利用自发布里渊散射测量液体声速

为了克服共振干涉法在液体的热力学声速和高频声速测量方面精度不高的问题, 本文建立了一种基于自发布里渊散射原理的测定液体声速的实验装置. 利用法布里-珀罗干涉仪对散射光进行扫描滤波, 数据采集卡结合光子计数器对散射光进行探测, 设计了一种散射光信息采集分析方法. 该实验方法有效的解决了传统布里渊散射方法中信号失真的问题, 显著地提升了液体声速测量精度. 对308.6–906.2 MHz内298.15 K饱和液相CCl₄声速进行了测量, 测量结果与文献值具有较好一致性. 利用法布里-珀罗干涉仪周期性扫描的滤波原理, 通过在测量得到的布里渊频移上加减整数倍个自由波谱区, 得到了更大频率的波谱信息, 进而设计一种测定介质高频声速的方法. 对CCl₄在5406.1–5521.0 MHz频段内的声速进行了测量. 实验结果显示, CCl₄的热力学声速随频率无明显变化, 而高频声速随频率的增大呈增大趋势且远大于热力学声速, 证实CCl₄具有色散现象.     

基于原有实验的超声波设计性实验

利用THSS-1型声速测量仪进行改造,将超声波实验改造为专题设计性实验,测量超声波在液体(任意流体)中的传播速度以及超声波在其中的损耗系数等实验内容[1-7];在数据处理上利用Matlab,Origin计算机辅助技术完成。     

利用超声光栅测量液体声速的影响研究

根据声光效应原理,利用分光计和超声光栅对生活中几种常见液体(蒸馏水、75%乙醇、食用油、5%Na Cl溶液、30%葡萄糖溶液)中的声速进行了测量,同时测量了不同浓度葡萄糖溶液中的超声波声速,并利用Origin软件对其进行数据拟合分析,结果显示:不同液体介质和同种液体不同浓度对超声波声速的测量均有一定程度的影响。在几种常见的液体中,葡萄糖溶液中测量的声速误差最小;超声波在葡萄糖溶液中传播的速度在一定浓度范围内线性增大,而在浓度为32%葡萄糖溶液中的声速的拟合残差最小,该浓度下测量的超声波声速精确度最高,可作为测量超声波在葡萄糖溶液中传播速度的有效浓度。     

超声波测流量

一、超声波测流量的优点 利用超声波测量液体和气体的流速、流量,很早就有人研究,由于技术水平所限,一直没有很大发展．最近几十年由于电子技术的进步,超声波流量计获得实际应用,而且日益完善,与经典的流量计相比,超声波流量计具有下述优点： １．超声波流量计能作成非接触式,可对不易接触和观察的流体进行测量． ２．超声波流量计不受流体物理性质和化学性质的影响,诸如流体的粘性、导电性、混浊性及腐蚀性等均不防碍超声波流量计的应用． ３．超声波流量计的指示读数与所测流体流量成线性函数,便于流量的直接读数、记录和流量累…     

粘性流体对涡轮流量计仪表系数影响的实验研究

流体的粘性对涡轮流量计的仪表系数有很大影响．本文使用活塞式液体标准体积管在不同粘度下对涡轮流量计进行了实验研究，得出了仪表系数与流量、流体的粘度之间关系曲线．     

纹影法在超声波可视化及声速测量中的应用

本文探讨了一种利用纹影法观察声光介质内部超声波及测量其声速的方法,利用该方法可以直接观察到声光介质内部的超声波图像.在一定条件下,可以观察到晶体内部的折射率周期性分布图像,进而计算得到超声波在晶体内的传播速度.该方法为声光介质内部的声速测量提供了一个新的思路,并且有助于对超声波的传播有一个更形象的了解.     

一种利用混合介质测量SBS介质布里渊线宽的方法

提出了一种利用双池受激布里渊散射(SBS)系统选用混合介质,进而测量SBS介质布里渊线宽的方法.在紧凑双池SBS系统的放大池中放入待测介质,在振荡池中放入布里渊频移可调的混合介质,测出放大池待测介质增益系数随布里渊频移偏离的洛伦兹曲线,该曲线半高处的线宽即为待测介质的布里渊线宽.实验上在Nd:YAG调Q激光系统中,选用CCl₄/C₆H₆混合介质,测量了四氯乙烯(C₂Cl₄)、六氯丁二烯(C_{关键词： 受激布里渊散射 混合介质 布里渊线宽}     

