氧化镓薄膜的制备及其日盲紫外探测性能研究

采用射频磁控溅射方法在蓝宝石单晶衬底上沉积氧化镓(Ga2O3)薄膜,并通过光刻剥离工艺(Lift-off)制备了金属-半导体-金属结构的Ga2O3日盲紫外探测器。对不同温度下沉积的Ga2O3薄膜分析表明,在800℃下获得的薄膜结晶质量最好,薄膜的导电性则随着沉积温度的上升先增大后减小。在800℃制备的β-Ga2O3薄膜的可见光透光率大于90%,光学吸收边在255 nm附近。在10 V偏压下,探测器的暗电流约为1n A,光电流达800 n A,对紫外光响应迅速。器件的响应度达到0.3 A/W,260 nm波长处的响应度是290 nm波长对应响应度的40倍,可实现日盲紫外波段的探测。     

Ga2O3组分对Tm 3+掺杂GeO2-Ga2O3-Li2O-BaO-La2O3玻璃的光谱性能影响

制备了Tm3 (8.0mol%)掺杂(77-x)GeO2-xGa2O3-8Li2O-10BaO-5La2O3(x=4,8,12,16)系列玻璃.系统地研究了Ga2O3从4mol%变化到16mol%时,玻璃的光谱性质与热学性质的变化规律.差热分析表明,随着Ga2O3含量的增加,锗酸盐玻璃的热稳定性增加.运用Judd-Ofelt(J-O)理论计算得到了Tm3 在不同Ga203含量的GeO2-Ga2O3-Li2O-BaO-La2O3玻璃中的J-O强度参数(Ω2,Ω4,Ω6)及Tm3 各激发能级的自发跃迁概率、荧光分支比以及辐射寿命等光谱参量.在808nm激光二极管的激发下,测试并分析了Ga2O3对Tm3 荧光光谱特性的影响.随着Ga2O3从4t001%增加到16mol%,Tm3 在1.8μm处的荧光强度呈现先减弱后增强的特性.当Ga2O3含量大约在12mol%时,Tm3 在1.8μm处的荧光强度最弱,受激发射截面达到最小.还初步讨论了Ga2O3对玻璃结构与光谱参数的影响规律.     

Cu掺杂Ga2O3薄膜的光学性能

采用射频磁控溅射和N2气氛退火处理制备了多晶Ga2O3薄膜和Cu掺杂Ga2O3薄膜.用X射线衍射仪、紫外-可见分光光度计、荧光光谱仪对Ga2O3薄膜和Cu掺杂Ga2O3薄膜的结构和光学性能进行了表征.结果表明,Cu掺杂后Ga2O3薄膜的结晶质量变差,透过率明显降低,吸收率增加,光学带隙减小.本征Ga2O3薄膜在紫外、蓝光和绿光出现了发光带,Cu掺杂后紫外和蓝光发射增强,且在475nm处出现了一个新的发光峰.     

高厚度n型β-Ga2O3薄膜的MOCVD制备

高厚度的Ga2 O3薄膜能够提高器件的击穿电压,这种高厚度Ga2 O3薄膜往往是通过HVPE法制备的.然而HVPE法存在着成本高、设备少等缺点.本文通过金属有机化学气相沉积(MOCVD)工艺,以SiH4为n型掺杂源,在Ga2 O3衬底上生长了高厚度的n型β-Ga2 O3薄膜,并且研究了SiH4流量对β-Ga2 O3性质...     

Ga-Ti共掺杂ZnO薄膜的制备及其光电性能

采用ZnO:Ga2O3:TiO2为靶材,在玻璃衬底上射频磁控溅射制备了多晶Ga-Ti共掺杂ZnO(GTZO)薄膜,通过XRD、四探针、透射光谱测试研究了生长温度对薄膜结构和光电性能的影响.结果表明:所制备的薄膜具有c轴择优取向,光学带隙均大于本征ZnO的禁带宽度.当生长温度为620K时GTZO薄膜的结晶质量最佳、电阻率最低、透射率最大、品质因数最高.     

