超声波流量计测量流体声速的实验方法

为获取液体介质的声速值,设计了一种测定流体声速的实验方法,该方法利用时差式超声波流量计和标准流量校验设备同时对封闭管道中的液体进行流速测量,分别得到流速的测量值和真实值,从而计算出超声波流量计的仪表系数,并以此导出了一定条件下液体介质的声速值随仪表系数的变化关系式.利用该方法测量给出了0.17 MPa下四氧化二氮(N₂O₄)在7.6-19.4 ℃、偏二甲肼((CH₃)₂NNH₂)在6.5-25.2 ℃范围内的流体声速值,并为其他液体介质的声速测量提供了借鉴. 关键词： 超声波流量计 声速 仪表系数 温度     

低温流量测量

低温流体的许多性质比较特殊 ,其流量测量不同于一般流体。文中对文丘里流量计、涡轮流量计和相关流量计等几种常用低温流量计的原理、基本技术参数和应用范围进行了介绍 ,并且对这几种流量计的性能进行了比较。     

基于旋涡发生体的光纤Bragg光栅流量计的研究

结合光纤光栅传感检测技术与旋涡分离原理,研制了一种基于三角柱型旋涡发生体的光纤Bragg光栅流量计,在三角柱旋涡发生体中部设置导压腔,腔内设置粘贴Bragg光栅的等强度悬臂梁,流体经过发生体两侧时,交替分离旋涡,导压腔内部产生脉动流体,等强度悬臂梁产生振动且振动频率与旋涡分离频率成正比,通过检测悬臂梁振动频率测量流体流量。实验表明,该流量计的线性度为4.38%FS,仪表系数为K=3.659,光纤光栅波长移位频率对流量的响应度为1.182Hz/(m3/h)。     

基于旋涡发生体的光纤Bragg光栅流量计的研究

结合光纤光栅传感检测技术与旋涡分离原理,研制了一种基于三角柱型旋涡发生体的光纤Bragg光栅流量计,在三角柱旋涡发生体中部设置导压腔,腔内设置粘贴Bragg光栅的等强度悬臂梁,流体经过发生体两侧时,交替分离旋涡,导压腔内部产生脉动流体,等强度悬臂梁产生振动且振动频率与旋涡分离频率成正比,通过检测悬臂梁振动频率测量流体流量。实验表明,该流量计的线性度为4.38%FS,仪表系数为K=3.659,光纤光栅波长移位频率对流量的响应度为1.182Hz/(m3/h)。     

取样管型流分相式气液两相流体流量计

提出了用取样管来组成一种分流分相式气液两相流体流量计,通过取样管从被测两相流中成比例地分流出一部分气液混合物,然后应用-小型分离器将其分离成单相气体和液体,并用单相流量计分别测量它们的流量,最后根据测量值计算被测两相流体的各相总流量.文中给出了这种两相流体流量计的组成原理,分流系数特性及实验结果.研究结果表明,取样管的端口形状对分流系数的特性影响较大,其中S型端口的效果较理想,能够在较宽的测量范围内保持分流系数的稳定.     

超声波测流量

一、超声波测流量的优点 利用超声波测量液体和气体的流速、流量,很早就有人研究,由于技术水平所限,一直没有很大发展．最近几十年由于电子技术的进步,超声波流量计获得实际应用,而且日益完善,与经典的流量计相比,超声波流量计具有下述优点： １．超声波流量计能作成非接触式,可对不易接触和观察的流体进行测量． ２．超声波流量计不受流体物理性质和化学性质的影响,诸如流体的粘性、导电性、混浊性及腐蚀性等均不防碍超声波流量计的应用． ３．超声波流量计的指示读数与所测流体流量成线性函数,便于流量的直接读数、记录和流量累…     

离心油泵输送高粘性流体实验研究

本文通过实验研究了离心泵输送不同粘度流体时的性能,主要研究流体的粘性及油泵转速对其性能的影响,总结了离心泵特性曲线与输送介质粘度的变化规律,推导了各性能曲线的函数表达式及最高效率点参数求解方法,计算出各种粘度及不同转速时的换算系数,并与各国换算结果进行了对比。     

气体在微圆管内层流换热的壁面效应的研究

微通道内流体流动与换热规律不同于常规尺度，这可归因于“贴壁层”流体分子与壁面相互作用的影响．当通道尺度小到与分子自由程可比时，贴壁层影响就不能忽略，贴壁层内流体的输运性质将不同于贴壁层以外流体的输运性质.在已求得贴壁层内气体粘度变化的基础上也同样可求得贴壁层内气体导热系数的变化．以此为基础，求解了微圆管内气体完全发展的层流换热。     

