New method for calculating the spectra and radiation losses of leaky waves in multilayer optical waveguides

The efficiency of a new method for calculating the spectrum and attenuation coefficient of leaky electromagnetic modes is demonstrated with multilayer planar optical waveguides the guiding properties of which are determined by antiresonant reflection from the multilayer cladding (antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides) rather than by total internal reflection from the core-cladding interface as in standard optical waveguides. The new method applies to calculation of both electromagnetic modes in dielectric waveguides and electron quantum states in multibarrier semiconductor heterostructures. The characteristics of multilayer waveguides calculated by the new method are compared with published data obtained from a complex dispersion relation by the transfer matrix method. As an example, the wavelength dependence of the radiation losses for the first TE mode of a planar optical waveguide containing 52 pairs of layers is calculated.     

以模拟计算的制造成品率为最终评价指标的光学薄膜自动设计

本文提出了一种自动设计思想,即在多层膜设计过程中考虑监控误差对多层膜光学特性的影响。在自动设计的评价函数中不仅包含了膜系的光学特性,而且还包含了计算机模拟的制备成品率,并以最高的生产成品率作为最终的优化目标。用这种方法设计出的膜系不仅满足光学特性要求,而且具有较大的制造允差,便于最经济地组织生产。以宽带减反射膜,可见光加1.06μm的双波段减反射膜为例进行了自动设计,设计结果是令人满意的。     

利用光学薄膜模型研究垂直腔面发射激光器的光学特性

可以把垂直腔面发射激光器看作是多层光学薄膜,应用光学薄膜原理对其光学薄膜的特性进行了研究。计算分析了布拉格反射镜和谐振腔模的反射谱受器件结构变化的影响。通过利用菲涅耳系数矩阵法计算,得到了光在垂直腔面发射激光器器件结构中形成的驻波场分布。结果表明,利用菲涅耳系数矩阵法设计垂直腔面发射激光器的光学薄膜是一种快捷准确的方法。     

基底微缺陷对介质薄膜光学性能影响的理论研究

基于非均匀膜理论提出一种存在微缺陷的介质基底的折射率分层模型，将基底依次分为表面层、亚表面层和体材料层，其中表面层和亚面层分别等效为折射率服从统计分布的非均匀膜，将它们分别再次细分为N₁和N₂个子层，每一子层均视为均匀介质 膜.应用光学薄膜特征矩阵法对其进行理论分析，并对单层介质膜的光学性能进行数值计算. 研究结果表明：基底的表面和亚表面微缺陷改变了薄膜和基底的等效折射率，导致了准Brew ster角和组合反射率与理想情形的偏离.同时这些微缺陷也改变了光在薄膜和基底中的传播 特性，因此反射相移和相位差均偏离理想情形.在研究基底的微缺陷对多层介质膜光学性能 影响的分析和计算时，该模型同样适用. 关键词： 微缺陷 介质薄膜 非均匀膜 光学性能     

Au/SiO2纳米复合薄膜的微结构及光吸收特性研究

用多靶磁控溅射技术制备了Au/SiO₂纳米多层薄膜.利用透射电子显微镜以及吸 收光谱对Au/SiO₂复合薄膜的微观结构、表面形貌及光学性能进行了表征和测试 .研究结果表明：单层Au/SiO₂薄膜中Au沉积时间小于10s时，分散在SiO_{2< /sub>中的Au颗粒随Au的沉积时间的延长而增大；当沉积时间超过10s后，Au颗粒的尺寸几乎 不随沉积时间变化，但Au颗粒的形状由网络状结构变为薄膜状结构.［Au(t1关键词： 尺寸效应 纳米复合薄膜 吸收光谱 有效媒质理论}     

Simulation of photoacoustic IR spectra of multilayer structures

In photoacoustic spectroscopy a sample in a closed gas cell is heated by periodically modulated light. When thermal waves generated by the warm spots inside the sample reach the surface they heat up the adjacent gas. This causes periodic pressure variations which are detected by a microphone. We present a matrix method which enables us to calculate the surface temperature of a multilayer structure with any number of homogeneous lamellae of any optical and thermal properties. This method is based on the multiple reflections and interferences of thermal waves inside the system of lamellae. Photoacoustic spectra simulated by this method reproduce the measured spectra. This is demonstrated for a mylar (polyethyleneterephthalate, PETP) foil coated with a thin antimony layer.     

