相干X射线衍射成像的数字模拟研究

相位重建是实现X 射线相干衍射成像的关键, 它利用远场采集的样品傅里叶相干衍射花样、结合过采样理论,再采用迭代算法复原样品的相位信息. 文中采用数字模拟的方法, 利用小尺寸二维非周期性图形作为物场, 研究了过采样比对重构结果的影响, 研究发现, 迭代次数为1000 次时最佳过采样比的范围是3—7 之间. 利用噪声模拟方法, 研究了噪声对相位重建的影响, 找到了完成相位重建的噪声限是信噪比不能低于10. 分析了重构结果中孪生像以及随机平移的产生原因, 并给出了相应的解决办法, 结果表明, 此方法可有效地提高重构图像的质量. 关键词： 相干X射线衍射成像 过采样 相位重建算法 显微成像     

相干衍射成像的相位复原及重建

相干衍射成像是一种对材料体密度敏感的超高分辨成像技术。相较于传统表面敏感的超高分辨成像技术,相干衍射成像利用了硬X射线的强穿透能力,可以深入材料体内部进行成像,且成像分辨能力可以根据成像布局进行调整,最高达到原子级空间分辨能力。这种灵活的空间分辨调整依赖于相干衍射成像独特的相位复原技术,即通过对图像成像强度的过采样,利用含约束的迭代算法同时获得光场的强度及相位,进而对样品进行重建;同时结合图像定向及组合技术,相干衍射成像可以实现对样品的三维重建。本文主要从成像原理、复原算法和重建方法介绍相干衍射成像技术,并结合实验进展及模拟研究展示该技术在多种重建情形下具备的诊断能力,以期较为全面地给出相干衍射成像技术的发展趋势。     

上海光源硬X射线相干衍射成像实验方法初探

相干X射线衍射成像方法是一种先进的成像技术,分辨率可达纳米量级.国际上大多数的同步辐射装置和自由电子激光装置都建立了该成像方法,并有将其作为主要成像技术的趋势.上海光源作为目前国内唯一的一台第三代同步辐射光源,尚未建立基于硬X射线的相干衍射成像实验平台.随着一批以波荡器为光源的光束线站投入使用,使得该方法的建立成为了可能.本文基于上海光源BL19U2生物小角散射线站,通过有效的光路设计,搭建了相干衍射实验平台,在12 keV和13.5 keV能量点均获得了硬X射线相干光束,并基于小孔衍射测量了入射光束的空间相干长度.该平台支持常规和扫描相干衍射实验模式,对小孔衍射图样及波带片扫描衍射图样实现了正确的相位重建,证明了该平台初步具备开展硬X射线相干衍射成像实验的能力.硬X射线相干衍射成像实验平台为国内首次建立,将为国内该实验方法的发展和应用提供有效的软硬件支持.     

X射线衍射增强成像中吸收、折射以及散射衬度的计算层析

X射线相位衬度成像是一种新型的X射线成像技术,通过记录射线穿过物体后相位的改变对物体进行成像,可以提供比传统的X射线吸收成像更高的图像衬度以及空间分辨力。衍射增强成像方法(Diffraction enhancedimaging,DEI)是X射线相位衬度成像方法之一,利用一块放置在物体和探测器之间的分析晶体提取物体的吸收、折射以及散射信息并进行成像。将衍射增强成像方法与计算机断层成像技术(Computerized Tomography)进行结合,利用吸收、散射以及折射信息,分别采用滤波反投影以及雷登(Radon)变换,对昆虫样品——蜜蜂进行计算层析重建,获得了好于X射线吸收计算层析的重建结果,验证了衍射增强成像信息分离计算层析的优越性。     

扫描相干衍射成像背景噪声分离算法研究

X射线扫描相干衍射成像(ptychography)是一种新型的无透镜成像方法,摆脱了传统透镜成像中聚焦元件对分辨率的限制,使理论分辨率只受到X射线波长和探测器数值孔径的限制.然而实验测量中的噪声限制了该方法对成像质量的改善,甚至最终导致图像重建失败.在研究了ptychography现有的相位恢复迭代算法后,本文提出了一种新型的图像重建迭代算法.该算法利用ptychography数据的高冗余性,通过梯度下降最小化技术,在重建样品和探针图像的同时还完成了背景噪声的同步迭代重建,实现了信号和噪声的盲分离功能.通过仿真模拟和实验数据重建,将该方法与传统的迭代算法进行了对比,结果表明新算法能够较好地实现信噪分离,显著提升ptychography的成像质量.     