稠密流体导热系数和粘度计算的新方程

根据热力学面上流体无量纲化剩余迁移性质曲线与对比密度曲线的相似性,通过关联无量纲化剩余导热系数和粘度与对比密度的方程,提出了一个推算卤代烃制冷工质稠密流体迁移性质状态方程。在常压下迁移性质计算的基础上,应用该方程只要已知物质的临界参数、分子量和偏心因子便可以计算稠密流体（气相或液相）的导热系数和粘度。该方法的提出使得迁移性质的计算像平衡性质一样通过状态方程便可以求出。与实验数据比较,本方法计算导热系数的总平均偏差为 4.8％,最大偏差为18.0％;计算粘度的总平均偏差为4.4％,最大偏差为 15.6％。     

一种新的气液两相流体流量计-三通管型分流分相式两相流体流量计

利用三通管的相分离特性,从被测气液两相流体中分流分离出一部分单相气体,通过测量这部分单相气体的流量计算被测气液两相流体的流量或干度.文中给出了这种分流分相式气液两相流体流量计的组成原理,分流系数特性及实验结果.     

燃油涡轮流量传感器故障仿真及试验研究

在进行无人机燃油流量检查过程中,发动机在低转速下试车,燃油流量测量结果与理论值相差甚远。为定位并分析故障产生原因,基于simulink建立了燃油涡轮流量传感器数学逻辑模型进行故障仿真。仿真结果表明,外界磁场通过燃油涡轮流量传感器内部线圈耦合产生干扰信号,进而转换为干扰脉冲,使得脉冲频率增大。在燃油测试台上利用线圈瞬间通/断电模拟外界磁场干扰进行验证试验,进一步验证了仿真结果的正确性。对磁-电式涡轮流量传感器排故工作具有指导意义。     

一种测量液体粘滞系数的新方法

文章报道了一种测量液体粘滞系数的新方法－微机控制超声多普勒法,它将超声技术与计算机技术相结合,利用超声多普勒效应接收液体中下落小球的频移信号,将此信号送微机进行采集、比较、判断、计算并出粘滞系数,应用本方法能快速准确地测量多种液体的粘滞系数。     

超声波流量计在飞机燃油流量测试中的应用研究

燃油系统输油流量测试是飞机燃油系统地面模拟试验的一项重要内容;由于试验油箱内部的各管路与真实飞机油箱管路的布置是一致的,不适合在油箱内的狭小空间安装涡轮流量计,并且会破坏管路流阻特性;由于使用传统油箱油量标定的方法进行输油流量测量耗时耗力,所以需要采用一种新的技术或测量方法来完成油箱输油流量的测量;超声波流量计体积小,不会破坏输油管路流阻特性,防爆等级也符合试验要求;对超声波流量计在浸油状态下测试进行可行性分析,将超声波流量计在飞机燃油系统试验中实现创新性应用;通过试验证明了超声波流量计在飞机燃油流量测试中发挥了重要作用,并且首次将超声波流量计应用到飞机试验油箱内部输油管路的流量测试中,这对飞机其他系统的流量测试和飞机机上排故试验起到了重要作用。     

应用单相流量计测量油水两相流

为探讨单相流量计用于液液两相流参数测量的可行性和有效性,本文对文丘里管、涡轮流量计和椭圆齿轮流量计用于油水两相流测量的响应特性进行了实验研究.文丘里管和涡轮流量计的实验管径为15 mm,25 mm,40 mm,椭圆齿轮流量计的实验管径为25 mm和40 mm.油水两相流总体积流量范围为1～5 m3/h,油含率范围为15%～85%.实验结果表明,文丘里管在高油含率时测得的油水两相流流量比实际流量偏大4%～5%.涡轮流量计的测量误差随油含率升高呈现增大的趋势,最大测量洪差小于5%.椭圆齿轮流量计用于油水两相流测量时相对测量误差小于1.0%且基本不受油含率影响.     

Application of SH surface acoustic waves for measuring the viscosity of liquids in function of pressure and temperature

Viscosity measurements were carried out on triolein at pressures from atmospheric up to 650 MPa and in the temperature range from 10 °C to 40 °C using ultrasonic measuring setup. Bleustein–Gulyaev SH surface acoustic waves waveguides were used as viscosity sensors. Additionally, pressure changes occurring during phase transition have been measured over the same temperature range. Application of ultrasonic SH surface acoustic waves in the liquid viscosity measurements at high pressure has many advantages. It enables viscosity measurement during phase transitions and in the high-pressure range where the classical viscosity measurement methods cannot operate. Measurements of phase transition kinetics and viscosity of liquids at high pressures and various temperatures (isotherms) is a novelty. The knowledge of changes in viscosity in function of pressure and temperature can help to obtain a deeper insight into thermodynamic properties of liquids.     

