低熔点合金相变换热特性实验研究

本文针对熔点为70°的Bi-Cd-Pb-Sn低熔点合金的相变换热特性开展了实验研究,讨论了冷却水流量对冷却速率及相界面移动速率的影响。结果表明:低熔点合金在冷却过程中出现明显的相变带,相变潜热释放完后合金温度出现陡降;冷却水流量越大相界面的移动速率越快,当Q80 L·h~(-1)时流量对固液相界面的移动速率影响减小,相同流量下固液相界面的移动速率随热阻的增加逐渐减小。     

开式循环吸收式热泵系统变工况性能研究

开式循环吸收式热泵是用于燃气潜热及水回收的新技术.本文建立了开式循环吸收式热泵系统变工况分析模型.首先,在设计条件下,进行了系统设计及性能模拟;其次,在系统确定条件下,改变输入参数,进行了系统变工况性能的分析.结果显示,在选择参数变化范围内,系统性能变化不大,运行比较稳定,变工况性能较好.烟气温度、流量及冷却水温度、流量增加时,系统性能系数及水回收率变化相反,实际过程中可以作为互相调节的参数,简化了调节手段.输出热负荷相同条件下,烟气湿度增加时系统性能变化较小,系统变工况性能最稳定,最利于系统的稳定运行.     

烧结烟气余热热电发电模型与数值模拟

针对钢铁工业中的大量烧结烟气余热,提出一种基于热电发电技术的显热回收方案,建立了相应的计算模型,得到了烟气、冷却水、热电单元端点温度沿流动方向的分布特征,分析了烟气温度、烟气换热系数、冷却水换热系数对最优热电单元长度的影响,并分析了热电单元横截面积对电流和电压的影响。结果表明,对于350℃的烧结烟气,每平方米换热面积可以产生约1.47 kW电能,热效率约为4.5%,设备成本的回收周期在4年左右。     

R410A和R22在水平内螺纹管内冷凝性能的实验研究

实验研究了环保替代制冷工质R410A和R22在冷凝温度40℃时在内螺纹强化管(外径为9.52mm)内的冷凝换热特性,对二者的冷凝换热性能进行了对比,并研究了测试管外冷却水流量对换热系数的影响。结果表明:在管外冷却水流量相同时,R22的总换热系数K普遍比R410a小,而管内传热系数hr比R410A大。R22与R410A的总传热系数K均随管外冷却水流量的增加而增加,当制冷剂流量Gm大于300kg.s-1.m-2时,管外冷却水流量对总传热系数K的影响变小。     

碳纳米流体相变特性实验研究

通过"两步法"制备分散均匀、稳定的单壁碳纳米管/水、多壁碳纳米管/水碳纳米流体,通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)测试分析了碳纳米流体的凝固、熔化相变过程,实验结果表明在凝固相变过程中随着碳纳米管质量分数的增加,碳纳米流体的起始凝固温度及凝固温度逐渐升高,单壁碳纳米流体的凝固温度显著提高,在熔化相变过程中,碳纳米流体的质量分数对于纳米流体的熔点无明显影响,但对于碳纳米流体的潜热影响较大,碳纳米流体的潜热随着质量分数的增加而明显减小。     

无水乙醇脉动热管相变蓄放热器放热实验分析

为研究脉动热管在相变蓄放热装置中对放热的强化,设计了一套脉动热管相变蓄放热装置,搭建了试验台。以无水乙醇作为充注工质,充注率为0.5,相变材料采用Ba(OH)_2·8H_2O(八水氢氧化钡),质量4.5 kg,热循环采用底部加热顶部冷却,设定几组工况进行对比实验,发现放热过程中脉动热管的作用非常显著,实验工况下总放热时间由13495 s减小到12665 s,总放热时间减少了830 s,相变潜热放热时间由7300 s减小到5330s相变潜热放热时间减少了1970s,减幅达到27%,冷却水最高温度升高了4℃;发现冷却水初始温度越低潜热放热时间和总放热时间越少,水槽内冷却水最终温度也越低,但冷却水温度不宜过高或者过低,本装置冷却水最佳温度范围为15～20℃;实验中发现增大冷却水流量,总放热时间和相变潜热放热时间都只会微弱减小,冷却流体流量对放热过程影响不大,建议冷却流体的流量为0.1m~3/h。     

