Hadronic light-by-light scattering contribution to the muon g－2

We review recent developments concerning the hadronic light-by-light scattering contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. We first discuss why fully off-shell hadronic form factors should be used for the evaluation of this contribution to the g- 2. We then reevaluate the numerically dominant pion-exchange contribution in the framework of large-No QCD, using an off-shell pion-photon-photon form factor which fulfills all QCD short-distance constraints, in particular, a new short-distance constraint on the off-shell form factor at the external vertex in g- 2, which relates the form factor to the quark condensate magnetic susceptibility in QCD. Combined with available evaluations of the other contributions to hadronic light-by-light scattering this leads to the new result αμ^LbyL;had= （116±40） × 10^-11, with a conservative error estimate in view of the many still unsolved problems. Some potential ways for further improvements are briefly discussed as well. For the electron we obtain the new estimate αe^LbyL;had= （3.9± 1.3） × 10^-14.     

Effective Mass of Strong-Coupling Bound Polaron in a Triangular Quantum Well Induced by Rashba Effect

In this paper, on the basis of Huybrechts＇ strong-coupling polaron model, the Tokuda modified linearcombination operator method and the unitary transformation method are used to study the properties of the strongcoupling bound polaron considering the influence of Rashba effect, which is brought by the spin-orbit （SO） interaction, in the semiconductor triangular quantum well （TQW）. Numerical calculation on the RbCI TQW, as the example, is performed. The expressions for the effective mass of the polaron as a function of the vibration frequency, the velocity, the Coulomb bound potential and the electron areal density are derived. Numerical results show that the total effective mass of the polaron is composed of three parts. The interactions between the orbit and the spin with different directions have different effects on the effective mass of the bound polaron.     

Study of various charged ρ-meson masses in asymmetric nuclear matter

We study the effective masses of p-mesons for different charged states in asymmetric nuclear matter （ANM） using the Quantum Hadrodynamics II model. The closed form analytical results are presented for the effective masses of p-mesons. We have shown that the different charged p-mesons have mass splitting similar to various charged pions. The effect of the Dirac sea is also examined, and it is found that this effect is very important and leads to a reduction of the different charged p-meson masses in ANM.     

Angular dependence of multiple-bit upset response in static random access memories under heavy ion irradiation

Experimental evidence is presented relevant to the angular dependences of multiple-bit upset (MBU) rates and patterns in static random access memories (SRAMs) under heavy ion irradiation. The single event upset (SEU) cross sections under tilted ion strikes are overestimated by 23.9% 84.6%, compared with under normally incident ion with the equivalent linear energy transfer (LET) value of ～ 41 MeV/(mg/cm 2 ), which can be partially explained by the fact that the MBU rate for tilted ions of 30 is 8.5%-9.8% higher than for normally incident ions. While at a lower LET of ～ 9.5 MeV/(mg/cm 2 ), no clear discrepancy is observed. Moreover, since the ion trajectories at normal and tilted incidences are different, the predominant double-bit upset (DBU) patterns measured are different in both conditions. Those differences depend on the LET values of heavy ions and devices under test. Thus, effective LET method should be used carefully in ground-based testing of single event effects (SEE) sensitivity, especially in MBU-sensitive devices.     

Hybrid plasmon waveguides with metamaterial substrate and dielectric substrate:A contrastive study

Hybrid plasmon waveguides, respectively, with metamaterial substrate and dielectric substrate are investigated and analyzed contrastively with a numerical finite element method. Basic properties, including propagation length Lp, effective mode area Aeff, and energy distribution, are obtained and compared with waveguide geometric parameters at 1.55 gin. For the waveguide with metamaterial substrate, propagation length Lp increases to several tens of microns and effective mode area Aeff is reduced by more than 3 times. Moreover, the near field region is expanded, leading to potential applications in nanophotonics. Therefore, it could be very helpful for improving the integration density in optical chips and developing functional components on a nanometer scale for all optical integrated circuits.     

An approach to evaluate the efficiency of y-ray detectors to determine the radioactivity in environmental samples

This work provides an approach to determine the efficiency of T-ray detectors with a good accuracy in order to determine the concentrations of either naturally occurring or artificially prepared radionuclides. This approach is based on the efficiency transfer formula （ET）, the effective solid angles, the self- absorptions of the source matrix, the attenuation by the source container and the detector housing materials on the detector efficiency. The experimental calibration process was done using radioactive （Cylindrical ＆ Marinelli） sources, in different dimensions, that contain aqueous 152Eu radionuclide. The comparison point to a fine agreement between the experimental measured and calculated efficiencies for the （NaI ＆ HPGe） detectors using volumetric radioactive sources.     