CH3 NH3 PbBr3表面修饰对SnO2基光电探测器性能的影响

SnO_2基紫外探测器具有较高的光响应度,但由于材料存在持续光电导效应,其响应时间较长,限制了其在光电探测领域的应用。为此,我们研究了表面修饰对SnO_2基光电探测器件的性能影响。采用化学气相沉积的方法制备了高结晶质量的SnO_2微米线,并在此基础上制备了基于单根SnO_2微米线的光电探测器。同时制备了高质量的钙钛矿CH_3NH_3PbBr_3材料,并与SnO_2微米线结合制备出经过修饰的SnO_2基器件。两种器件在紫外波段都呈现出明显的光响应,响应峰值位于250 nm处。相比单根SnO_2微米线器件,经过修饰后的SnO_2微米线探测器的响应度提高了10倍,响应时间由单根SnO_2微米线器件的几百乃至上千秒缩短为0.9 s。这一研究结果说明我们所采用的方法非常有望应用到高性能SnO_2光电探测器的制备中。     

镓置换铝对SrAl2Si2O8:Eu2+晶体结构和发光特性的影响

采用高温固相法在弱还原气氛下制备了Sr0.955Al2-xGaxSi2O8:Eu2+ (x=0～1.0)系列荧光粉,研究了Ga3+置换铝Al3+对晶体结构和光谱特性的影响.Ga3+进入SrAl2Si2O8晶格与Al3+发生类质同相替代使晶胞参量a、b、c、β和晶胞体积V都随Ga3+置换量呈线性增大,表明形成了连续固溶体...     

Y2O3:Er3+纳米晶anti-Stokes发光性质的研究

采用均相沉积法制备了不同Er3+离子浓度掺杂的Y2O3纳米晶,应用XRD,SEM和PL光谱对该体系材料进行了表征.在Y2O3:Er3+纳米材料体系中,观察和研究了Stokes及anti-StokesPL谱强度与Er3+离子摩尔浓度变化的关系,当Er3+离子浓度为2.0mol%时,anti-Stokes PL强度最强.粉末XRD和SEM照片分别表明:制备的Y2O3:Er3+纳米材料具有立方相结构,且粒径分布均匀.实验结果证明:anti-Stokes PL来自于这个体系中的双光子吸收过程.     

氧流量对热蒸发CVD法生长β-Ga2O3纳米材料的结构及发光特性的影响

用热蒸发CVD法制备了β-Ga2O3纳米材料, 并用光致发光(PL)方法研究了其发光特性.X射线衍射分析显示, 产物为单斜结构的β-Ga2O3.扫描电子显微镜测试表明:在较小氧流量条件下制备的产物为β-Ga2O3纳米带, 宽度小于100nm, 长度有几微米; 较大氧流量时制备出β-Ga2O3纳米晶粒结构, 晶粒尺度在80-156nm.PL的测试表明: β-Ga2O3纳米结构在波长516nm处有很强的绿色发光带, 且随着氧流量的逐渐增加发光强度逐渐减弱.在氧气氛中900℃退火2h处理后, 发光强度减弱, 进一步证实氧空位缺陷是β-Ga2O3纳米材料发光的主要因素.     

太赫兹量子阱光电探测器光栅耦合的模拟与优化

光栅耦合是量子阱光电探测器探测正入射电磁辐射的常用耦合方法,本文采用模式展开法研究了一维金属光栅太赫兹量子阱光电探测器中的电磁场分布,并给出了器件有源区中的平均光强.研究结果表明,若一维光栅的周期与太赫兹波在器件材料中的波长相当,并且根据器件结构选取合理的光栅占空比,可使器件中的平均光场最强,光栅的光耦合效率最高,从而提高器件的响应率. 关键词： 太赫兹 量子阱光电探测器 光栅     

Modern Nanoparticle Research in Russia

Nanoparticle and nanomaterial research has become one of the most active frontier areas. In Russia and countries of the former Soviet Union work devoted to the thorough study of ultrafine media (low-dimensional subjects) started early. In the present paper a short historical review is given and the problems of nanoparticle research in Russia and some related fields (such as nanomaterials, nanochemistry, and nanophysics) are discussed.     

Uptake of FITC Labeled Silica Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots by Rice Seedlings: Effects on Seed Germination and Their Potential as Biolabels for Plants

The use of fluorescent nanomaterials with good photostability and biocompatibility in live imaging of cells has gained increased attention. Even though several imaging techniques have been reported for mammalian cells, very limited literatures are available for nanomaterial based live imaging in plant system. We studied the uptake ability of two different nanomaterials, the highly photostable CdSe quantum dots and highly biocompatible FITC-labeled silica nanoparticles by rice seedlings which could provide greater opportunities for developing novel in vivo imaging techniques in plants. The effects of these nanomaterials on rice seed germination have also been studied for analyzing their phytotoxic effects on plants. We observed good germination of seeds in the presence of FITC-labeled silica nanoparticles whereas germination was arrested with quantum dots. The uptake of both the nanomaterials has been observed with rice seedlings, which calls for more research for recommending their safe use as biolabels in plants.     

