热电气体发电及化工合成装置原理探索

从原理上设计了一种热电气体发电及化工合成装置,以普通水为工质,通过吸热升温变为高温高压水蒸气,实施电晕放电,生成等离子气体,喷入发电通道发出电能,同时生成氢气和氧气、水蒸气,将其中氢气与二氧化碳合成反应,制得甲醇或甲醛等原料,再将甲醛参与化学反应,生成葡萄糖.     

C12A7-Mg催化剂水蒸汽重整生物油、石脑油和CH4制氢

利用自制的C12A7-Mg催化剂,研究了催化水蒸汽重整生物油、石脑油和CH4制备氧气的性能,以及催化剂寿命,并用X射线光电子能谱对催化剂进行了表征．温度测试范围为250-850℃．对于催化水蒸汽重整生物油反应,在750℃时,氢气产率最大达到80％,碳的转化率接近95％．在相同的反应温度下,催化水蒸汽重整石脑油和CH4的氢气产率和碳的转化率要低于重整生物油反应．催化剂的失活主要是由于重整过程中的积碳．     

煤粉在O_2/N_2和O_2/H_2O气氛下着火的实验研究

本文阐述了煤粉颗粒在O_2/N_2和O_2/H_2O气氛下着火的实验研究,氧气浓度为21%,30%,35%,40%和50%。实验在滴管炉中进行,采用高速摄像仪来记录煤粉颗粒在炉内的燃烧情况。实验中采用了烟煤(SF)和贫煤(XW)两种煤粉颗粒,粒径为97~105μm。实验结果表明在相同的氧气浓度下,煤粉颗粒在水蒸气气氛下的着火点位置比在氮气气氛下提前,可能的原因是高水蒸气浓度下水蒸气气化反应和水气转换反应的存在。煤阶对着不同气氛下火点位置间隔有较大的影响。     

严重事故下堆舱空间氢气分布特性数值模拟

利用计算流体力学软件CFX分析了零方程模型和k-ε模型对氢气分布的影响,并对船用堆在典型失水诱发的严重事故下堆舱空间内的氢气分布特性进行了数值模拟。结果表明：在氢气释放阶段内,用k-ε模型模拟堆舱空间内的氢气分布更为合理;严重事故下的气体喷放期间,堆舱空间内各点处的压力变化基本一致,空间内的温度不会持续升高,氢气在堆舱空间内建立了比较明显的浓度梯度,堆舱顶部区域和破口附近区域氢气浓度都较高;氢气喷放结束后,堆舱空间内的平均水蒸气浓度不足以维持蒸汽惰性环境,堆舱空间内存在氢气燃烧的可能。研究结果为开展船用堆的氢气风险研究提供了基础。     

电解水制氢的实验研究

搭建了电解水制氢的实验装置,并利用该装置研究了氢气与氧气的产生率与电流及时间的关系,同时测定电解装置的能效因数.     

水蒸气／氨活化在脉冲电晕脱硫工业中试装置上的应用

脉冲放电等离子体烟气治理技术是利用高压脉冲电源产生的高能电子激活燃煤烟气中的氧气、水蒸气等生成活性物种OH，O，O3等，氧化烟气中的SO2和NOx，并加入氨作为中和剂，生成（NH4）2SO4和NH4NO3肥料的烟气综合治理技术。活化水蒸气／氨能有效地提高脱硫效率和降低能耗。     

喷水温度对内燃兰金循环燃烧过程影响的试验研究

内燃兰金循环发动机采用氧气代替空气作为助燃剂,规避了氮排放物,可以以较低成本通过冷凝过程分离废气中的水蒸气和二氧化碳,随后对二氧化碳进行回收,实现了采用化石燃料的超低排放循环.本文利用自主开发的内燃兰金循环发动机试验台架对喷水温度对燃烧过程的影响进行了试验研究。研究结果表明,在燃烧过程中喷入循环水可控制燃烧速率,使最大爆发压力后移。相同的喷水脉宽及喷射压力下,高喷水温度时发动机的IMEP显著高于低温喷水工况,较高的喷水温度可增加上止点附近进入缸内的焓值,故可通过提高喷水温度增加IMEP,进而提高循环热效率。     

气体热容差公式C_p-C_V=pTVαβ的实证

利用《物理化学手册》中在标准状态下空气、氢气、氮气、氧气和二氧化碳的实验数据,结合误差分析,局部验证了pVT系统热力学公式C_p-C_V=pTVαβ的正确性,同时印证了相关热力学理论及数学推理过程的可靠性.     