Tunable Fabry-Pérot filter based on one-dimensional photonic crystals with liquid crystal components

A theoretical study of a tunable Fabry-Pérot multilayer structure composed of alternating layers of silicon and liquid crystal is presented and analyzed. The structure possesses two resonant frequencies within the stop band with tunable wavelengths and transmission properties. Tuning is achieved by allowing different orientations of the liquid crystal optical axes within the cavity and within the mirrors, while keeping the optical axes parallel to the layers. Applying the transfer matrix method for thin layers of anisotropic materials we demonstrate that the resonant wavelengths depend on the difference between the liquid crystal optical axis orientations. Besides, we are able to obtain a complete characterization of the structure in the form of its Jones matrix. From this, we propose an optical two-channel equalizer for applications around 1.55 μm that allows tuning the two resonant wavelengths and their relative amplitude levels.     

复指数矩阵法研究螺旋液晶光学传播特性

提出一种研究螺旋液晶光学特性的数学处理方法.螺旋型液晶可当作N层双折射材料晶片叠合而成,而相邻晶片的光轴依次旋转一个小角度.在光学转换矩阵中引入复数来研究螺旋型液晶光学性能,给出了相关的数学处理方法.研究了线性偏振光在螺旋液晶中的传播特性,并给出了光经过螺旋液晶后电场强度的矩阵表达式.研究发现,如果入射光波长等于螺旋液晶螺距,线偏振光经过右螺旋液晶后是左旋圆偏振光.理论上分析了螺旋液晶对可见光选择性反射机理.     

石墨烯等二维原子晶体薄片样品的光学衬度计算及其层数表征

本文以鉴别机械剥离法制备的高质量石墨烯样品的层数为例, 阐明了如何利用传输矩阵来计算二维原子晶体薄片样品的光学衬度, 并进一步精确地鉴别其层数. 计算结果表明测试时所选用的显微物镜数值孔径对精确确定薄片样品的层数非常重要, 并为实验所证实. 同时提出了使用两个激光波长可以快速地表征样品尺寸接近物镜衍射极限的薄片样品层数的方法. 本文所采用的传输矩阵形式非常适合于计算二维原子晶体薄片样品的光学衬度, 并可以方便地推广到更复杂的多层衬底结构, 以便快速和准确地鉴别各种衬底上二维原子晶体薄片样品的厚度. 关键词： 二维原子晶体材料 层数 传输矩阵 光学衬度     

Investigation of interface roughness cross-correlation properties of optical thin films from total scattering losses

The interface roughness and interface roughness cross-correlation properties affect the scattering losses of high-quality optical thin films. In this paper, the theoretical models of light scattering induced by surface and interface roughness of optical thin films are concisely presented. Furthermore, influence of interface roughness cross-correlation properties to light scattering is analyzed by total scattering losses. Moreover, single-layer TiO₂ thin film thickness, substrate roughness of K9 glass and ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) technique effect on interface roughness cross-correlation properties are studied by experiments, respectively. A 17-layer dielectric quarter-wave high reflection multilayer is analyzed by total scattering losses. The results show that the interface roughness cross-correlation properties depend on TiO₂ thin film thickness, substrate roughness and deposition technique. The interface roughness cross-correlation properties decrease with the increase of film thickness or the decrease of substrates roughness. Furthermore, ion beam assisted deposition technique can increase the interface roughness cross-correlation properties of optical thin films. The measured total scattering losses of 17-layer dielectric quarter-wave high reflection multilayer deposited with IBAD indicate that completely correlated interface model can be observed, when substrate roughness is about 2.84 nm.     

