中国散裂中子源小角中子散射谱仪探测器研制

中子小角散射探测器是小角散射（SANS）谱仪的关键设备之一,探测器要求有足够大的探测面积、较高的探测效率及较好的空间分辨率,能够在真空腔中稳定地工作并可在腔体内前后移动。综合考虑,SANS探测器采用120只8 mm直径位置灵敏3He管,组成有效面积1 000 mm（X）×1 020 mm（Y）的二维探测器阵列。探测器阵列分为10个模块,每一个模块功能完全独立,包括12只3He管及其对应的读出电子学和数据获取系统。读出电子学位于探测器背面的回字形密闭腔体内,由CSNS电子学组自主研发。SANS探测器从设计、选型、样机、调试到安装历时三年,中子束流实验结果显示探测器探测效率大于50%（@2Å）,空间分辨率好于10 mm（FWHM）,完全达到设计要求,目前正在中国散裂中子源小角散射谱仪运行使用。     

散裂中子源高气压二维位置灵敏3He探测器的实验研究

为满足中国散裂中子源多功能反射谱仪中子探测器的基本物理要求:有效面积达到200 mm×200 mm、探测效率大于50%（2Å）、位置分辨好于2 mm等,中国科学院高能物理研究所研制了3He高气压二维多丝正比室位置灵敏中子探测器。该探测器采用二维多丝室结构,腔体内充3He/C₃H₈（6 atm/2.5 atm）的组合气体。本文首先利用Am/Be中子源完成对探测器全面积均匀性测试,均匀性指标达到了95.1%;探测器在中国散裂中子源的20号束流线站安装后,对其进行了在束测量,通过飞行时间选取波长2.8Å的慢中子,测量了探测器二维位置分辨和二维成像性能。在X方向（垂直于阳极丝的方向）的位置分辨为0.99 mm,Y方向（平行于阳极丝的方向）的位置分辨为1.36 mm,探测器具有很好的二维位置分辨和二维成像能力。测量结果表明探测器满足反射谱仪的研制要求。     

CSNS多功能反射谱仪主探测器读出电子学系统研制

为满足中国散裂中子源（CSNS）多功能反射谱仪（MR）主探测器高气压3He多丝正比室探测器（MWPC）的需求,研制了专用的读出电子学系统。该系统主要由核心前放板和触发扇出板构成,其中以前放板为核心,采用了6块前放板实现探测器142路模拟信号的数字化,并通过判选机制甄别中子信息,将有效中子事例打包发送给后端,触发扇出板提供同一时刻到达的T0信号和触发信号,以确保数据的对齐。读出电子学系统分别在实验室和束流条件下,进行了相关指标测试,测试结果表明性能优于设计要求。目前MWPC探测器已经成功安装到MR谱仪现场,并且已经开始稳定运行。     

用于中子位置灵敏探测器的SiPM性能研究

为满足中国散裂中子源(China Spallation Neutron Source,CSNS)工程材料衍射谱仪的探测器需求,CSNS探测器组设计并研制了基于硅光电倍增管(Silicon Photomultiplier,SiPM)读出的闪烁体探测器。本工作针对该探测器,选取了Sensl MicroFJ-30035-TSV和Hamamatsu S13363-3050NE-16两种型号的SiPM,开展了其击穿电压、增益、温度特性、暗计数率等关键性能的测试。测试结果显示,两者单光子分辨能力,增益、暗计数率等性能均可满足当前闪烁体探测器需求,相同过偏压下,前者增益高于后者,且Hamamatsu SiPM增益对温度更敏感。测试了两SiPM的温度补偿系数分别为22.0 mV/℃(Sens1)和53.6 mV/℃(Hamamatsu),为后续SiPM温度补偿电路设计奠定了基础。利用研制的探测器工程样机,在CSNS BL09下测试了两种SiPM读出的探测器对2.8 ?中子探测效率分别为76%和68%,为目标探测器及同类型探测器的SiPM选型提供了参考。     

充气反冲核谱仪焦平面探测阵列的GEANT4模拟

充气反冲核谱仪(SHANS)是目前国内合成缺中子锕系新核素、研究重核素α衰变性质的重要实验装置。为进一步提高焦平面探测阵列对重核素α衰变粒子和射线的探测效率,计划对现有探测装置进行升级。本文的主要工作是采用基于蒙特卡罗方法的GEANT4软件对现有的谱仪探测器阵列进行模拟,并与实验测量数据进行比较,以验证程序的准确性。结果表明,新探测系统对α衰变粒子的探测效率可达到88%左右,对能量在1 MeV的$\gamma$射线全能峰的探测效率约为7%。     