湍流强旋流预混火焰大涡模拟研究

本文采用合成涡方法生成湍流进口条件,对非受限强旋流甲烷/空气贫燃预混火焰进行了大涡模拟研究。模拟结果和实验以及DNS数据符合良好。基于此模拟方法,本文对甲烷火焰掺混氢气和水蒸气,进行了比较研究。研究发现,掺混氢气提高了火焰抗拉伸灭火能力,火焰在外剪切层强湍流作用下形成较厚火焰刷。掺混水蒸气,火焰降温明显,流场轴向速度加速较小,形成较大的当地旋流数。因而,相比于掺混氢气,其回流区更强、更宽。相比于掺混水蒸气,流场轴向速度加速较大的掺氢火焰,其轴向脉动在更强的Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性作用下,下游剪切层双峰结构得到了保持并增强。     

微尺度正丁烷催化反应的实验研究

本实验研究了在微尺度铂表面催化情况下的正丁烷热解特性以及正丁烷与氧气的燃烧特性.利用气相色谱仪测量了产物中氢气、甲烷、乙烯、一氧化碳和二氧化碳的浓度.实验结果表明,铂表面催化剂对于微尺度下正丁烷的催化热解没有明显的作用;在燃烧时,铂表面催化剂的作用主要体现在促进了正丁烷的低温反应,降低了燃烧反应活化能.     

水蒸气超高温热泵系统的实验研究

近年来以低温室效应(GWP)的制冷剂的蒸汽压缩式高温热泵一直是余热回收领域的研究热点。为获得更高的输出温度,本课题组搭建了一台采用自然工质水作为循环冷媒的超高温热泵样机并进行了实验测试。实验结果表明蒸发温度为80℃,冷凝温度从115℃升至145℃时,热泵的COP从4.88降至1.89。在85℃蒸发,117℃冷凝时,最高COP为6.1,制热量为285 kW,同时在85℃蒸发时,该热泵的最高冷凝温度可达到150℃,此时COP为1.96。在相同的温升下,热泵的COP和卡诺效率都随着输出温度的升高而增加,因此我们认为该热泵更适合高温输出的应用场合。     

Water under pressure

Water under pressure is investigated by first principles molecular dynamics, with a focus on the changes in hydrogen bonding and the oxygen network in the nondissociative regime. At a pressure of 10 GPa and a temperature of 600 K, which is close to the freezing point, no appreciable molecular dissociation is observed in the simulations. However, the structure of water is substantially altered from that at ambient conditions. The liquid exhibits a much larger coordination of oxygen atoms, an essential weakening of hydrogen bonding, and sizable changes in the density of electronic states close to the Fermi level. Our results provide new structural data for direct comparison with future experiments.     

浆氢与浆氮技术研究现状

浆态是一种固态与液态物质共存的状态,即在液体中含有固体小颗粒。浆氢在用作火箭和航天飞机的燃料方面有很广泛的应用前景;采用浆氮作为高温超导电缆的制冷剂则会明显提高电缆的冷却性能。主要介绍了浆氢和浆氮的制备方法,密度和流量的测量技术,及其管内流动及换热特性。     

高温热管声速极限的实验研究与理论分析

高温热管是公认的被动式高温传热器件,以及明显高于相同几何尺寸金属材料的当量导热率,使其成为研究热点,并具有广泛的应用前景。在高温热管的蒸汽流动中,当喉部流速达到声速后,会出现声速传热极限,主要表现为冷凝段温度持续降低,传热量停滞不增,以及蒸汽的阻塞状态。本文设计、制备了高温热管传热器件,以高频感应方式为热源,盘管式水冷套为冷源,搭建了可以定量测试高温热管声速极限的实验台,并应用理论模型进行了验证。实验测试了高温热管在高热流加热条件下的冷态启动过程,以及稳态传热状态下的温度、热流等基本物理量,并对此进行了理论分析。实验结果表明:长径比、加热热流、工作温度是影响高温热管声速极限的主要因素。     

双热源空调-热水器一体机冬季制热的实验研究

冬季室外温度低时,空气源热泵系统的蒸发器会结霜,使系统COP降低。所设计的空调-热水器一体机可以制冷、制热、一年四季提供生活用热水。冬季室外温度低时,用太阳能加热后的水作为热泵的低温热源,可以提高热泵的效率。分别用空气源蒸发器和水源蒸发器独立工作使系统给房间制热,实验结果发现水源蒸发器工作时系统的COP平均值为3.56,空气源蒸发器工作时的COP平均值为2.51。     

The formation of molecular hydrogen through photolysis of water vapor in the presence of oxygen

1. A light source was constructed for the investigation of the photolysis of water vapor. A xenon discharge arc of a pressure of about 50 mm in a thin wall quartz tubing was used. 2. Molecular hydrogen formed from water vapor in the presence of other gases was measured by employing tritium as a tracer. A vacuum system was constructed, allowing the separation of water vapor from hydrogen to better than 10^?8 parts, and the counting of tritiated hydrogen in a Geiger counter. All measurements were carried out in a semi-quantitative way and it was found that the light source and the technique of measuring small amounts of free hydrogen by employing a tritium tracer can be used effectively for further studies of the reactions involving hydrogen and water. 3. Self-decomposition of tritiated water vapor with and without addition of oxygen was measured and was found to be negligible under the particular conditions of the experiments over periods of several months. 4. The photochemically induced exchange of tritium between tritiated water vapor and molecular hydrogen was studied. The quantum yield of this exchange was found to be under the conditions of the experiments of the order of one and probably slightly larger than one. 5. It was possible to demonstrate the formation of free hydrogen from the photolysis of water vapor in the presence of oxygen and to measure these amounts as a function of oxygen pressure. The steady state concentrations of H₂ formed from water vapor by irradiation in the presence of oxygen under the influence of UV light were found to be smaller than expected. 6. Photochemical oxidation of H₂ by O₂ under the particular conditions of the experiments and at pressures of about one millimeter was found to have a quantum yield of the order of magnitude of one.     