带冷凝热回收的家用空调器的研究

随着生活水平的提高,家用空调器的使用逐年增加.空调器在夏季向室内供冷的同时,不仅给室外环境造成了热污染,而且还造成了能源的浪费.因此,很多学者都提出了空调冷凝热回收理论并进行了实验研究.文中分析了在家用空调器回收冷凝热的可行性及研究现状;介绍了家用空调器采用的冷凝热回收系统的形式及其分类;提出了一种带冷凝热回收装置的多...     

微针肋内潜热型功能热流体换热特性研究

引入潜热型功能热流体替换现有传统工质冷却大功率激光器,实验研究了潜热型功能热流体与传统工质去离子水在高4 mm、宽2 mm、间距1 mm的微针肋内的层流流动换热特性。结果表明:在雷诺数Re为625~1125范围内,潜热型功能热流体均表现出比水更好的冷却性能及更低的壁面温度,且存在最佳的质量分数值;相同工况下,潜热型功能热流体平均努谢尔数Nu大于去离子水,平均努谢尔数Nu随着雷诺数Re的增加而增加。拟合了平均努谢尔数与流体雷诺数、普朗特数、质量分数的经验的关系式,最大偏差为16.9%,可以较好反映潜热型功能热流体的换热特性;潜热型功能热流体沿着流动长度的方向存在一个稳定的局部换热强化区,且强化换热存在最佳的长度。     

微尺度水平管内沸腾换热特性研究

对不同质量分数下非共沸混合工质(R134a/R32)在微尺度管道内的流动沸腾换热特性进行了比较和分析,阐述了热流密度、质量流量和质量干度对换热的影响。结果表明:热流密度对换热的影响随着质量流量的增加而愈加明显;在质量分数为75%/25%和65%/35%时,换热系数随着质量流量的增大而增大;而质量分数为85%/15%时,换热系数随质量流量的变化先增加后减小;随着质量干度的增加,换热系数在各质量分数下基本上都呈上升趋势。     

高效换热器内冷凝换热热阻的实验研究

在水平强化管内R134a的冷凝换热实验中,对试验工况中管内流型进行计算预测,使用关联式对管内传热系数进行预测,以校核实验数据的可靠性,以质量流量、冷凝温度为变量,以总传热系数K、冷冻水传热系数h_w、制冷剂传热系数h_r为衡量指标,对强化管换热热阻进行研究。实验结果表明:总传热系数K、制冷剂传热系数h_r均随质量流量的增加而增大,且对应冷凝温度越低其值越大,而冷冻水传热系数h_w随质量流量的增加而稍有降低,冷凝温度对其值影响并不大。此外,随着质量流量的增加,冷冻水热阻占总热阻比值逐渐增加,但制冷剂热阻总是小于冷冻水热阻,且冷凝温度越低,两者的差值越大。换热管内外热阻比重IOR随着质量流量的增加而降低,随着冷凝温度的升高而增大。     

Condensation Characteristics of Flue Gas/Steam Mixtures with Fine Lignite and Ash Particles along Horizontal Finned Tube Bundles

The condensation behavior for a gas/steam mixture with fine lignite particles and lignite ash particles is experimentally investigated as the particles flow over horizontal finned tube bundles. The effects of the gas velocity, inlet temperature of cooling water, excess air coefficient, and particle dimension are discussed. The total mass flow rate of the condensate and the condensation heat transfer coefficient for flue gas including particles are higher than those of flue gas excluding particles when Reynolds number is higher than 2,300. The area covered by ash depositions tends to grow from the leeward toward the windward side with increasing particle diameter.     