CSNS通用粉末衍射谱仪

正通用粉末衍射谱仪(General Purpose Powder Diffractometer,简称GPPD)是中国散裂中子源(China Spallation Neutron Source,简称CSNS)首批建设的3台谱仪之一。GPPD的最终目标是尽可能满足大多数潜在用户研究物质晶体结构和磁结构的需求。除了为材料科学、化学、物理、工程、资源环境等领域的基础研究提供强有力的探测手段,也为服务化工、医药、电子信息、新能源、仪器装备等企业工业的高新     

用于中国散裂中子源多功能反射谱仪的高气压多丝正比室探测器的研制

中国散裂中子源需要建设一台多功能反射谱仪中子探测器,满足在10年运行期间内,50%(@2A)以上的探测效率、好于2 mm的二维位置分辨、200 mm×200 mm的灵敏面积、3倍的n/γ分辨能力及良好的二维成像性能.基于此要求,探测器因此采用基于高气压~3He气体的多丝正比室,并以满足反射谱仪的探测效率、位置分辨、长期稳定工作和n/y分辨能力为目标进行探测器的设计.本文经过模拟和实验计算得出:以9 mm厚的铝合金入射窗、铝丝密封的高气压腔体和6 bar~3He+2.5 bar C_3H_8的工作气体的设计,可满足探测器对2 A中子10年运行期间内54%以上的探测效率要求;探测器对中子的位置分辨可达到1.4 mm左右;设计的气体净化系统,拥有2 L/min的气流速度可有效去除探测器内的负电性杂质气体,气体循环净化后可提高探测器约27%的气体增益,保证探测器长期稳定的运行;通过对~(252)Cf中子源的能谱测量和成像测量,得出探测器的n/γ分辨能力在5倍以上和均匀的成像结果.研制的探测器满足反射谱仪需求,并已在中国散裂中子源反射谱仪靶站就位联调.     

镀膜型nMCP探测效率和位置分辨优化的蒙特卡罗模拟研究

中子敏感微通道板(Neutron sensitive microchannel plate,nMCP)因其具有高探测效率和位置分辨,配合先进的读出电子学可作为能量分辨中子成像探测器的优先选择。相比于基体掺杂型的nMCP,基于原子层沉积技术(Atomic Layer Deposition,ALD)的nMCP具有原材料消耗少、通道内壁具有高的二次电子发射系数等优势。首先,通过实验对掺杂natGd型nMCP的典型中子和伽马信号进行研究。然后,采用Geant4模拟和理论计算对镀膜10B₂O₃型nMCP的孔径、壁厚、倾角和镀膜厚度进行优化。计算结果表明,当nMCP的几何参数选择为镀膜厚度1 μm、孔径10 μm、壁厚1 μm以及倾角3°时,nMCP性能达到约56%的热中子探测效率和约22 μm的位置分辨。计算结果对CSNS能量选择中子成像探测器nMCP的几何参数设计具有重要意义。     

一种基于SiPM的新型起始时间探测器研制

本文介绍了一种新型起始时间探测器的研制。该探测器的灵敏面积为60 mm×60 mm,利用120根直径为1 mm的塑料闪烁光纤分成两层错位紧致排布,且上下相邻的3根光纤作为一个探测单元,每个探测单元均采用硅光电倍增管从双端读出信号。采用90Sr放射源对单根光纤进行了性能测试,结果表明,闪烁光沿着光纤方向的有效传播速度约为17 cm/ns,对应的时间分辨优于600 ps。此外,利用中国科学院近代物理研究所第二条放射性束流线（RIBLL2）提供的240 MeV/u的15N次级束研究了该探测器的性能。束流测试结果表明:该探测器的时间分辨为（150±15）ps,纵向位置分辨为（1.8±0.2）cm,并且结合该探测器以及RIBLL2束流线外靶实验终端上的其他探测器,可以对实验中产生的5 ≤ Z ≤ 8的各种同位素进行非常好的粒子鉴别。     

中国散裂中子源工程材料中子衍射谱仪尖嘴型中子准直光阑的研制

中国散裂中子源（CSNS）工程材料中子衍射谱仪（EMD）的样品非常大,且形状各异,有些样品甚至是曲面的,中子准直光阑（狭缝）要靠近这些异形构件,需要设计成尖嘴型。狭缝的主要作用是给样品测试提供所需要的束流尺寸,并保证束流尺寸精度很高,束流没有太多杂散中子。工程材料中子衍射谱仪的尖嘴型狭缝为连续型,开口可以根据实验需求进行变化。狭缝采用双导轨结构,定位精度高,重复定位精度优于10μm,绝对定位精度优于30μm。狭缝刀片采用富集碳化硼,较大程度减小了刀片的厚度,可以有效降低狭缝悬臂结构的变形量,保证狭缝有足够长度的尖嘴,能够接近异形构件,特别能够深入到长管内部,提高了工程材料中子衍射谱仪的实验能力。狭缝采取双重安全设计：导轨互换系统和防撞结构,可以有效防止狭缝在使用过程中被大件样品撞坏。该狭缝已经应用到中国散裂中子源工程材料中子衍射谱仪的实验测试,为残余应力测量做出了重要贡献,它的应用为国内外尖嘴型狭缝的设计提供了非常重要的参考。     

