形貌可控的CsPbBr3钙钛矿纳米晶的制备及其形成动力学的原位光致发光研究

通过添加不同比例的十二烷二酸(DDDA)配体,在室温下采用配体辅助再沉淀法制备CsPbBr₃钙钛矿纳米晶.利用X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜、紫外分光光度计、荧光光谱仪等对纳米晶的相结构、微结构和光学性质进行了表征.结果显示:所有纳米晶产物均为立方相结构;而纳米晶形貌会随着DDDA浓度的增加从纳米立方块逐渐转变为厚度均一的纳米片,同时光致发光光谱从绿光区移至蓝光区.结合实验室搭建的具有超高时间分辨率(约100 ms)的原位光致发光装置,实时监测了不同形貌纳米晶在形成过程中光致发光光谱的演变.结果表明:未使用DDDA时前驱体经历了快速成核和尺寸分布聚焦生长后生成纳米立方块;DDDA的出现促进了纳米晶在形成早期生成各向异性的纳米片,然而随着反应时间的延长,具有不对称结构的纳米片会通过溶解-再结晶方式转变为热力学稳定的纳米立方块.本工作对形貌可控的钙钛矿纳米晶的精准合成具有一定参考价值.     

醇体系中合成CuGaS2纳米晶及其形貌演变

以CuCl2·2H2O,自制的GaCl3和(NH2)2CS为原料,在乙二醇体系中合成了花状结构的CuGaS2纳米晶．产物分别用X射线粉末衍射仪、透射电子显微镜、场发射扫描电子显微镜、高分辩透射电子显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪进行了表征．实验结果表明,220℃反应24 h得到均匀的花状纳米结构CuGaS2,它是由厚度80-100 nm的片晶组成．同时,通过反应时间的控制,可以清楚的看到由纳米颗粒到纳米球以及花状纳米结构的演变过程．另外,研究了反应温度、反应时间、溶剂等对产物和形貌的影响．此外,对花状结构纳米晶的生长机理进行了初步的探讨．室温荧光光谱表明,随粒径的降低,发光位发生了部分蓝移．     

拉曼光谱研究天然FeS_2晶须结构及其相变规律

利用显微激光拉曼技术研究了山西耿庄天然纳-微米FeS2晶须的结构.发现FeS2晶须中有白铁矿和黄铁矿两种结构类型.较粗的藕节状、粗柱状、串珠状等不规则形貌为白铁矿相,直线状、平直、表面光滑的品须为黄铁矿相.耿庄FeS2晶须结晶生长早期以白铁矿相为主,中期是白铁矿和黄铁矿型结构共存,晚期以黄铁矿相为主.晶须生长过程有早期白铁矿结晶向晚期黄铁矿结晶转变的趋势.而且有黄铁矿包覆白铁矿的生长现象.FeS2晶须结构相变规律与形貌、形成时间和成分特点具有关联性.     

水热法制备不同形貌的GdVO_4:Eu~(3+)纳米发光材料

采用水热法制备了不同形貌的GdVO4:Eu3+纳米晶样品,对其结构以及发光性质进行了表征。XRD结果表明:水热前驱体和经过灼烧之后样品均为四方晶系,具有锆石结构。TEM照片表明:通过改变表面活性剂分别得到了分散性良好的米粒状、六角形和球形的GdVO4:Eu3+纳米晶粒子。发光光谱表明:在288nm的紫外光激发下,不同形貌的GdVO4:Eu3+纳米晶材料均在617nm处产生特征红光发射,归属为Eu3+离子的5D0→7F2跃迁,不同形貌粒子的发光光谱的相对强度有所不同。     

酒石酸络盐均相沉淀法制备CeO2纳米晶的研究

以硝酸铈、酒石酸铵为原料,采用络合均相沉淀法制备了CeO2纳米晶.研究了酒石酸铈络合物的形成和沉淀的操作方式等因素的影响.用XRD,TEM和SEM等测试方法对样品进行了表征.从样品的SEM照片可以看到形貌为蓬松泡沫状多孔性立体结构,经HRTEM观察小颗粒具有很清楚的晶格条纹,说明这些小颗粒为CeO2纳米晶.     