A risk forecasting process for nanostructured materials, and nanomanufacturing

Nanomaterials exhibit novel properties that enable new applications ranging from molecular electronics to energy production. Proactive consideration of the potential impacts on human health and the environment resulting from nanomaterial production and use requires methods for forecasting risk associated with of these novel materials. However, the potential variety of nanomaterials is virtually infinite and a case-by-case analysis of the risks these materials may pose is not possible. The challenge of forecasting risk for a broad number of materials is further complicated by large degrees of uncertainty concerning production amounts, the characteristics and uses of these materials, exposure pathways, and a scarcity of data concerning the relationship between nanomaterial characteristics and their effects on organisms and ecosystems. A traditional risk assessment on nanomaterials is therefore not possible at this time. In its place, an evolving process is needed for analyzing the risks associated with emerging nanomaterials-related industries.In this communication, we propose that such a process should include the following six key features: (1) the ability to generate forecasts and associated levels of uncertainty for questions of immediate concern; (2) a consideration of all pertinent sources of nanomaterials; (3) an inclusive consideration of the impacts of activities stemming from nanomaterial use and production that extends beyond the boundaries of toxicology and include full life cycle impacts; (4) the ability to adapt and update risk forecasts as new information becomes available; (5) feedback to improve information gathering; and (6) feedback to improve nanomaterial design. Feature #6 implies that the potential risks of nanomaterials must ultimately be determined as a function of fundamental, quantifiable properties of nanomaterials, so that when these properties are observed in a new material, they can be recognized as indicators of risk. Thus, the required risk assessment process for nanomaterials addresses needs that span from urgent, short-term questions dealing with nanomaterials currently in commerce, to longer-term issues that will require basic research and advances in theory. In the following sections we outline issues surrounding each of these six features and discuss.     

Risk-based classification system of nanomaterials

Various stakeholders are increasingly interested in the potential toxicity and other risks associated with nanomaterials throughout the different stages of a product’s life cycle (e.g., development, production, use, disposal). Risk assessment methods and tools developed and applied to chemical and biological materials may not be readily adaptable for nanomaterials because of the current uncertainty in identifying the relevant physico-chemical and biological properties that adequately describe the materials. Such uncertainty is further driven by the substantial variations in the properties of the original material due to variable manufacturing processes employed in nanomaterial production. To guide scientists and engineers in nanomaterial research and application as well as to promote the safe handling and use of these materials, we propose a decision support system for classifying nanomaterials into different risk categories. The classification system is based on a set of performance metrics that measure both the toxicity and physico-chemical characteristics of the original materials, as well as the expected environmental impacts through the product life cycle. Stochastic multicriteria acceptability analysis (SMAA-TRI), a formal decision analysis method, was used as the foundation for this task. This method allowed us to cluster various nanomaterials in different ecological risk categories based on our current knowledge of nanomaterial physico-chemical characteristics, variation in produced material, and best professional judgments. SMAA-TRI uses Monte Carlo simulations to explore all feasible values for weights, criteria measurements, and other model parameters to assess the robustness of nanomaterial grouping for risk management purposes.     

Perspective on how laser-ablated particles grow in liquids

Laser ablation in liquids has emerged as a new branch of nanoscience for developing various nanomaterials with different shapes. However, how to design and control nanomaterial growth is still a challenge due to the unique chemical-physical process chain correlated with nanomaterial nucleation and growth, including plasma phase (generation and rapid quenching), gas (bubble) phase, and liquid phase. In this review, through summarizing the literature about this topic and comparing with the well-established particle growth mechanisms of the conventional wet chemistry technique, our perspective on the possible nanoparticle growth mechanisms or routes is presented, aiming at shedding light on how laser-ablated particles grow in liquids. From the microscopic viewpoint, the nanoparticle growth contains six mechanisms, including LaMer-like growth, coalescence, Ostwald ripening, particle (oriented) attachment, adsorbate-induced growth and reaction-induced growth. For each microscopic growth mechanism, the vivid growth scenes of some representative nanomaterials recorded by TEM and SEM measurements are displayed. Afterwards, the scenes from the macroscopic viewpoint for the large submicro- and micro-scale nanospheres and anisotropic nanostructures formation and evolution from one nanostructure into another one are presented. The panorama of how diverse nanomaterials grow during and after laser ablation in liquids shown in this review is intended to offer a overview for researchers to search for the possible mechanisms correlated to their synthesized nanomaterials, and more expectation is desired to better design and tailor the morphology of the nanocrystals synthesized by LAL technique.     