A capture-gated fast neutron detection method

To address the problem of the shortage of neutron detectors used in radiation portal monitors(RPMs),caused by the ~3He supply crisis, research on a cadmium-based capture-gated fast neutron detector is presented in this paper. The detector is composed of many 1 cm × 1 cm × 20 cm plastic scintillator cuboids covered by 0.1 mm thick film of cadmium. The detector uses cadmium to absorb thermal neutrons and produce capture γ-rays to indicate the detection of neutrons, and uses plastic scintillator to moderate neutrons and register γ-rays. This design removes the volume competing relationship in traditional ~3He counter-based fast neutron detectors, which hinders enhancement of the neutron detection efficiency. Detection efficiency of 21.66% ± 1.22% has been achieved with a 40.4 cm × 40.4cm × 20 cm overall detector volume. This detector can measure both neutrons and γ-rays simultaneously. A small detector(20.2 cm × 20.2 cm × 20 cm) demonstrated a 3.3 % false alarm rate for a ~(252)Cf source with a neutron yield of 1841 n/s from 50 cm away within 15 s measurement time. It also demonstrated a very low(0.06%) false alarm rate for a 3.21 × 10~5 Bq ~(137)Cs source. This detector offers a potential single-detector replacement for both neutron and the γ-ray detectors in RPM systems.     

Prototype of a large neutron detector based on MWPC

A prototype of large-area position sensitive neutron detector was designed and constructed according to the requirements of the Small-Angle Scattering spectrometer of China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS).The detector was based on the 3He neutron convertor and MWPC with an effective area of 650 mm×650 mm.A prototype was completed and tested with 55Fe X-ray.The high-pressure vessel was designed and constructed with high-strength aluminum alloy.A position resolution of about 4.6mm×2.3 mm(FWHM)and efficiency65%for neutrons with wavelength of 1.8?was determined after the operational gas filled.     

位敏型探测器数字法读出研究(英文)

中国散裂中子源( CSNS ) 的建造对中子探测器提出了非常高的要求,如更大的有效面积、二维位置灵敏、高计数率、高探测效率和低的 灵敏度等。与传统的模拟读出方法相比,数字法读出具有更高的计数率, 更小的数据传输量,更简单的电子学设计以及更高的信噪比。对数字法读出进行了理论计算,利用GEM探测器的原始数据分析了数字法读出的位置分辨率与读出条宽度的关系。结果表明,数字法读出对于位置分辨要求较低( 小于4 mm) 的大面积位置灵敏探测器是一种较好的选择,如CSNS 小角谱仪探测器。Efficient thermal neutron detectors with large area, two-dimensional position sensitive, high counting rate high detection efficiency and low gamma sensitivity are required to satisfy the demands for the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). Compared with the traditional analog readout method, the digital readout method has the advantages of higher counting rate, smaller quantity of data transmission, simpler readout system and higher signal to noise ratio. The theoretical analysis of the digital readout method is reported in this paper. Used the raw data of GEM detector, the relationship between the position resolution and the width of the readout strip was studied. The results indicate that the digital readout method could be a good choice for the large area position sensitive detector where the requirement of position resolution is less than 4 mm, e.g. the detector of Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) diffractometer of CSNS.     

Neutron detection using a crystal ball calorimeter

The program of experiments of the A2 Collaboration performed on a beam of tagged photons of the MAMI electron microtron in Mainz (Germany) includes precision measurements of the total and differential cross sections of the pion photoproduction on neutrons of a deuterium target. The determination of the detector ability to detect neutrons is undoubtedly one of the important problems of the experiment. The calorimetric system of the detector contains a segmented NaI Crystal Ball detector, which gives information about the position, energy, and detection time of neutral and charged particles in a wide angular range. In this work, we describe the measurement of the neutron detection efficiency in the energy range from 20 to 400MeV. The results are compared with BNL data obtained on a pion beam and proton target.     