Analysis of radiation environmental safety for China＇s Spallation Neutron Source （CSNS）

The China Spallation Neutron Source（CSNS） is going to be located in Dalang Town,Dongguan City in the Guangdong Province.In this paper we report the results of the parameters related with environment safety based on experiential calculations and Monte Carlo simulations.The main project of the accelerator is an under ground construction.On top there is a 0.5 m concrete and 5.0 m soil covering for shielding,which can reduce the dose out of the tunnel＇s top down to 0.2 μSv/h.For the residents on the boundary of the CSNS,the dose produced by skyshine,which is caused by the penetrated radiation leaking from the top of the accelerator,is no more than 0.68 μSv/a.When CSNS is operating normally,the maximal annual effective dose due to the emission of gas from the tunnel is 2.40×10-3 mSv/a to the public adult,and 2.29×10-3 mSv/a to a child,both values are two orders of magnitude less than the limiting value for control and management.CSNS may give rise to an activation of the soil and groundwater in the nearest tunnels,where the main productions are 3H,7Be,22Na,54Mn,etc.But the specific activity is less than the exempt specific activity in the national standard GB13376-92.So it is safe to say that the environmental impact caused by the activation of soil and groundwater is insignificant.To sum up,for CSNS,as a powerful neutron source device,driven by a highenergy high-current proton accelerator,a lot of potential factors affecting the environment exist.However,as long as effective shieldings for protection are adopted and strict rules are drafted,the environmental impact can be kept under control within the limits of the national standard.     

B~0-B~0 Mixing in Local Gauged Baryon and Lepton Numbers

Using the effective Hamiltonian method, we analyze the B0-B0 mixing in the extension of the standard model （SM） where baryon number and lepton number are local gauge symmetries. The numerical results indicate the correction from the extra particles to the mass difference ArnB is significant. There is a 60% enhancement compared to the SM prediction for AraB at most, which agrees with the current experimental result.     

Monte Carlo simulation of indoor external exposure due to gamma-emitting radionuclides in building materials

The use of building materials containing naturally occurring radionuclides such as^40K,^238U,^232Th and their progeny, could lead to external exposures to the residents of such buildings. In this paper, a set of models are constructed to calculate the specific effective dose rates（the effective dose rate per Bq/kg of ^40K, the ^238U series,and the ^232Th series） imposed on residents by building materials with the MCNPX code. The effect of chemical composition, position concerned in the room and thickness as well as density of material is analyzed. In order to facilitate more precise assessment of indoor external dose due to gamma-emitting radionuclides in building materials,three regressive expressions are proposed and validated by measured data to calculate specific effective rates for40 K,the238U series and the232 Th series, respectively.     

Pade Expansion and Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering in Coupled Channels

We extend our Pade-aided analysis of the nonperturbative renormalization of nucleon-nucleon scattering to the case of coupled channels.     

Mechanical properties of the thermal equilibrium Friedmann–Robertson–Walker universe model

The mechanical property of the thermal-equilibrium Friedmann-Robertson-Walker （TEFRW） universe is first studied. The equation of state and the scale factor of the TEFRW universe take the forms ofw = w（a;zT） and a = a（a;zT,Ho）. For the universe consisting of the nonrelativistic matter and the dark energy, the behavior of the dark energy depends on the value of the present-day matter fraction. For the TEFRW universe consisting of N ingredients, the effective temperature is introduced. Lastly, a simple TEFRW universe model is analyzed.     

Effective Action for Noncommutative U（1） Gauge Theory with Higher Dimensional Terms

In this paper we apply the assumption of our recent work in noncommutative scalar models to the noncommutative U（1） gauge theories. This assumption is that the noneommutative effects start to be visible continuously from a scale ANC and that below this scale the theory is a commutative one. Based on this assumption and using background field method and loop calculations, an effective action is derived for noncommutative U（1） gauge theory. It will be shown that the corresponding low energy effective theory is asymptotically free and that under this condition the noncommutative quadratic IR divergences will not appear. The effective theory contains higher dimensional terms, which become more important at high energies. These terms predict an elastic photon-photon scattering due to the noncommutativity of space. The coefficients of these higher dimensional terms also satisfy a positivity constraint indicating that in this theory the related diseases of superluminal signal propagating and bad analytic properties of S-matrix do not exist. In the last section, we will apply our method to the noncommutative extra dimension theories.     

Effective Two-State Model and NOON States for Double-Well Bose-Einstein Condensates in Strong-Interaction Regime

The model of double-well Bose-Einstein condensates in the strong-interaction regime is shown to reduce adiabatically to an effective two-state model describing the Rabi oscillations between the two atomic Fock states ｜N, 0〉 and [0, N〉, and the NOON states of arbitrary ultracold atoms can therefore be generated periodically from the initial state of either one of the Foek states.     

Joule-Thomson Coefficient for Strongly Interacting Unitary Fermi Gas

The Joule-Thomson effect reflects the interaction among constituent particles of macroscopic system. For classical ideal gas, the corresponding .Joule-Thomson coefficient is vanishing while it is non-zero for ideal quantum gas due to the quantum degeneracy. In recent years, much attention is paid to the unitary Fermi gas with infinite two-body scattering length. According to universal analysis, the thermodynamical law of unitary Fermi gas is similar to that of non-interacting ideal gas, which can be explored by the virial theorem P = 2E/3V. Based on previous works, we further study the unitary Fermi gas properties. The effective chemical potential is introduced to characterize the nonlinear levels crossing effects in a strongly interacting medium. The changing behavior of the rescaled Joule-Thomson coefficient according to temperature manifests a quite different behavior from that for ideal Fermi gas.     