全新的电导率特征矩阵方法及其在石墨烯THz频率光学特性上的应用

基于麦克斯韦方程组所要求的电磁场边界条件首次从理论上严格推导得到超薄导电体及其复合多层介质结构光学特性的一般计算方法及其特征矩阵公式, 其优点在于只要借助于导电体的电导率而无需知道其介电常数和磁导率即可计算得到反射、透射和吸收等光学特性, 克服了传统的传输矩阵方法必需知道组成材料的介电常数和磁导率才能获得其光学性质的问题, 并利用此方法获得了石墨烯及其复合多层结构在THz频率范围内反射、透射和吸收等光学行为.     

多层光学薄膜矢量散射的理论与实验研究

本文提出一种用以计算多层光学薄膜的矢量散射波场分布的新方法。并应用统计学原理,详细讨论了不同膜层界面的互相关模型及相应的光学薄膜散射特性。推导中应用了薄膜光学的惯用概念,所得公式亦比较简洁。还实验测量了光学薄膜的散射波场分布,并根据所建立的模型确定了所测光学薄膜的界面互相关特性。 关键词：     

Solution of the optical parameters of the thin film systems and interfaces

We report on the optical parameters of the semiconductor thin films determination. The method is based on the dynamical modeling of the spectral reflectance function combined with the genetic optimization of the initial model. The spectral dependency of the thin film optical parameters computation is based on the optical transitions modeling. The combination of the dynamical modeling and the genetic optimization enable comfortable analysis of the spectral dependences of the optical parameters and incorporation of the microstructure effects on the multilayer system optical properties. The results of the optical parameters of i-a-Si thin films determination are presented.     

Optical multilayer post growth instabilities: Analyses of Gd2O3/SiO2 system in combination with scanning probe force spectroscopy

Post growth multilayer instabilities of a certain periodic Gd₂O₃/SiO₂ multilayer systems have been investigated using scanning probe force-distance spectroscopy and optical spectrophotometric techniques. In the present work, we have noticed a strong correlation between the force spectroscopic results and the spectral properties of multilayer thin films, although measurement techniques and operating principles are quite different. From the experimental analysis, it was quite evident that the instability process, which starts during the nucleation and growth stage in thin films, continues to persist at a much longer time scale under post growth conditions. During this study it has been noticed that the elastic properties of the constituent thin films, the layer geometry and the bilayer thickness have strong correlation in trickling the multilayer instabilities. Such aspects also have strong interconnections with the morphological and viscoelastic changes. It is also noticed that most of the instabilities results cannot only be explained through elastic nature of the material alone. Instead, total number of layers, the layer structures, morphological changes, corresponding stiffness and the adhesion properties of the multilayer contribute substantially to these phenomena.     

Absorption spectroscopy of uranium plasma for remote isotope analysis of next-generation nuclear fuel

CdSe/Se multilayer thin films were prepared using sequential thermal evaporation technique by varying the thickness of selenium sublayers. Identifying the prominent peaks observed in the XRD spectra of the top layer CdSe which corresponds to the (100) plane with wurtzite structure, the average size of the crystallites was calculated for the CdSe nanocrystals. Experimentally measured band gaps are larger than bulk band gap of CdSe. This confirms the presence of spin-orbit splitting of energy levels. Size of the crystallites was then calculated with the theoretical prediction of the effective mass approximation model (i.e., Brus model). It resulted in that the diameters of crystallites were much smaller than the Bohr exciton diameter (11.2 nm) of CdSe. Thus the structural and optical properties of CdSe/Se multilayer thin films reveal the effect of quantum confinement of CdSe crystallites in Se matrix for various sublayer thicknesses. Confinement effect is more pronounced while sublayer thickness of selenium increases.     

Simulation of multilayer Cu/Pd（100） heteroepitaxial growth by pulse laser deposition