应用于热中子的nTHGEM探测器性能研究

随着脉冲强流中子源的发展,对高性能中子探测器提出了更大的挑战,3He气体资源严重短缺和高计数率中子探测器的迫切需求,已开始制约着中子源应用技术的发展。中国科学院高能物理研究所针对中子的特殊性,专门研发了一种陶瓷基材的nTHGEM（neutron Thick Gaseous Electron Multiplier）探测器用于中子探测。基于nTHGEM的中子探测器具有高计数率、高位置与时间分辨能力、增益大、制作工艺简单,且便于大面积制作的特点,是目前国际上发展替代3He探测技术的重要方向之一。为了详细研究nTHGEM探测器的本身性能,本工作使用55Fe放射源研究了nTHGEM探测器的增益、计数率稳定性、能量分辨率等关键参数与nTHGEM膜间电压、收集场强、漂移场强之间的关系,优化了nTHGEM探测器在不同工作气体中的工作参数,为后续进一步优化nTHGEM探测器设计和工艺奠定了基础。实验结果表明,单层nTHGEM探测器在Ar（90%）+CO₂（10%）混合气体中增益能达到103,探测器计数率稳定性良好。另外,还在中国原子能科学研究院的CARR反应堆（China Advanced Research Reactor）上进行了中子束流实验,通过狭缝测量到探测器位置分辨率为（3.01±0.03）mm（FWHM）,已经接近高气压3He MWPC中子探测器水平。With the development of pulsed intense neutron source, the high-performance neutron detector poses more challenges. The severe shortage of 3He gas resources and the urgent need of neutron detector with high counting rate have begun to restrict the neutron source application technology development. In response to the particularity of neutrons, the Institute of High Energy Physics of CAS developed a nTHGEM(neutron Thick Gaseous Electron Multiplier)of ceramic substrate for neutron detection. The neutron detector based on nTHGEM is one of the most important directions for the development of alternative 3He detection technology in the world at present because of its high counting rate, high position and time resolution, large gain, simple fabrication process and large area production. In order to study the properties of nTHGEM detector in detail, this paper studied the relationship between nTHGEM detector's gain, counting rate stability, energy resolution and other key parameters and nTHGEM film voltage, collection field strength and drift field strength using 55Fe radioactive source, Optimized the working parameters of nTHGEM detector in different working gases, which laid the foundation for further optimization of nTHGEM detector design and process. The experimental results show that the single-layer nTHGEM detector has a gain of 103 in a Ar(90%)+CO₂(10%) mixed gas with good counting rate stability. In addition, a neutron beam experiment was performed on the China Advanced Research Reactor at the China Institute of Atomic Energy, and the position resolution of the detector was (3.01±0.03) mm (FWHM) measured by slits. Its performance is close to the high pressure 3He MWPC neutron detector level.     

GdBr3:Ce in glass matrix as nuclear spectroscopy detector

An alumina-silica glass cylinder with cerium-activated gadolinium bromide, 2.5 cm in diameter and 3 cm long was cast to form a scintillation detector for spectral analysis of nuclear radiation, especially gamma rays. The detector, operated with a conventional photomultiplier tube and associated power supply, amplifier, and multichannel analyzer, shows for the first time for this material system a set of spectra that include well-defined full-energy gamma-ray peaks from 59.5 keV to 2500 keV. The full-energy peaks were characterized in terms of pulse height linearity, resolution, and counting efficiency. Energy spectral resolution also was demonstrated for alpha particles, beta particles, and ²³⁹Pu/Be neutrons. Gamma-ray detection efficiency was comparable to a conventional NaI(Tl) detector of similar volume but peak resolution at 662 keV in this new detector type was currently only 27%, compared to about 7% for the NaI(Tl) detector. Improved light output and thus resolution is being sought by optimizing glass compositions and processing.     

用于裂变碎片质量测量的MCP和Au-Si SBD飞行时间探测系统

为了能很好地鉴别碎片质量,建立一个好的飞行时间测量方法是十分必要的。阐述了建立用于裂变碎片质量测量的微通道板（MCP）和金硅面垒探测器（SBD）飞行时间探测系统。对于80 μg/cm2厚的碳膜,241Am的α粒子的探测效率约为39%,252Cf（sf）裂变碎片的探测效率约为98%。在动能为78 MeV条件下,对252Cf（sf）重裂变碎片（138~148 u）得到的时间分辨为（224:1±6:1）ps;在动能为102 MeV条件下,对252Cf（sf）轻裂变碎片（101~111 u）,得到的时间分辨为（154:5±5:8）ps。In order to separate the mass number of fragments in the fission reactions, it is essential to develop a good time-of-flight (TOF) method. The purpose of this article is to set up a TOF detector system including a microchannel plate (MCP) and a Au-Si surface-barrier detector (SBD). The TOF system shows a detection efficiency of 39% for α-particles released from 241Am and 98% for fragments in the spontaneous fission of 252Cf. The experimental results show that the time resolutions of (224:1±6:1) ps for the heavy fragments (Ek=78 MeV, AH=138~148 u) and (154:5±5:8) ps for the light fragments (Ek=102 MeV, AL=101~111 u) can be obtained.