严和店窑汝瓷和钧台窑钧官瓷的EDXRF分析

采用能量色散X射线荧光（EDXRF）技术测试了若干严和店窑汝瓷和钧台窑钧官瓷样品胎和釉的化学组成, 利用多元统计中的因子分析方法分析了两窑场胎和釉的差异。结果表明:严和店窑汝瓷和钧台窑钧官瓷能较好地加以区分。再次证明了钧瓷和汝瓷是有区别的。 The chemical components of the body and glaze samples of some Ru porcelains from Yanhedian kiln and Jun official porcelains from Juntai kiln are determined by the technology of Energy Dispersive X ray Fluorescence(EDXRF) in this work. The difference of the two kiln’s glaze and body are analyzed by factor analysis method of Multi dimensional statistical analysis. The results indicate that Yanhedian Ru porcelains can be well distinguished from Jun official porcelains from Juntai kiln. This evidence once again proves that Jun ceramics and Ru ceramics can be distinguished obviously.     

Study on the chemical composition features of Longquan celadon excavated from the Chuzhou site of Huai'an City in Jiangsu Province by EDXRF

A mass of Longquan celadon shards were excavated from the Chuzhou site of Huai'an City in Jiangsu Province, China. These celadon shards were fired during the period of the Late Yuan Dynasty to the Tianshun era of the Ming Dynasty, as identified by archaeologists at Nanjing Museum. In order to research the chemical composition features of this ancient celadon porcelain, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) for non-destructive analysis was used to determine the chemical composition of the porcelain body and glaze in these shards. The results indicate that Ti and Fe in the body of Longquan celadon are characteristic elements which can distinguish porcelain produced during the Late Yuan Dynasty from those produced in the Ming Dynasties. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) show that different body and glaze raw materials were used for the production of porcelain in different periods and the raw materials of the body and glaze are also different for various vessel shapes. The chemical compositions in the porcelain body of civilian ware are slightly different. The imperial and civilian Longquan celadon porcelains produced during the Hongwu era to the Tianshun era of the Ming Dynasty are distinguishable by the MnO, Fe₂O₃, Rb₂O and SrO content in their porcelain glaze.     

Nondestructive analysis on ancient porcelain of Longquan Kiln in Zhejiang Province by WDXRF

Nuclear analytical technique is an efficient method in study of rarity cultural relic for its advantage of nondestructive analysis. Longquan celadon is one kind of the most important ancient porcelain in China. In order to determine the inner provenance property and age's characteristic of ancient Longquan porcelain, ten components in porcelain body and glaze were measured by the Wave Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WDXRF). Multivariates Statistical Analysis was used to analyze the experiment data. The results showed that the chemical compositions in porcelain body of three typical kilns were similar. The difference of components in porcelain glaze can be used to identify the provenance and age.     

黄冶窑白瓷的物相和微观结构研究

以黄冶窑四个时期的白瓷样品作为研究对象,利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对样品进行分析,结果表明:黄冶窑白瓷胎的物相基本相同,主要是莫来石、α石英和方石英、未熔石英和少量的粘土相;黄冶窑白瓷釉中有气泡存在,釉中气泡为圆形,釉中存在微米级的针状或柱状钙长石晶体,釉存在分相结构,且分相结构与析晶相伴而生;黄冶窑白瓷胎中有气孔、未熔的石英颗粒、较大的Ti颗粒、莫来石晶体和石英晶体。The white porcelain samples of the four periods of Huangye kiln were studied in this paper, and the samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the material phase is basically the same of the white porcelain bodies from Huangye kiln, and mainly mullite, alpha quartz and cristobalite, unmelted quartz and a small amount of clay phase; There are some round bubbles in HuangYe kiln white porcelain, glazes, so are some feldspathic crystals with micro-level needles or columnar. It is evident to observe phase separation structure, which is accompanied by the birth. Apart from some pores, unfused quartz particles, larger Ti particles, mullite crystals and quartz crystals can also be found in the embryo of Huangye kiln white porcelain.     