竖直管内混合气体的凝结换热与SO2传递机理的理论研究

本文采用修正的膜模型与Nusselt凝结理论结合的方法,分析了双组分可凝气体的凝结吸收机理,探讨了竖直圆管内水蒸汽凝结与二氧化硫气体吸收的传热传质过程,并阐述了雷诺数、壁面温度及水蒸汽浓度等因素对二氧化硫气体传递的影响.     

Effect of Coolant Temperature on the Condensation Heat Transfer in Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Applications

This article directly investigates the effect of a cooling medium's coolant temperature on the condensation of the refrigerant R-134a. The study presents an experimental investigation into condensation heat transfer, vapor quality, and pressure drop of R-134a flowing through a commercial annular helicoidal pipe under the severe climatic conditions of a Kuwait summer. The quality of the refrigerant is calculated using the temperature and pressure obtained from the experiment. Measurements were performed for refrigerant mass fluxes ranging from 50 to 650 kg/m²s, with a cooling water flow Reynolds number range of 950 to 15,000 at a fixed gas saturation temperature of 42°C and cooling wall temperatures of 5°C, 10°C, and 20°C. The data shows that with an increase of refrigerant mass flux, the overall condensation heat transfer coefficients of R-134a increased, and the pressure drops also increased. However, with the increase of mass flux of cooling water, the refrigerant-side heat transfer coefficients decreased. Using low mass flux in a helicoidal tube improves the heat transfer coefficient. Furthermore, selecting low wall temperature for the cooling medium gives a higher refrigerant-side heat transfer coefficient.     

Experimental Investigations on Latent Heat Storage Unit using Paraffin Wax as Phase Change Material

Thermal performance of a latent heat storage unit is evaluated experimentally. The latent heat thermal energy storage system analyzed in this work is a shell-and-tube type of heat exchanger using paraffin wax (melting point between 58°C and 60°C) as the phase change material. The temperature distribution in the phase change material is measured with time. The influence of mass flow rate and inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid on heat fraction is examined for both the melting and solidification processes. The mass flow rate of heat transfer fluid (water) is varied in the range of 0.0167 kg/s to 0.0833 kg/s (1 kg/min to 5 kg/min), and the fluid inlet temperature is varied between 75°C and 85°C. The experimental results indicate that the total melting time of the phase change material increases as the mass flow rate and inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid decrease. The fluid inlet temperature influences the heat fraction considerably as compared to the mass flow rate of heat transfer fluid during the melting process of the phase change material.     

Numerical Investigation into the Development Performance of Gas Hydrate by Depressurization Based on Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation Analyses

The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamic properties of gas hydrate development from a large hydrate simulator through numerical simulation. A mathematical model of heat transfer and entropy production of methane hydrate dissociation by depressurization has been established, and the change behaviors of various heat flows and entropy generations have been evaluated. Simulation results show that most of the heat supplied from outside is assimilated by methane hydrate. The energy loss caused by the fluid production is insignificant in comparison to the heat assimilation of the hydrate reservoir. The entropy generation of gas hydrate can be considered as the entropy flow from the ambient environment to the hydrate particles, and it is favorable from the perspective of efficient hydrate exploitation. On the contrary, the undesirable entropy generations of water, gas and quartz sand are induced by the irreversible heat conduction and thermal convection under notable temperature gradient in the deposit. Although lower production pressure will lead to larger entropy production of the whole system, the irreversible energy loss is always extremely limited when compared with the amount of thermal energy utilized by methane hydrate. The production pressure should be set as low as possible for the purpose of enhancing exploitation efficiency, as the entropy production rate is not sensitive to the energy recovery rate under depressurization.     

