样品物理方法前处理提高猪肉中Pb元素的LIBS分析精度研究

农产品基体复杂,为了减弱水分和有机质对其痕量重金属元素LIBS检测能力的影响,以期提高目标元素LIBS分析灵敏度和预测精度。以实验室含Pb溶液污染处理的新鲜猪肉样品为例,对猪肉样品进行烘干、粉碎、压片处理,比较样品简单的物理方法前处理提高目标元素LIBS探测效果的可行性。通过采集猪肉鲜样和干样的LIBS谱线信息发现,鲜样受水分、有机质成分影响致使其谱线信息背景和噪声信号干扰较大;对于10个浓度梯度的样品,目标元素特征谱线Pb Ⅰ 405.78的LIBS强度信息在鲜样中无明显的差异性,而在干样样品中差异明显并表现出一定的梯度关系。说明LIBS缺乏对鲜样样品低浓度Pb污染的探测能力,干燥处理削弱了水分的影响、浓缩了样品浓度范围,提高了LIBS的检测灵敏度。通过目标元素Pb的真实浓度与其特征谱线LIBS强度线性定量模型分析,干样样品的线性相关系数远大于鲜样样品,此时猪肉干样样品检测限为5.13 mg·kg-1,说明干样样品具有一定的预测精度。整个工作证明猪肉等农产品在经过合适的、简单的物理方法前处理后,有望在LIBS分析灵敏度和检测精度方面发挥应有的潜力,且该物理方法前处理同样适用于其他肉类的LIBS检测分析。     

激光诱导击穿光谱应用于三种水果样品微量元素的分析

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)在植物样品上面的应用是一个较新的课题. 为将LIBS技术能实际应用于与食品安全相关的领域,实验中对三种真空冻干水果样品进行了初步LIBS实验研究,鉴别了其LIBS光谱,并选取典型光谱线,运用统计学方法分析比较了三种水果中Ca,Na,K,Fe,Al,Mg六种元素含量的差别. 实验结果表明,苹果中Na的含量最高,Ca的含量最低,三种水果样品中的K,Fe,Mg等元素含量也都有差异. 实验结果还表明LIBS技术是一种检测、对比植物样品中微量元素含量的有效手段. 关键词： 激光诱导击穿光谱 等离子体 植物样品 微量元素     

Investigation of heavy-metal accumulation in selected plant samples using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Single-pulse Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Laser-Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass-Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) were applied for mapping the silver and copper distribution in Helianthus Annuus L. samples treated with contaminant in controlled conditions. For Ag and Cu detection the 328.07 nm Ag(I) and 324.75 nm Cu(I) lines were used, respectively. The LIBS experimental conditions (mainly the laser energy and the observation window) were optimized in order to avoid self-absorption effect in the measured spectra. In the LA-ICP-MS analysis the Ag 107 and Cu 63 isotopes were detected. The capability of these two analytical techniques for high-resolution mapping of selected trace chemical elements was demonstrated.     

真空环境熔融金属成分检测的激光诱导击穿光谱系统

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术是应用于冶金在线分析最具前景的技术之一。为了研究真空和高温条件下LIBS光谱特性和物质成分定量分析方法,设计并搭建了可实现真空环境高温熔融金属LIBS光谱测量的实验系统。系统以调Q Nd: YAG脉冲激光器为光源,采用不同焦距透镜实现激光聚焦和信号光采集,并利用光谱仪进行光谱检测,真空获取和高温加热通过真空泵和中频感应电炉实现,感应加热线圈通过陶瓷封接引线法兰与真空系统进行整合。经过安装测试,搭建系统在未加热情况下真空度可达1×10-4Pa,加热温度可达到1 600 ℃,可实现真空环境下铁、铝等金属加热或熔融,并获得相应环境下的LIBS测量光谱。利用该系统进行真空和熔融条件下标准钢样品的LIBS实验,得到了固态钢样品LIBS光谱在不同真空度下的光谱对比,以及真空环境熔融态和固态钢样品光谱对比。通过对测得的LIBS光谱进行数据处理和理论分析,所得初步实验结果与现有研究结论相符合,表明该系统工作状况良好,可满足真空环境下的熔融金属成分分析研究的基本需求。     

激光诱导等离子体光谱法检测合金钢组分的实验研究

激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)具有无需样品制备,原位快速分析,可进行实时控制的特点使其在钢铁冶炼控制中具有巨大的实际应用价值。本文以波长为1 064 nm的Nd∶YAG调Q固体激光器为激发光源,CCD为探测器,高合金钢GBW01605—01609系列为样品,在建立的LIBS实验装置上研究激光与合金钢之间的相互作用。系统地研究了观测距离、激光能量对高合金钢样品中激光诱导击穿谱特性的影响,并分析了LIBS信号的时间分辨特性,确定了将LIBS用于合金钢微量元素定量分析时的最佳实验条件。     

液相基质中重金属元素激光诱导击穿光谱实验参数的优化

针对混合溶液中重金属元素的激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)测量系统,为提高测量系统的检测灵敏度,以提高混合溶液中Ca和Cr金属元素LIBS光谱线强度的信噪比为目标,对LIBS测量系统中的激光脉冲能量、液相样品流速、ICCD门宽、延时等实验参数进行了优化,得到最优化参数激光脉冲能量、样品流速、ICCD门宽、延时分别为35 m J、30 ml/min、1400 ns和2400 ns,为降低LIBS技术应用于混合溶液中痕量重金属元素的检出限提供了实验参数支撑.     