控制氧化层对双势垒纳米硅浮栅存储结构性能的影响

在等离子体增强化学气相沉积(PECVD)系统中,利用逐层淀积非晶硅(a-Si)和等离子体氧化相结合的方法制备二氧化硅(SiO₂)介质层.电容电压(C-V)和电导电压(G-V)测量结果表明：利用该方法在低温(250 ℃)条件下制备的SiO₂介质层均匀致密,其固定氧化物电荷和界面态密度分别为9×10¹¹cm^-2和2×10¹¹cm^-2·eV^-1,击穿场强达4.6 MV/cm,与热氧化形成的SiO₂介质层的性质相当.将该SiO₂介质层作为控制氧化层应用在双势垒纳米硅(nc-Si)浮栅存储结构中,通过调节控制氧化层的厚度,有效阻止栅电极与nc-Si之间的电荷交换,延长存储时间,使存储性能得到明显改善. 关键词： 等离子体氧化 二氧化硅 纳米硅 控制氧化层     

LBO晶体的布里渊散射与弹性和压电系数的测量

简述了应用布里渊散射测量晶体的弹性和压电系数的方法,推导了C_2v点群晶体(100),(010)和(001)晶面内任意波矢方向的布里渊散射张量及声速各向异性方程.根据上述方法及结果,用180°散射测量了LBO晶体不同波矢方向的布里渊散射谱,得到了LBO晶体在特超声频率下所有独立的弹性和压电系数,并依此计算了该晶体的声速各向异性曲线. 关键词：     

超声波在磁性液体中的传播特性

本文报道超声波在磁性液体中的传播特性,首先研究了磁化状态建立与消失的弛豫过程,弛豫时间约20min,为了保证平衡状态下进行测量,所有数据均为附加磁场60min后进行的测量,然后在f=4HMz下,测量了φ=0,π/2的声速与磁场的关系,声速与磁性液体中磁性颗粒浓度的关系,对有关理论进行了解释。 关键词：     

Theory of transit time ultrasonic flowmeters

A theory of transit time ultrasonic flowmeters for clean fluids is developed from the equations of fluid mechanics applied simultaneously to the fluid and the sound vibrations. These equations are linearized (weak sound) and use is made of the electroacoustic reciprocity theorem to give a relation between the voltages and currents at the transducer terminals and the fluid velocity. The technique of “reciprocal operation” of a transit time ultrasonic flowmeter is described and the way this technique eliminates zero drift is explained. The theory can be applied to meters with broad sound beams (which provide a better average over velocity profiles) or meters in which the wavelength of sound is not necessarily small compared with the duct diameter. Small modificaition of the sound field (due to flow) is assumed and the resulting phase (or amplitude) shift of the received signal is expressed as an integral throughout the fluid of the dot product of the fluid velocity and a weight vector defined in terms of the sound fields in the stationary fluid. Simple flowmeter designs which approach the ideal of complete immunity to velocity distribution are described.     

液体材料超声处理过程中声场和流场的分布规律研究

针对合金熔体等液体材料的超声处理过程,选取水作为透明模型材料,采用数值模拟计算和示踪粒子实验方法,研究了20和490 kHz两种频率超声作用下水中的声场和流场分布.结果表明,增大变幅杆半径能够提高水中声压水平,扩大空化效应的发生区域.当超声频率为20 kHz时,水中声压最大值出现在超声变幅杆下端面处,且声压沿传播距离的增大而显著减小.如果超声频率增加至490 kHz,水中的声压级相比于20 kHz时明显提高,且声压沿着超声传播方向呈现出周期性振荡特征.两种频率超声作用下水中的流场呈现相似的分布特征,且平均流速均随着变幅杆半径增大表现出先升高后降低的趋势.变幅杆半径相同时,20 kHz频率超声作用下水中的平均流速高于490 kHz频率超声.采用示踪粒子图像测速技术实时观察和测定了水中的流速分布,发现其与计算结果基本一致.     

Ultrasonic cross-correlation flowmeters

The majority of ultrasonic flowmeters ultilize the Doppler principle so that the measurement depends upon the value of the velocity of sound in the fluid. Variations of the sound velocity can, therefore, introduce measurement errors. This paper describes an ultrasonic method of measuring the flow of liquids and gases using cross-correlation techniques. There is no restriction to the flow and the measurement accuracy is in principle independent of the velocity of sound in the fluid.     