X射线衍射增强成像中的信息分离和信息处理

人们已经利用X射线的高穿透性,发展了较为成熟的X射线成像理论和技术. X射线成像已经广泛应用于众多领域.传统X射线成像受生物样品中组织间吸收系数差别较小和散射噪声较大两个因素的限制,不易利用这种方法获得生物组织的信息. 衍射增强成像方法不但能将有害的散射噪声滤除,而且能利用样品的折射信息, 是一种具有发展潜力的新成像方法. 本文利用衍射增强成像, 通过在摇摆曲线不同部位成像, 然后对信息处理, 得到了清晰的吸收像、消光(小角散射滤除)像、小角散射(角)宽度像和折射像,最后通过一定的算法将各种成分的像合成, 形成细节部位清晰的合成伪彩色像.     

同步辐射X射线衍射增强CT方法研究

本文将同步辐射硬X射线衍射增强成像方法应用于材料无损检测CT方法中（简称衍射增强CT法），并对自制样品进行投影成像重建，获得了非常清晰的样品内部结构图像,并与样品的单晶吸收成像CT重建结果进行对比.结果表明，对于吸收系数相近的结构材料,衍射增强CT法可得到更好的物质内部边界.     

衍射增强成像方法在计算机断层成像中的应用

衍射增强成像是X射线相位衬度成像方法之一，这种方法具有较高的衬度和空间分辨率. 利用它对由轻元素组成的生物、医学样品成像可以观察到常规吸收成像无法观察到的内部微细结构. 这种方法在生物、医学、材料科学等无损检测领域中的应用研究，已成为当前国际上X射线成像领域中的研究热点. 讨论衍射增强成像方法和该方法在计算机断层成像中的应用. 实验结果表明，使用衍射增强成像方法获得的数据源能够重建出微米级的生物组织结构，这些组织结构信息在常规X射线断层成像中是难以得到的. 关键词： 衍射增强成像 CT重建 同步辐射 微细结构     

基于光栅相衬成像的扇束螺旋CT重建算法

X射线相位衬度成像具有极高的灵敏度,能探测到轻元素样品的内部结构,在医学、生物学和材料科学等众多领域显示出良好的应用前景。光栅成像模式可使用非相干光源进行X射线相位衬度成像,开创了非相干光源相衬成像新纪元。将螺旋CT的概念引入光栅相衬成像领域,将螺旋CT的高效率优势与光栅相位成像的高衬度优势相结合,发展X射线螺旋相位CT方法。通过分析螺旋轨迹非相干光源相位成像的特点,提出一种扇形束螺旋条件下的相位信息提取方法;而后借鉴希尔伯特滤波反投影重建算法的思想,得到扇形束螺旋相位CT重建算法。该算法利用折射角像直接重建物体的相位项。计算机仿真实验证明了该算法的有效性。     

同轴X射线相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术研究

基于北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)开展了同轴X射线相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术(CT)研究.利用北京同步辐射的14 keV单色X射线作为光源,以高分辨能力的X射线胶片作为探测器,分别开展吸收衬度和同轴相位衬度成像的比较研究以及相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术研究.相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术重建采用Bronnikov提出的算法.结果显示,与传统的吸收衬度图像相比,相位衬度图像具有更好的衬度和更高的空间分辨力;实验获得人工样品和蝗虫的相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术重建图像.重建图像中可见样品的一些结构细节.实验结果表明,相位衬度X射线成像更适合于研究弱吸收或吸收差异很小的材料;利用北京同步辐射开展同轴X射线相位衬度计算机X射线断层摄影术研究是可行的.     

Improved matrix inversion in image plane parallel MRI

A new 3D parallel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method named Generalized Unaliasing Incorporating Support constraint and sensitivity Encoding (GUISE) is presented. GUISE allows direct image recovery from arbitrary Cartesian k-space trajectories. However, periodic k-space sampling patterns are considered for reconstruction efficiency. Image recovery methods such as 2D SENSE (SENSitivity Encoding) and 2D CAIPIRINHA (Controlled Aliasing In Parallel Imaging Results IN Higher Acceleration) are special instances of GUISE where specific restrictions are placed on the k-space sampling patterns used. It is shown that the sampling pattern has large impacts on the image reconstruction error due to noise. An efficient sampling pattern design method that incorporates prior knowledge of object support and coil sensitivity profile is proposed. It requires no experimental trials and could be used in clinical imaging. Comparison of the proposed sampling pattern design method with 2D SENSE and 2D CAIPIRINHA are made based on both simulation and experiment results. It is seen that this new adaptive sampling pattern design method results in a lower noise level in reconstructions due to better exploitation of the coil sensitivity variation and object support constraint. In addition, elimination of the non-object region from reconstruction potentially allows an acceleration factor higher than the number of receiver coils used.     