用NAA研究清凉寺窑和张公巷窑青瓷胎的原料特征及来源

为研究清凉寺窑汝瓷胎和张公巷窑青瓷胎的原料特征及来源, 选取37个清凉寺窑汝瓷胎样品(32个汝官瓷胎和5个汝民瓷胎)、 32个张公巷窑青瓷胎样品以及14个岩石样品, 用中子活化分析 （NAA）方法测得每个样品中的23种元素含量; 使用散布分析及主成分分析方法处理NAA数据。 结果表明: 元素Fe, Ce, Ba, Ta, Th, La, Sm和Cr可作为区分汝官瓷胎和张公巷窑青瓷胎原料产地的指纹元素; 汝官瓷胎原料产地较集中, 来源相对稳定; 清凉寺窑汝民瓷胎料产地与汝官瓷基本相同, 均为就地取材; 张公巷窑青瓷胎原料产地较为分散, 与汝官瓷不同, 但二者距离相近。 关     

用指纹元素散布分析研究古耀州瓷胎的起源

选取耀州窑瓷胎样品25个，唐三彩的胎3个，作坊匣钵料样品1个，耀州博物馆附近粘土矿样品4个．用中子活化分析测量样品中29种元素的含量，从这29种元素中挑选出8种指纹元素，将指纹元素的含量进行散布分析．结果表明，出自不同窑口的古耀州瓷的胎，有着长期稳定的、集中的原料产地．耀州窑唐三彩的胎料产地和耀州瓷胎的原料产地相同．25 samples of Yaozhou porcelain bodies, 3 samples of the tri-color pottery bodies during the Tang Dynasty, 1 samples of Saggar material during Song Dynasty and 4 samples of clay mineral taken from the place near Yaozhou Kiln Museum was selected . The technique of neutron activation analysis (NAA) has been employed to measure the content of 29 kinds of elements in the samples. 8 elements of them were selected as fingerprint elements to make scatter analysis.The conclusion is that the ancient Yaozhou por...     

历代洪州窑古瓷的元素组成特征的中子活化分析研究

对江西洪州窑从东汉晚期至晚唐五代8期400个瓷胎样品进行了中子活化分析, 分析结果显示碱金属元素Na和Rb、 碱土金属元素Ba及Fe等作为胎的助熔剂元素随年代的变化趋势相似, 都呈现出两头高中间低的U字形变化规律, 其中Fe作为呈色元素, 其含量的高低与瓷胎颜色的深浅是一致的. 分析结果还揭示洪州窑的发展与衰落以及窑址的不断变迁可能都与制瓷原料的发现与消耗有关. 对分析数据进行主成分分析, 可以将不同时期烧制的瓷胎样品大致分为5组: （1）东汉晚期东吴时期; （2）两晋和南朝时期; （3）隋代; （4）初唐和盛唐时期; （5）晚唐五代时期. 400 sherds were collected from Hongzhou Kiln covering 8 periods from Eastern Han to Late Tang Dynasty/the Five Dynastied and their bodies were analysed by NAA. The results show that the elemental contents in different samples are quite distinct, even for those in the same period. It means no single element can be used as “fingerprint” to distinguish the period. The curves of the contents of Na, Rb, Ba and Fe varying with time are very similar, like “U” shape. As a colorant element, the content of Fe is consistent with the color of the body. The higher content of Fe, the more dark of the body. The outcome of principal component analysis (PCA) indicate that most of the sherds can be classified into 5 groups: (1) Eastern Han & Eastern Wu; (2) Western Jin, Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties; (3) Sui; (4) Early Tang and Middle Tang; (5) Late Tang & Five Dynasties.     

An effective scatter correction method based on single scatter simulation for a 3D whole-body PET scanner

Hamamatsu SHR74000 is a newly designed full three-dimensional (3D) whole body positron emission tomography (PET) scanner with small crystal size and large field of view (FOV). With the improvement of sensitivity, the scatter events increase significantly at the same time, especially for large objects. Monte Carlo simulations help us to understand the scatter phenomena and provide good references for scatter correction. In this paper, we introduce an effective scatter correction method based on single scatter simulation for the new PET scanner, which accounts for the full 3D scatter correction. With the results from Monte Carlo simulations, we implement a new scale method with special concentration on scatter events from outside the axial FOV and multiple scatter events. The effects of scatter correction are investigated and evaluated by phantom experiments; the results show good improvements in quantitative accuracy and contrast of the images, even for large objects.     