The heteroepitaxial growth of multilayer Cu/Pd(100) thin film via pulse laser deposition (PLD) at room temperature is simulated by using kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) method with realistic physical parameters. The effects of mass transport between interlayers, edge diffusion of adatoms along the islands and instantaneous deposition are considered in the simulation model. Emphasis is placed on revealing the details of multilayer Cu/Pd(100) thin film growth and estimating the Ehrlich--Schwoebel (ES) barrier. It is shown that the instantaneous deposition in the PLD growth gives rise to the layer-by-layer growth mode, persisting up to about 9 monolayers (ML) of Cu/Pd(100). The ES barriers of The heteroepitaxial growth of multilayer Cu/Pd（100） thin film via pulse laser deposition （PLD） at room temperature is simulated by using kinetic Monte Carlo （KMC） method with realistic physical parameters. The effects of mass transport between interlayers, edge diffusion of adatoms along the islands and instantaneous deposition are considered in the simulation model, Emphasis is placed on revealing the details of multilayer Cu/Pd（100） thin film growth and estimating the Ehrlich-Schwoebel （ES） barrier. It is shown that the instantaneous deposition in the PLD growth gives rise to the layer-by-layer growth mode, persisting up to about 9 monolayers （ML） of Cu/Pd（100）. The ES barriers of 0.08 ± 0.01 eV is estimated by comparing the KMC simulation results with the real scanning tunnelling microscopy （STM） measurements,     

Infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry of (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3 thin films on platinized silicon

Lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) thin films with different La concentrations (x), whose composition is x/40/60, have been grown directly on Pt/Ti/SiO₂/Si (100) substrates by a modified sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the PLZT thin films are polycrystalline. The infrared optical properties of the PLZT thin films have been investigated using the infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry in the spectral range of 2.5–12.5 μm. By fitting the measured ellipsometric spectra (Ψ and Δ) with a three-phase model (air/PLZT/Pt), and a derived classical dispersion relation for the thin films, the optical constants and thicknesses of the thin films have been obtained. The refractive index of the PLZT thin films decreases with increasing La concentrations, however, the extinction coefficient increases with increasing La concentrations except for the PLZT(4/40/60) thin films. The values of the effective static charge calculated for the PLZT thin films, which state that PLZT belongs to a mixed ionic-covalent compound, decrease with increasing La concentrations. Moreover, the refractive index at the wavelength of 2.5 μm changes linearly with the effective static charge. The plot of the calculated infrared optical absorption versus wavelength for the Ni/PLZT/Pt multilayer structures with various La concentrations is given and indicates that the PLZT thin films are excellent candidates for ferroelectric infrared detectors and focal plane arrays.     

基于遗传算法的光学膜系初始结构优化设计

膜系初始结构优化设计是膜系优化设计的关键。针对多膜料设计 ,提出了一种新的膜系初始结构优化设计算法 ,将膜系的初始设计视为组合优化问题 ,采用遗传算法 ,求得组合的最优解。给出了算法的原理 ,并给出了相应的设计实例。结果表明 ,本算法是一种简单、有效、通用性强的膜系初始化设计方法     

Efficiency enhancement of InGaN based blue light emitting diodes with InGaN/GaN multilayer barriers

The advantages of InGaN based light-emitting diodes with InGaN/GaN multilayer barriers are studied.It is found that the structure with InGaN/GaN multilayer barriers shows improved light output power,lower current leakage,and less efficiency droop over its conventional InGaN/GaN counterparts.Based on the numerical simulation and analysis,these improvements on the electrical and the optical characteristics are mainly attributed to the alleviation of the electrostatic field in the quantum wells(QWs) when the InGaN/GaN multilayer barriers are used.     

Fabrication of multilayer metamaterials by femtosecond laser‐induced forward‐transfer technique

A novel method based on femtosecond laser‐induced forward transfer for high‐throughput and efficient fabrication of periodic multilayer plasmonic metamaterials is demonstrated. With precisely controlling laser raster path applied on sputtered multilayer thin films, the laser‐ablated materials can be transferred to another substrate leaving the fabricated multilayer structure on the original substrate. Subsequently, three‐dimensional metamaterials can be made by multilayer structuring. Moreover, all the experimental results show that to create such multilayer split resonant rings (SRRs) with uniform profile, the laser fluence should be fine controlled under proper conditions. The optical property of fabricated multilayer SRR array is investigated by optical measurements and finite‐difference time‐domain simulations, showing various resonant modes in the middle‐IR region. The calculated induced current distributions exhibit rich resonance properties of the structures as well. This work markedly extends the laser direct writing technique to a wide application in fabricating complicated metamaterials and plasmonic devices efficiently.