Phase imaging from a diffraction pattern in the presence of vortices

We investigate phase imaging from a diffraction pattern in the presence of vortices. In particular we demonstrate that a difference map method for phase retrieval which contains a support constraint does not necessarily conserve the net topological charge of the trial wave field. Hence, no a priori information regarding the charges of the vortices is required for a successful phase retrieval.     

Phase retrieval using an aperture-array filter under partially coherent illumination

Recently we have proposed a deterministic phase retrieval method using an aperture-array filter to reconstruct a complex-valued object from a single diffraction intensity pattern. We describe here the effect of quasi-monochromatic partially coherent illumination on the object reconstruction by the phase retrieval method, and then present the method of eliminating the effect of the partially coherent illumination from the diffraction intensity pattern via a simple Fourier deconvolution operation provided that the complex degree of spatial coherence of the illuminating beam is known. The usefulness of this method is shown in computer-simulated examples of the object reconstructions under Gaussian Schell-model partially coherent illumination.     

Experimental verification of coherent diffractive imaging by a direct phase retrieval method with an aperture-array filter

Recently, we have proposed a coherent diffractive imaging using a noniterative phase retrieval method with the filter of an aperture array. The first (to our knowledge) experimental demonstration of this coherent imaging is presented here, in which a complex-valued object illuminated by a diode laser is reconstructed from the isolated diffraction intensities of the object's wave field, transmitted through an array filter of square apertures by using the phase retrieval method. This imaging method requires only a single measurement of the diffraction intensity and does not need a tight object's support constraint utilized in iterative phase retrieval algorithms or a reference wave used in holographic techniques.     

Retrieval of a complex-valued object from its diffraction pattern

It is commonly understood that the retrieval of a complex-valued object from its diffraction pattern using a support constraint is a difficult problem, the more so if the support is symmetric. In this Letter we show that, for just such a symmetric support, use of an iterative algorithm in which the basic iteration is specified by a difference map converges routinely. All that is required is sufficient oversampling in the diffraction pattern coupled with judicious choices of the parameters defining the difference map.     

Three-dimensional GaN-Ga2O3 core shell structure revealed by x-ray diffraction microscopy

In combination of direct phase retrieval of coherent x-ray diffraction patterns with a novel tomographic reconstruction algorithm, we, for the first time, carried out quantitative 3D imaging of a heat-treated GaN particle with each voxel corresponding to 17 x 17 x 17 nm3. We observed the platelet structure of GaN and the formation of small islands on the surface of the platelets, and successfully captured the internal GaN-Ga2O3 core shell structure in three dimensions. This work opens the door for nondestructive and quantitative imaging of 3D morphology and 3D internal structure of a wide range of materials at the nanometer scale resolution that are amorphous or possess only short-range atomic organization.     

硬x射线同轴相衬成像的相位恢复

基于角谱的概念，分析了硬x射线同轴相衬成像过程，在传统相位恢复算法GS算法的基础上 ，提出了基于角谱传播的相位恢复算法——迭代角谱法（IASA），并利用数值法模拟研究了 相衬成像和相位恢复过程，从理论上验证了这一相位恢复算法. 关键词： 相位恢复 相位衬度 角谱 硬x射线     

Improved interframe registration based nonuniformity correction for focal plane arrays

In this paper, an improved interframe registration based nonuniformity correction algorithm for focal plane arrays is proposed. The method simultaneously estimates detector parameters and carries out the nonuniformity correction by minimizing the mean square error between the two properly registered image frames. A new masked phase correlation algorithm is introduced to obtain reliable shift estimates in the presence of fixed pattern noise. The use of an outliers exclusion scheme, together with a variable step size strategy, could not only promote the correction precision considerably, but also eliminate ghosting artifacts effectively. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated with clean infrared image sequences with simulated nonuniformity and real pattern noise. We also apply the method to a real-time imaging system to show how effective it is in reducing noise and the ghosting artifacts.     

位相光栅衍射图样识别算法研究

分析了位相光栅衍射图样的特点，提出了一种新的基于图像中心的区域识别算法：首先判断图像中心位置，然后扫描计算图像横向与纵向跨度，最后进行区域标记。通过实验将此算法和普适性的图像识别算法(索贝尔算子边缘识别、哈夫变换)进行结果对比，证明此算法运算速度快、识别结果准确，同时具备较强的抗噪声能力。此算法可一次性快速、准确测量位相光栅的各级衍射效率，尤其适合应用于大批量光栅的质量评价。