速差法超声波气体流量计的原理和校准

本简要地介绍一种利用超声脉冲沿顺、逆流方向上传播速度之差来测定气体流速及流量的新的微机化超声波气体流量的工作原理，以及它在内径为７００ｍｍ，流速在３－１３ｍ／ｓ范围内的校准结果，实验结果表明该微机化超声气体流量计的测速精度优于±２％。     

速差法超声波气体流量计的原理和校准

本文简要地介绍一种利用超声脉冲沿顺、逆流方向上传播速度之差来测定气体流速及流量的新的微机化超声波气体流量计的工作原理，以及它在内径为700mm，流速在3—13m＼s范围内的校准结果．实验结果表明该微机化超声气体流量计的测速精度优于±2％．     

Numerical simulation of transit-time ultrasonic flowmeters: uncertainties due to flow profile and fluid turbulence

Flowmeter measurement using the ultrasonic transit-time method is based on the apparent difference of the sound velocity in the flow direction and in the opposite direction. This method gives a flow velocity averaged along a particular acoustical path. To convert this path velocity to a velocity averaged over the entire cross-section of the flowing medium, the knowledge of the flow velocity profile is essential. However, the acoustical paths joining the two transducers are supposed to be straight and fluid turbulence phenomena are neglected. In this paper, we describe a numerical procedure to estimate the uncertainties due to these approximations in the case of fully developed turbulence. The ultrasonic propagation is modelled in 2-D moving inhomogeneous media via a ray tracing algorithm. Influence of mean profiles of temperature and velocity is studied on simple examples. Fluid temperature fluctuations and fluid velocity turbulence are considered in the stochastic framework to obtain average uncertainties on the measurements of the liquid flow rate.     

超声波流量计在飞机燃油流量测试中的应用研究

燃油系统输油流量测试是飞机燃油系统地面模拟试验的一项重要内容;由于试验油箱内部的各管路与真实飞机油箱管路的布置是一致的,不适合在油箱内的狭小空间安装涡轮流量计,并且会破坏管路流阻特性;由于使用传统油箱油量标定的方法进行输油流量测量耗时耗力,所以需要采用一种新的技术或测量方法来完成油箱输油流量的测量;超声波流量计体积小,不会破坏输油管路流阻特性,防爆等级也符合试验要求;对超声波流量计在浸油状态下测试进行可行性分析,将超声波流量计在飞机燃油系统试验中实现创新性应用;通过试验证明了超声波流量计在飞机燃油流量测试中发挥了重要作用,并且首次将超声波流量计应用到飞机试验油箱内部输油管路的流量测试中,这对飞机其他系统的流量测试和飞机机上排故试验起到了重要作用。     

除垢超声波传播影响因素的理论研究

从一维平面波理论入手分析了超声波声压分布特性。依据多普勒频移原理,在声场的运动方程,连续性方程,波动方程的基础上,建立一个超声波在流动的液体中传播的控制方程。根据轴对称模型的实际特点,简化了所得方程,并求出解析解。结果表明流动液体可以产生声波的衰减。液体的黏滞性是产生超声波衰减的重要原因。超声波的频率较高,液体的黏滞性对超声波衰减影响明显。依据黏滞力与速度梯度的关系,建立一个超声波在黏滞液体传播的控制方程,并依据边界条件求出解析解,反映了媒质黏滞性对超声波传播尤其是衰减特性的影响。     

Ultrasonic determination of the particle size distribution in water-based magnetic liquid

Magnetic liquids are stable colloidal suspensions of nano-sized magnetic particles in a carrier liquid medium. In the present paper the determination of the particle size distribution function using ultrasonic spectroscopy is described. The ultrasonic spectra of water-based magnetic fluid measured in the 3.5-50 MHz frequency range are analyzed using formulas for the velocity and absorption of sound in dispersion media obtained by Vinogradov. The results of the ultrasonic studies are compared with the particles size distribution function evaluated from the processing of the magnetic susceptibility data.     

Ultrasonic measurement of gas flow using electrostatic transducers

Ultrasonic gas flowmeters typically use narrowband piezoelectric transducer arrangements for interrogating the flow of gas in a pipe. In this work, the suitability of broadband electrostatic transducers operating at frequencies of up to 1 MHz for ultrasonic measurement of gas flow has been investigated. The transit time method of ultrasonic gas flow measurement was adopted and experiments were carried out using a laboratory test rig capable of producing a range of gas flowrates up to 17.5 m/s. The test rig also allowed easy interchange of different prototype flowmetering sections. Times of flight of ultrasonic waves interrogating the gas flow were measured using separate send/receive electrostatic transducer arrangements. Two flowmeter configurations were considered. The first interrogated the flow at 45 degrees in contra-propagating upstream and downstream directions. The second consisted of an up-stream interrogation at 45 degrees to the gas flow and an interrogation made normal to the flow direction. k factors correlating the fluid velocity along the ultrasonic path with the mean fluid velocity in the pipe were calculated using experimental ultrasonic data and anemometer measurements. All transducer configurations were numerically modelled using the computational fluid dynamics software package FLOTRAN (ANSYS Inc.). Theoretical gas flow velocities for both transducer arrangements were subsequently compared with experimental values and found to be in excellent agreement. A flow-dependent frequency shift of the received ultrasonic signals was also observed simultaneously with the transit time measurement.