Informationene

The flow rate of some liquids (water, heptane, toluene, xylene, dodecane) through Kapton nuclear track filters has been measured. The results can be interpreted with a modified Poiseuille formula. The influence of the viscosity of the liquids on their throughput through Kapton nuclear track filters has been determined. The purification of liquids with Kapton filters has been investigated. It is possible to measure the density of solid particles in deionized water by using Kapton filters. Consequently, nuclear track filters can remove solid particles from high-purity liquids. The soaking effect of some common liquid chemicals on Kapton filters has also been studied, no such soaking could be observed in most of the cases. Finally, these Kapton nuclear track filters are compared with a filter device from Hamamatsu (Japan).     

Measurement of viscosity and shear wave velocity of a liquid or slurry for on-line process control

An on-line sensor to measure the density of a liquid or slurry, based on longitudinal wave reflection at the solid-fluid interface, has been developed by the staff at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The objective of this research is to employ shear wave reflection at the solid-fluid interface to provide an on-line measurement of viscosity as well. Both measurements are of great interest for process control in many industries. Shear wave reflection measurements were conducted for a variety of liquids. By analyzing multiple reflections within the solid (only 0.63 cm thick-similar to pipe wall thickness) we increased the sensitivity of the measurement. At the sixth echo, sensitivity was increased sufficiently and this echo was used for fluid interrogation. Shear wave propagation of ultrasound in liquids is dependent upon the viscosity and the shear modulus. The data are analyzed using the theory for light liquids (such as water and sugar water solutions) and also using the theory for highly viscous liquids (such as silicone oils). The results show that, for light liquids, the shear wave reflection measurements interrogate the viscosity. However, for highly viscous liquids, it is the shear wave modulus that dominates the shear wave reflection. Since the density is known, the shear wave velocity in the liquid can be determined from the shear wave modulus. The results show that shear wave velocities in silicone oils are very small and range from 315 to 2389 cm/s. Shear wave reflection measurements are perhaps the only way that shear wave velocity in liquids can be determined, because the shear waves in liquids are highly attenuated. These results show that, depending on the fluid characteristics, either the viscosity or the shear wave velocity can be used for process control. There are several novel features of this sensor: (1) The sensor can be mounted as part of the wall of a pipeline or tank or submerged in a tank. (2) The sensor is very compact and can be located within the process stream. (3) The sensor can interrogate and characterize very attenuative liquids or slurries because the sensor operation depends upon reflection at the interface between the solid and the fluid, rather than on transmission through a liquid. (4) The sensor performance is not affected by fluid flow rate, entrained air, or vibration.     

Bond strength-coordination number fluctuations and the fragility of some ion-conducting oxide and chalcogenide glass-forming liquids

The concept of fragility has been used widely to characterize the temperature dependence of the viscosity of glass-forming liquids. According to a model proposed by one of the authors, the fragility is determined by the relaxation of structural units that form the melt and is described in terms of the bond strength, coordination number, and their fluctuations. In the present contribution, the model is applied to investigate the temperature dependence of the viscosity of some ion-conducting oxide and chalcogenide glass-forming liquids. From the analysis of the model, physical quantities such as the number of bonds that must be broken to observe the viscous flow are obtained. The analysis suggests also that good ionic conductors have an intermediate value of fragility.     

粘性液体中激光空泡辐射声波的特性研究

通过PZT水听器对不同粘度粘性液体中激光空泡脉动辐射的声波特性进行了实验,获得了粘性液体中激光泡声波并进行分析.分析结果表明:激光空泡在脉动过程中辐射的声波将受液体粘性影响,粘性系数越大,辐射声波强度越弱,峰值频率呈现增大的趋势.     

Spectral unraveling by space-selective Hadamard spectroscopy

Spectral unraveling by space-selective Hadamard spectroscopy (SUSHY) enables recording of NMR spectra of multiple samples loaded in multiple sample tubes in a modified spinner turbine and a regular 5mm liquids NMR probe equipped with a tri-axis pulsed field gradient coil. The individual spectrum from each sample is extracted by adding and subtracting data that are simultaneously obtained from all the tubes based on the principles of spatially resolved Hadamard spectroscopy. The well-known Hadamard spectroscopy has been applied for spatial selection and the method utilizes standard configuration of NMR instrument hardware. The SUSHY method can be easily incorporated in multi-dimensional multi-tube NMR experiments. This method combines the excitation multiplexing, natural advantage of FTNMR, and sample multiplexing and offers high-throughput by reducing the total experimental time by up to a factor of four in a 4-tube mode.