水蒸气超高温热泵系统的实验研究

近年来以低温室效应(GWP)的制冷剂的蒸汽压缩式高温热泵一直是余热回收领域的研究热点。为获得更高的输出温度,本课题组搭建了一台采用自然工质水作为循环冷媒的超高温热泵样机并进行了实验测试。实验结果表明蒸发温度为80℃,冷凝温度从115℃升至145℃时,热泵的COP从4.88降至1.89。在85℃蒸发,117℃冷凝时,最高COP为6.1,制热量为285 kW,同时在85℃蒸发时,该热泵的最高冷凝温度可达到150℃,此时COP为1.96。在相同的温升下,热泵的COP和卡诺效率都随着输出温度的升高而增加,因此我们认为该热泵更适合高温输出的应用场合。     

水在氢气、氧气转变时的自由能的变化及水的汽化潜热分析

水和氢气、氧气在同等条件下(一个大气压,温度为25度)互相转变时自由能是相同的;同等条件下水变水蒸气时的汽化潜热和水蒸气变为水时的凝结热是相同的。利用一个刚性的绝热的容器,在海拔零米处电解水,利用氢气和氧气的混合密度小于空气密度的特点,携带一定质量的物体到数千米的高空。点燃混合气体,生成高温水蒸气。通过这个过程分析,将发现两部分能量多出。     

R134a在板式换热器中的凝结换热实验研究

本文对R134a在板式换热器内的凝结换热特性进行了实验研究,通过测量换热器中冷却水及板壁温度获得了局部凝结换热系数随蒸气干度、质量流量及热流密度的变化关系.实验结果表明,凝结换热系数随着蒸气干度增加而增加.文章还将实验结果与部分文献数据进行了比较与分析.本文的研究为换热准则关系式的发展提供了实验数据.     

超大拓展表面三维微肋管换热器的对流换热及抗积灰特性研究

工业烟气含尘的特点易导致换热器积灰,进而制约烟气余热的高效回收。本文针对一种具有超大拓展表面的三维微肋管换热器的对流换热与积灰特性进行了研究。首先,对比研究了光管与三维微肋管的对流换热特性;接着,基于所建立的积灰数值模型,探究了三维微肋管的积灰特性,并揭示了烟气流速与飞灰粒径对其积灰特性的影响规律。结果表明,相对于传统光管,三维微肋管的换热面积可增大约2.9倍;换热性能平均能提高16%;积灰后渐进污垢热阻最大能减小70%;同时,清灰周期更长,运行经济性更佳。综合而言,三维微肋管相比传统光管,在增强换热的同时,还能有效减轻积灰,因此可作为高效的抗积灰传热元件,应用于含尘烟气的余热回收场合。     

Performance and Exergy Analyses of a Solar Assisted Heat Pump with Seasonal Heat Storage and Grey Water Heat Recovery Unit

The main research objective of this paper was to compare exergy performance of three different heat pump (HP)-based systems and one natural gas (NG)-based system for the production of heating and cooling energy in a single-house dwelling. The study considered systems based on: 1. A NG and auxiliary cooling unit; 2. Solely HP, 3. HP with additional seasonal heat storage (SHS) and a solar thermal collector (STC); 4. HP with SHS, a STC and a grey water (GW) recovery unit. The assessment of exergy efficiencies for each case was based on the transient systems simulation program TRNSYS, which was used for the simulation of energy use for space heating and cooling of the building, sanitary hot water production, and the thermal response of the seasonal heat storage and solar thermal system. The results show that an enormous waste of exergy is observed by the system based on an NG boiler (with annual overall exergy efficiency of 0.11) in comparison to the most efficient systems, based on HP water–water with a seasonal heat storage and solar thermal collector with the efficiency of 0.47. The same system with an added GW unit exhibits lower water temperatures, resulting in the exergy efficiency of 0.43. The other three systems, based on air–, water–, and ground–water HPs, show significantly lower annual source water temperatures (10.9, 11.0, 11.0, respectively) compared to systems with SHS and SHS + GW, with temperatures of 28.8 and 19.3 K, respectively.