Nondestructive identification of ancient Chinese glasses by Raman and proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy

Nondestructive Raman spectroscopy and external-beam proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique to analyze eight ancient glasses unearthed from the provinces of Henan,Hubei,and Jiangsu,which allowes for a good characterization of the glass matrix and chemical compositions,is carried out.The results indicate that all the eight glass samples could be typically divided into three systems: faience (sample No.SZWG-4),PbO-BaO-SiO 2 (sample Nos.NYWKI-5-1,HNWKII-88,and HNWKII-84),and Na 2 OCaO-SiO 2 (sample Nos.HBWKI-16,HBWKI-17,HBWKI-18,and SZWG-1).Additional relationships between the Raman spectra and parameters,such as residues of raw materials and opacifying agent,are also discussed by respectively comparing them with similar glass samples excavated from other historical sites.     

Main chemical ingredients of the celadon glaze from Qingliangsi kiln and Zhanggongxiang kiln

The proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) is used to determine the chemical ingredients of seven main elements in the samples of Ru Guan porcelain glazes and Ru Civil porcelain from Qingliangsi kiln in Baofeng County and the samples of celadon glaze from Zhanggongxiang kiln in Ruzhou City. The PIXE data are then analyzed by scatter analysis and fuzzy cluster method for determining their classification and provenance. The results show that there are obvious differences between the ingredients of glaze material of Ru Guan porcelain and Ru Civil porcelain from Qingliangsi kiln, of which the former ingredients are stable and its source is localized, and that the sources and ingredients of the glaze of Ru Guan porcelain and those of celadon glaze from Zhanggongxiang kiln are not wholly the same, of which the latter sources are much scattering.     

用多元统计分析研究黄冶窑白瓷的原料特征

黄冶窑文化内涵丰富，其创烧于隋，兴盛于唐代中期，停烧于唐代晚期。为探讨不同时期黄冶窑白瓷的胎料来源和釉料配方是否相同，选取黄冶窑隋、早唐、中唐、晚唐四个时期的80个白瓷样品，利用质子激发X射线荧光分析(PIXE)测定各样品胎、釉中9种化学成分(Na₂O、MgO、Al₂O₃、SiO₂、P₂O₅、K₂O、CaO、TiO₂、Fe₂O₃)的含量，用多元统计分析中的Fisher判别分析处理PIXE数据，并计算各样品釉的木灰釉式系数b来划分瓷釉类型。结果表明:黄冶窑四个时期的胎料取自同一或相近的地点,都是就地取材；四个时期的釉料配方比较相似，而四期白瓷的釉料配方最为稳定，且与二期釉料配方最相似，而与一期釉料配方已有明显不同；黄冶窑白瓷釉大部分为钙釉，存在少量钙碱釉和碱钙釉。     

中国古代南方白瓷的组成特征研究

景德镇窑和德化窑是南方白釉瓷窑口中最具有代表性的两个窑口。该文利用能量色散X射线荧光光谱分析仪,对30件宋、元、明时期的德化白瓷以及元代景德镇枢府白瓷样品进行了测试,并从时空角度对比分析了不同白瓷样品胎釉的组成特征。结果表明,景德镇枢府白瓷胎釉组成铁含量均明显偏高,而德化白瓷胎釉组成中的钾含量均明显偏高,且随着时间发展具有上升趋势,这应是德化雕塑白瓷异军突起的主要原因。     

湖田窑宋代青白瓷的组成及呈色特征

景德镇宋代以生产青白瓷而闻名,其中湖田窑又是景德镇宋代窑址中最典型的一处,其生产的青白瓷精巧细致,有“假玉器”和“饶玉”之称。研究采用能量色散X荧光光谱分析仪和色差计,分析了湖田窑宋代青白瓷的胎、釉化学组成和色度值,初步探讨了不同时期青白瓷的组成、配方和呈色特征。研究表明,湖田窑北宋和南宋青白瓷胎体组成特征基本一致,均与当地瓷石原料较为接近,极有可能采用了附近的三宝瓷石原料制胎。瓷釉组成结果显示釉中含有较高的CaO和一定量的MnO和P₂O₅,表明湖田窑青白瓷釉为“钙釉”,且釉料配方中引入了一定量的草木灰。色度分析结果显示,湖田窑北宋和南宋青白瓷釉主波长分别为500和496 nm左右,均落在可见光波的绿色波段。但对比北宋和南宋瓷釉组成和色度结果发现,北宋青白瓷釉无论是组成还是色度数据结果均较南宋更为分散,且南宋青白瓷釉层呈色相较北宋样品b值更小,釉色更为偏蓝。研究认为,湖田窑青白瓷从北宋至南宋,釉料配方经历了从探索逐渐走向成熟、稳定的过程。研究结果不仅为景德镇湖田窑青白瓷的断源断代提供了数据支撑,也为湖田窑青白瓷制瓷技艺的传承和传播提供了一定的科学素材。     