水热法制备MgWO4 及其发光性质

以硝酸镁、钨酸钠为原料,氢氧化钠和硝酸作为pH调节剂,在180~230 ℃水热条件制备纯相的MgWO₄。探讨了水热反应温度对MgWO₄纯相形成以及煅烧温度对其晶型、发光性质的影响。分别用粉末X射线衍射、荧光光谱、扫描电子显微镜和综合热分析等手段对样品进行表征。结果表明,水热法可以直接制得不含结晶水MgWO₄晶体,属于四方晶系,形貌呈片状,厚度约为几个纳米。样品热重分析和高温煅烧的结果表明,水热法所得MgWO₄晶体在850 ℃附近出现晶型转化,由四方晶系转变为单斜晶系,并导致发光性质的明显变化。SEM显示煅烧前的样品形貌为片状,不同温度煅烧后由片状逐渐向棒状转变。     

氧化镁单晶纳米片的简单合成

报道了一种简单的由单质镁两步制备大量氧化镁单晶纳米片的合成方法．实验中先由镁粉在不加任何助剂的条件下,于180℃水热反应36h制备了反应前驱物Mg(OH)2,再由新制备的氢氧化镁在400℃下焙烧4h获得该氧化镁单晶纳米片．粉末衍射分析表明所制备氧化镁纳米晶为立方结构．扫描电镜分析显示这些纳米晶为片状形貌,其平均厚度约为80nm,宽度为2-6μm．高分辨透射电镜照片显示,氧化镁纳米片中有大量孔状形貌存在,同时电了衍射花样显示,该氧化镁纳米片具有单晶特性．室温荧光光谱显示纳米片在416nm附近有一个强而宽的蓝色荧光峰,在559nm附近有一个相对较弱而宽的绿色荧光峰．BET测试表明该纳米片有较大的表面积(127.21m2/g)．产物表征和实验过程分析显示,片状纳米晶的形成是由前驱物形貌的模板作用所致,而其孔状形貌是由前驱物失水所形成．     

大面积α-Fe2O3纳米线及纳米带阵列的制备研究

以铁箔为原材料和基片,通过控制热氧化过程中的宏观实验条件(载气流量及其组分、压强、温度分布和反应时间等),实现了α-Fe2O3一维纳米结构的可控生长,获得了大面积(10mm×10mm)、单分散性好、沿[110]方向生长的α-Fe2O3纳米带或纳米线阵列. 对不同宏观实验条件下所制备的样品进行形貌和晶格结构表征和分析,认为热氧化过程中α-Fe2O3一维纳米结构的生长遵循类似气-固机制的顶端生长模式,生长点铁原子和氧原子比是控制α-Fe2O3一维纳米结构生长的关键因素.     

化学气相沉积法中SnO2一维纳米结构的控制生长

以Sn和SnO为源材料,化学气相沉积法中通过控制反应物配比及载气中的氧含量等宏观实验条件,实现了SnO2一维纳米结构的控制生长,成功获得各种不同横向尺度的SnO2纳米线、纳米带以及直径连续变化的针状纳米结构. 通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪对不同实验条件下所制备的样品进行形貌和晶格结构表征,认为高温生长点附近锡与氧的相对含量是控制SnO2一维纳米结构生长的关键因素;并在此基础上对SnO2一维纳米结构的生长机理进行了深入的讨论.     

Sn掺杂的纳米TiO_2的拉曼散射

本文主要利用拉曼光谱研究一组在合成过程中掺入了不同浓度锡的纳米二氧化钛样品,确定其从锐钛矿结构到金红石型结构的转变,进而分析其金红石型结构的形成。拉曼光谱测试表明,晶型导向剂SnO2的引入促使金红石型TiO2在较低的反应温度下形成,高温合成条件的免除使我们获得了很好的纳米级的金红石型TiO2晶体。此晶体具有有趣的包覆型结构,金红石型TiO2纳米晶体内包含着同结构的SnO2籽晶。分析其成因,在结晶过程中,掺入的杂质原子Sn4+与O2-结合,先沉积出金红石型结构的SnO2作籽晶,金红石型结构的SnO2和同样结构的TiO2晶格常数十分接近,促使了TiO2在它表面外延生长,形成金红石结构的包覆纳米晶。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.