Quantum-Mechanical Study on Surrounding-Gate Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors

As the channel length of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors （MOSFETs） scales into the nanometer regime, quantum mechanical effects are becoming more and more significant. In this work, a model for the surrounding-gate （SG） nMOSFET is developed. The SchrSdinger equation is solved analytically. Some of the solutions are verified via results obtained from simulations. It is found that the percentage of the electrons with lighter conductivity mass increases as the silicon body radius decreases, or as the gate voltage reduces, or as the temperature decreases. The eentroid of inversion-layer is driven away from the silicon-oxide interface towards the silicon body, therefore the carriers will suffer less scattering from the interface and the electrons effective mobility of the SG nMOSFETs will be enhanced.     

Remarks on interpretations of the Eotvos experiment and misinterpretation of E=mc^2

The Eotvos experiment on the verification of equivalence between inertial mass and gravitational mass of a body is famous for its accuracy. A question is, however, can these experimental results be applied to the case of a physical space in general relativity, where the space coordinates could be arbitrary？ It is pointed out that it can be validly applied because it has been proven that Einstein＇s equivalence principle for a physical space must have a frame of reference with the Euclidean-like structure. Will claimed further that such an overall accuracy can be translated into an accuracy of the equivalence between inertial mass and each type of energy. It is shown that, according to general relativity, such a claim is incorrect. The root of this problem is due to an inadequate understanding of special relativity that produced the famous equation E=mc^2, which must be understood in terms of energy conservation. Concurrently, it is pointed out that this error is a problem in Will＇s book, ‘Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics＇.     

Entropy of Quantum Dynamical Systems and Sufficient Families in Orthomodular Lattices with Bayessian State

The purpose of the present paper is to study the entropy hs（Ф） of a quantum dynamical systems Ф = （ L, s, Ф）, where s is a bayessian state on an orthomodular lattice L. Having introduced the notion of entropy hs（ Ф, A） of partition A of a Boolean algebra B with respect to a state s and a state preserving homomorphism Ф, we prove a few results on that, define the entropy of a dynamical system hs（Ф）, and show its invariance. The concept of sufficient families is also given and we establish that hs （Ф） comes out to be equal to the supremum of hs （Ф,A）, where A varies over any sufficient family. The present theory has then been extended to the quantum dynamical system （ L, s, Ф）, which as an effect of the theory of commutators and Bell inequalities can equivalently be replaced by the dynamical system （B, s0, Ф）, where B is a Boolean algebra and so is a state on B.     

Effective Ru moment in RuSr2Eu2−xCexCu2O10 from high-temperature magnetic susceptibility

We have made high-temperature (250 K<T<800 K) DC susceptibility measurements in the compounds RuSr₂Eu_2−xCe_xCu₂O₁₀ for x=0.6,0.8, and 1.0 in order to determine the Ru effective magnetic moment. After carefully subtracting all contributions to the magnetic susceptibility except that of the Ru ions, we have been able to fit the Ru susceptibility with a law χ_Ru=χ₀+C_Ru/(T−Θ_Ru). We have found that the Ru effective moment falls between the values expected for Ru⁵⁺ in spin states and . We have also found a dependence of μ_eff(Ru) and Θ_Ru with the Ce content x.     

Status and accuracy of the Monte Carlo generators for luminosity measurements

The status and accuracy of the precision Monte Carlo generators used for luminosity measurements at flavour factories is reviewed. It is shown that, thanks to a considerable, long-term effort in tuned comparisons between the predictions of independent programs, as well as in the validation of the generators against the presently available calculations of the next-to-next-to-leading order QED corrections to Bhabha scattering, the theoretical accuracy reached by the most precise tools is of about one per mille. This error estimate is valid for realistic experimental cuts, appears to be quite robust and is already sufficient for very accurate luminosity measurements. However, recent progress and possible advances to further improve it are also discussed.     

Beam tail effect of a performance-enhanced EC-ITC RF gun

The beam tail effect of multi-bunches will influence the electron beam performance in a high intensity thermionic RF gun. Beam dynamic calculations that illustrate the working states of single beam tail and multi-pulse feed-in of a performance-enhanced EC-ITC （external cathode independent tunable cavity） RF gun for an FEL （free electron laser） injector are performed to estimate the extracted bunch properties. By using both Parmela and homemade MATLAB codes, the effects of a single beam tail as well as interactions of multi-pulses are analyzed, where a ring-based electron algorithm is adopted to calculated RF fields and the space-charge field. Furthermore, the procedure of unexpected deviated-energy particles mixed with an effective bunch head is described by the MATLAB code as well. As a result, the performance-enhanced EC-ITC RF gun is proved to have the capability to extract continual stable bunches suitable for a high requirement THz-FEL.