The influence of water on extinction and ignition of hydrogen and methane flames

The influence of water vapor on critical conditions of extinction and autoignition of premixed and nonpremixed flames is investigated. The fuels tested are hydrogen (H₂) and methane (CH₄). Studies on premixed systems are carried out by injecting a premixed reactant stream made up of fuel, oxygen (O₂), and nitrogen (N₂) from one duct, and an inert-gas stream of N₂ from the other duct. Critical conditions of extinction are measured for various amounts of water vapor added to the premixed reactant stream. The ratio of fuel to oxygen is maintained at a constant value, and the amounts of water vapor and nitrogen are so chosen that the adiabatic temperature remains the same. This ensures that the physical influence of water is the same for all cases. Therefore, changes in values for the critical conditions of extinction are attributed to the chemical influence of water vapor. Studies on nonpremixed systems are carried out by injecting a fuel stream made up of fuel and N₂ from one duct ,and an oxidizer stream made up of O₂ and N₂ from the other duct. Critical conditions of extinction are measured with water vapor added to the oxidizer stream. The concentrations of reactants are so chosen that the adiabatic temperature and the flame position stay the same for all cases. Critical conditions of autoignition are measured by preheating the oxidizer stream of the nonpremixed system. Water vapor is added to the oxidizer stream. Numerical calculations are performed using a detailed chemical-kinetic mechanism and compared with measurements. Experimental and numerical studies show that addition of water makes the premixed and nonpremixed flames easier to extinguish and harder to ignite. The chemical influence of water is attributed to its enhanced chaperon efficiency in three body reactions.     

Double layers in an inhomogeneous magnetized bi‐ion plasma

A simpler analytical approach is employed to obtain energy integral equation for a pseudo‐particle in a pseudo‐potential, which admits double layer (DL) solutions for the non‐linear low‐frequency electrostatic perturbations in non‐uniform plasma consisting of electrons and two kinds of ions. One of the ion species has field‐aligned shear flow and electrons are superthermal kappa distributed. This theoretical model is applied to the upper ionospheric oxygen‐dominated plasma that has small concentration of protons along with upward flow of oxygen ions. Under suitable boundary conditions, both rarefactive (density dip) and compressive (density hump) DLs are obtained solving energy integral equation using the plasma parameters of ionosphere around altitude of 800 km. The amplitude and width of the DLs depend upon the scale lengths of density and temperature gradients as well as on the ratio of equilibrium densities of oxygen and hydrogen.     

COIL压力恢复系统气流主动冷却技术数值模拟

 引射式压力恢复系统是化学激光系统应用中的一个重要组成部分,为了提高引射器引射效率,减小整个系统尺寸,可以采用主动降低光腔出口气流温度的方法。通过数值模拟,开展了用热交换器降低光腔出口气流温度的研究。给出了混合气体的热物理性质、热交换器建模方法及数值模拟条件,比较了不同条件下热交换器性能的差异,发现由于出口气流密度很低,热交换器的总传热系数、压力损失比常规条件下有较大幅度的减小。此时适当增大椭圆管尺寸,采用高翅片换热管,可以有效地提高热交换器的换热能力。     

超临界水在倾斜上升管内的非均匀传热特性数值模拟

对超临界压力水在管径为Φ32mm×3mm、长度为8000mm、倾角为20°的倾斜光管内的流动与传热特性进行数值模拟研究,重点考察超临界水在大比热区内的奇异物性变化对倾斜管内的传热特性的影响.通过与实验数据的对比,验证计算模型的正确性;计算压力P=26,34 MPa时,不同质量流速和热负荷下倾斜光管内壁温随超临界水焓值增大而变化的规律,以及倾斜光管内壁周向温度及热负荷分布的不均匀性;分析大比热区管内上下母线处内壁温度差随工质焓值变化的特性及机理,讨论大比热区水的物性变化对倾斜光管内传热不均匀性的影响;引入截面横向动能与截面相对横向动能两个变量对二次流的强度进行描述,重点考察超临界水在大比热区内的二次流的流动特点及其对倾斜管内传热特性影响的机理.并利用截面中垂线上的密度梯度定量分析二次流变化的规律,讨论超临界压力下大比热区内倾斜光管内壁温分布异常的机理.