder), and the maximum pressure ratio are compared under the maximum power output and the maximum power density criteria. Using NSGA-II, single-, bi-, tri-, and quadru-objective optimizations are performed for an irreversible Diesel cycle by introducing dimensionless power output, thermal efficiency, dimensionless ecological function, and dimensionless power density as objectives, respectively. The optimal design plan is obtained by using three solution methods, that is, the linear programming technique for multidimensional analysis of preference (LINMAP), the technique for order preferences by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), and Shannon entropy, to compare the results under different objective function combinations. The comparison results indicate that the deviation index of multi-objective optimization is small. When taking the dimensionless power output, dimensionless ecological function, and dimensionless power density as the objective function to perform tri-objective optimization, the LINMAP solution is used to obtain the minimum deviation index. The deviation index at this time is 0.1333, and the design scheme is closer to the ideal scheme.     

Four-Objective Optimizations for an Improved Irreversible Closed Modified Simple Brayton Cycle

An improved irreversible closed modified simple Brayton cycle model with one isothermal heating process is established in this paper by using finite time thermodynamics. The heat reservoirs are variable-temperature ones. The irreversible losses in the compressor, turbine, and heat exchangers are considered. Firstly, the cycle performance is optimized by taking four performance indicators, including the dimensionless power output, thermal efficiency, dimensionless power density, and dimensionless ecological function, as the optimization objectives. The impacts of the irreversible losses on the optimization results are analyzed. The results indicate that four objective functions increase as the compressor and turbine efficiencies increase. The influences of the latter efficiency on the cycle performances are more significant than those of the former efficiency. Then, the NSGA-II algorithm is applied for multi-objective optimization, and three different decision methods are used to select the optimal solution from the Pareto frontier. The results show that the dimensionless power density and dimensionless ecological function compromise dimensionless power output and thermal efficiency. The corresponding deviation index of the Shannon Entropy method is equal to the corresponding deviation index of the maximum ecological function.     

太阳能高温电解水蒸气制氢系统热力学分析

本文对太阳能高温电解水蒸气制氢系统进行了设计.该系统以太阳能为唯一的一次能源,采用太阳能分频技术,提供高温电解水蒸气制氢所需的电能和热能.此外,利用余热回收器回收电解产物的余热.热力学分析表明:(1)系统制氢效率可达34.8%;(2)太阳能聚光-分频热电联产装置是系统能量和(火用)损失最大的环节.提高电解温度和降低操作电压可减小电解环节的(火用)损失.     

平板集热太阳热电器件建模及结构优化

太阳能热电转换是光伏效应外另一种直接将太阳辐射转变为电能的途径, 近年来已经成为太阳能利用的热点之一. 本文以Bi₂Te₃材料为基础构建平板集热太阳热电器件模型, 采用有限元法分析AM1.5辐射条件下器件温度分布情况, 并结合基于温度的物性参数计算集热比、热臂截面积与长度变化等因素对器件的开路电压、 最大输出功率及转化效率的影响. 研究发现: 集热比与热臂长度的变化对器件性能有显著影响, 热臂截面积的变化对器件转化效率影响相对较弱; 在这一模型中, 平板集热太阳热电器件的转化效率达到1.56%.     

Performance Analysis and Four-Objective Optimization of an Irreversible Rectangular Cycle

Based on the established model of the irreversible rectangular cycle in the previous literature, in this paper, finite time thermodynamics theory is applied to analyze the performance characteristics of an irreversible rectangular cycle by firstly taking power density and effective power as the objective functions. Then, four performance indicators of the cycle, that is, the thermal efficiency, dimensionless power output, dimensionless effective power, and dimensionless power density, are optimized with the cycle expansion ratio as the optimization variable by applying the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) and considering four-objective, three-objective, and two-objective optimization combinations. Finally, optimal results are selected through three decision-making methods. The results show that although the efficiency of the irreversible rectangular cycle under the maximum power density point is less than that at the maximum power output point, the cycle under the maximum power density point can acquire a smaller size parameter. The efficiency at the maximum effective power point is always larger than that at the maximum power output point. When multi-objective optimization is performed on dimensionless power output, dimensionless effective power, and dimensionless power density, the deviation index obtained from the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) decision-making method is the smallest value, which means the result is the best.     

Modeling and Performance Optimization of an Irreversible Two-Stage Combined Thermal Brownian Heat Engine

Based on finite time thermodynamics, an irreversible combined thermal Brownian heat engine model is established in this paper. The model consists of two thermal Brownian heat engines which are operating in tandem with thermal contact with three heat reservoirs. The rates of heat transfer are finite between the heat engine and the reservoir. Considering the heat leakage and the losses caused by kinetic energy change of particles, the formulas of steady current, power output and efficiency are derived. The power output and efficiency of combined heat engine are smaller than that of single heat engine operating between reservoirs with same temperatures. When the potential filed is free from external load, the effects of asymmetry of the potential, barrier height and heat leakage on the performance of the combined heat engine are analyzed. When the potential field is free from external load, the effects of basic design parameters on the performance of the combined heat engine are analyzed. The optimal power and efficiency are obtained by optimizing the barrier heights of two heat engines. The optimal working regions are obtained. There is optimal temperature ratio which maximize the overall power output or efficiency. When the potential filed is subjected to external load, effect of external load is analyzed. The steady current decreases versus external load; the power output and efficiency are monotonically increasing versus external load.