Taking stock of the occupational safety and health challenges of nanotechnology: 2000–2015

Engineered nanomaterials significantly entered commerce at the beginning of the 21st century. Concerns about serious potential health effects of nanomaterials were widespread. Now, approximately 15 years later, it is worthwhile to take stock of research and efforts to protect nanomaterial workers from potential risks of adverse health effects. This article provides and examines timelines for major functional areas (toxicology, metrology, exposure assessment, engineering controls and personal protective equipment, risk assessment, risk management, medical surveillance, and epidemiology) to identify significant contributions to worker safety and health. The occupational safety and health field has responded effectively to identify gaps in knowledge and practice, but further research is warranted and is described. There is now a greater, if imperfect, understanding of the mechanisms underlying nanoparticle toxicology, hazards to workers, and appropriate controls for nanomaterials, but unified analytical standards and exposure characterization methods are still lacking. The development of control-banding and similar strategies has compensated for incomplete data on exposure and risk, but it is unknown how widely such approaches are being adopted. Although the importance of epidemiologic studies and medical surveillance is recognized, implementation has been slowed by logistical issues. Responsible development of nanotechnology requires protection of workers at all stages of the technological life cycle. In each of the functional areas assessed, progress has been made, but more is required.     

Distinguishing nanomaterial particles from background airborne particulate matter for quantitative exposure assessment

As the production of engineered nanomaterials quantitatively expands, the chance that workers involved in the manufacturing process will be exposed to nanoparticles also increases. A risk management system is needed for workplaces in the nanomaterial industry based on the precautionary principle. One of the problems in the risk management system is difficulty of exposure assessment. In this article, examples of exposure assessment in nanomaterial industries are reviewed with a focus on distinguishing engineered nanomaterial particles from background nanoparticles in workplace atmosphere. An approach by JNIOSH (Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health) to quantitatively measure exposure to carbonaceous nanomaterials is also introduced. In addition to real-time measurements and qualitative analysis by electron microscopy, quantitative chemical analysis is necessary for quantitatively assessing exposure to nanomaterials. Chemical analysis is suitable for quantitative exposure measurement especially at facilities with high levels of background NPs.     

Safety assessment of nanomaterials using an advanced decision-making framework,the DF4nanoGrouping

As presented at the 2016 TechConnect World Innovation Conference on 22–25 May 2016 in Washington DC, USA, the European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) ‘Nano Task Force’ proposes a Decision-making framework for the grouping and testing of nanomaterials (DF4nanoGrouping) consisting of three tiers to assign nanomaterials to four main groups with possible further subgrouping to refine specific information needs. The DF4nanoGrouping covers all relevant aspects of a nanomaterial’s life cycle and biological pathways: intrinsic material properties and system-dependent properties (that depend upon the nanomaterial’s respective surroundings), biopersistence, uptake and biodistribution, and cellular and apical toxic effects. Use, release, and exposure route may be applied as ‘qualifiers’ to determine if, e.g., nanomaterials cannot be released from products, which may justify waiving of testing. The four main groups encompass (1) soluble, (2) biopersistent high aspect ratio, (3) passive, and (4) active nanomaterials. The DF4nanoGrouping foresees a stepwise evaluation of nanomaterial properties and effects with increasing biological complexity. In case studies covering carbonaceous nanomaterials, metal oxide, and metal sulfate nanomaterials, amorphous silica and organic pigments (all nanomaterials having primary particle sizes below 100 nm), the usefulness of the DF4nanoGrouping for nanomaterial hazard assessment was confirmed. The DF4nanoGrouping facilitates grouping and targeted testing of nanomaterials. It ensures that sufficient data for the risk assessment of a nanomaterial are available, and it fosters the use of non-animal methods. No studies are performed that do not provide crucial data. Thereby, the DF4nanoGrouping serves to save both animals and resources.     

静电纺丝法制备纳米纤维及其应用进展

静电纺丝技术是采用物理方法制备一维采用纳米纤维的有效方法,它在大规模制备有序的、复杂的一维纳米材料方面具有很强优势。除了制备一维纤维材料外,电纺丝技术还用于制备二维和三维多孔结构的材料。本文分为三部分,首先介绍了静电纺丝技术的原理和方法;然后综述了静电纺丝技术在制备一维材料方面的研究进展,最后列举了静电纺丝技术在生物工程领域的应用。