东门渡窑古陶瓷化学成分与烧制工艺研究

芜湖东门渡窑是古代宣州窑场的早期窑口之一,属古越窑系青瓷;该窑口出产的陶瓷产品器型别具一格,具有鲜明的地域特色.但长期以来,对于东门渡窑瓷器仅仅从其外观推测其工艺特征,对该类瓷器的微观结构特征和配方工艺特点缺乏必要的分析证据.为系统解析东门渡窑古陶瓷的胎、釉化学组成和烧制工艺,运用波长色散X射线荧光光谱法(EDXRF)...     

历代定窑白瓷的EDXRF和XAFS分析

定窑是我国宋代五大名窑中唯一以生产白瓷而闻名于世的窑厂,其高超的刻印花纹技术及首创的支圈覆烧工艺,对国内外许多窑场产生了深远的影响。采用(energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence, EDXRF)探索了历代定窑白瓷的组成配方,并采用X射线吸收精细结构(XAFS)法分析了瓷釉中Fe元素的价态,以探讨定窑白瓷的相关烧制工艺。研究发现,定窑白瓷瓷胎具有典型北方瓷器“高铝低硅”的特征,并在瓷胎中特意添加了富含CaO的矿物原料,对瓷胎的烧结有一定的促进作用。瓷胎中的TiO₂应主要是高岭土原料中的杂质。定窑白瓷瓷釉具有“高钙高镁”特征,基本属于钙镁釉或钙镁碱釉。其瓷釉配方中应含有一定量的白云石或滑石。瓷釉中K₂O的含量逐步增加,反映了定窑瓷釉由钙镁釉向钙碱釉发展演变的过程。此外,根据瓷釉中的Al₂O₃,MnO和P₂O₅等含量的特征,可以推测釉料配方中应添加了草木灰和高岭土。由XAFS分析结果可知,晚唐五代时期定窑白瓷釉中Fe3+比例最高,金代次之,宋代最低,不同时期定窑白瓷皆是在还原气氛中烧成。宋金时期定窑白瓷白中泛黄可能由于燃料煤中富含的硫在燃烧过程中与瓷釉反应,生成Fe-S化合物所致。     

巩窑唐代早期白瓷的EDXRF线扫描分析

具有悠久瓷器生产历史的巩窑,是我国古代北方烧制白瓷的3个代表性窑口之一。在唐代早期,为了掩盖瓷胎表面的粗糙状态和较深的胎体颜色,提高瓷器的质量和白度,巩窑白瓷在胎的表面施加了一层装饰层——化妆土。用能量色散X射线探针技术对这些白瓷碎片的剖面进行了主要化学成分的线扫描分析,结果表明： 巩窑唐代早期白瓷的化妆土使用了不同的原料,与光学显微镜下观察到的现象相符合。另外,白瓷釉可能是加有草木灰的钙釉。     

耀州古瓷釉层呈色机理的质谱研究方法

采用实验室自制飞秒激光电离飞行时间质谱(fs-LI-TOFMS)对唐代、五代、宋代、金代以及明代等五个朝代的耀州窑古瓷片釉层进行多元素同时分析,研究其呈色机理,以过渡元素为重点考察陶瓷釉层中所有可能着色元素的着色效果。推测耀州黑瓷烧制采用的很可能是Co-Cr-Fe-Mn系黑色釉料;明代白釉形成的主要原因是Fe元素含量低,还有可能与Ni元素有关;釉层中P 元素含量增多会导致釉色偏黄。毫无疑问,这一系列发现是对整个耀州瓷体系釉层呈色机理的重要补充。