Analysis of Minerals and Rocks by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique was applied for rapid analysis of major and minor elements composing geological samples including minerals, rocks, and a soil sample. The plasma was produced in air at atmospheric pressure by focusing on the targets a pulsed infrared Nd:YAG laser in open-path configuration. The emitted light in the UV-Vis was analyzed by a compact LIBS system to measure spectral emission lines of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, C, Cu, Mn, and Ti. The experimental issues relevant for the analysis of the different samples were investigated by taking into account their peculiar features: drilling through a weathered layer, roughness and grain-size considerations, statistical averaging, and accuracy of the measurements. In this approach, the characterization of the samples was achieved by studying the relative variations of the emission intensities of each element normalized with respect to an internal standard. The present study shows the usefulness of LIBS as a tool for reliable identification of field samples.     

基于LIBS与化学计量学的植物叶片分类研究

激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）是一种高效快速的光谱采集手段,可应用于各类物质的元素分析工作中。线性判别分析（LDA）与支持向量机（SVM）是化学计量学中两种常用的有监督算法,均通过对已知不同种类的样本数据进行学习建模,进而实现对未知类别数据的归类。为了实现LIBS技术对有机物的高准确率识别,将这两种算法应用到LIBS光谱数据的分类中。实验利用波长为1 064 nm的纳秒激光烧蚀女贞、珊瑚树、竹子三种植物的叶片,并采集每种树叶220～432 nm波段的100组光谱数据。通过对300组样本的原始光谱数据进行主成分提取,由第一主成分（PC1）和第二主成分（PC2）的得分图得出三种植物光谱的相似度非常高。然后,利用每种叶片70组样本的光谱数据作为训练集建模,其余30组光谱数据作为测试集来进行树叶种类的预测识别。将PCA对原始光谱数据提取得到的前20个主成分作为LDA与SVM建模的属性值。对于LDA算法,将属性值分析后得到前两个判别函数值,通过聚类分析发现不同种类的植物叶片光谱数据在空间上的分离效果较好,同一种类基本聚集在一起。再借助马氏距离可得到测试集的平均分类正确率为96.67%。与此类似,使用SVM方法对训练集样本的数据进行学习得到分类超平面,对测试集的平均分类正确率达到98.9%。研究结果表明,经过PCA对数据的预处理,再结合LDA,SVM这两种方法可实现LIBS技术应用于复杂有机物的快速准确分类,并且PCA与SVM结合的分类正确率更高。该方法可在食品快速溯源、生物组织原位鉴别、有机爆炸物远程分析等领域应用。     

Ultraviolet laser filaments for remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis: applications in cultural heritage monitoring

We report experiments with subpicosecond UV laser filaments for the remote analysis of samples related to objects of cultural heritage. The classic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique finds new avenues through femtosecond filamentation, and dynamic remote LIBS becomes possible. Advantages such as self-regulated laser intensity deposition on the target suggest that there is significant potential for using UV femtosecond filaments for the remote analysis of sculpture and large monuments.     

Trace elemental analysis by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy—Biological applications

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a sensitive optical technique capable of fast multi-elemental analysis of solid, gaseous and liquid samples. Since the late 1980s LIBS became visible in the analytical atomic spectroscopy scene; its applications having been developed continuously since then. In this paper, the use of LIBS for trace element determination in different matrices is reviewed. The main emphasis is on spatially resolved analysis of microbiological, plant and animal samples.     

LIBS-Raman光谱联合水下探测系统及初步试验

水下激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)和水下激光拉曼光谱技术(Raman)已在深海成功获得应用,这两种技术探测对象互补、器件类似,两者联合探测可更好的进行深海研究。针对此需求研发了一套LIBS-Raman光谱联合水下原位探测原理样机,整个系统集成于L790 mm×Φ270 mm的舱体内,在舱体前端有光学窗口和水密插头,舱体内部主要包括脉冲激光器、光谱仪、嵌入式计算机和供电转换装置,甲板控制终端通过水密电缆实现对系统的供电、控制和数据采集。该联合系统采用一台双波长脉冲激光器同时作为LIBS和拉曼光谱的激发光源,LIBS采用1 064 nm波长,拉曼光谱采用532 nm波长。双波长激光器发出的光束经分光镜分为两路,经过后向散射光路收集的两路信号分别进入两个小型光纤光谱仪进行分光探测,LIBS采用AvaSpec-ULS2048光谱仪,拉曼光谱采用QE 65000光谱仪。利用搭建的原理样机在青岛近海进行水下原位探测,在实验室开展了水中固体靶的探测,实验结果证明了LIBS-Raman联合光谱探测装置的可行性。下一步将优化系统并开展深海探测应用。     

Spectroscopic analysis using a hybrid LIBS-Raman system

A novel setup, combining two spectroscopic techniques, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Raman spectroscopy in a hybrid unit, is described. The work presented herein is part of a broader project that aims to demonstrate the applicability of the hybrid LIBS-Raman unit as an analytical tool for the investigation of samples and objects of cultural heritage. The system utilizes a nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser (532 nm) for both LIBS and Raman analysis. In the Raman mode, a low intensity beam from the laser probes the sample surface and the scattering signal is collected into a grating spectrograph coupled to an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) detector, which records the Raman spectrum. In the LIBS mode a single high intensity pulse from the laser irradiates the sample surface and the time- and spectrally-resolved emission from the resulting laser ablation plume yields the LIBS spectrum. The use of a non-gated CCD detector was found to produce similar quality data (in terms of S/N ratio and fluorescence background) in the Raman mode, while in the LIBS mode spectral features were clearly broader but did not prevent identification of prominent atomic emission lines. Several model pigment samples were examined and the data obtained show the ability of the hybrid unit to record both Raman and LIBS spectra from the same point on the sample, a clear advantage over the use of different analytical setups. PACS 39.30.+w; 82.80.Dx; 82.80.Gk; 52.38.Mf     

An example of the complementarity of laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy and Raman microscopy for wall painting pigments analysis

Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Raman microscopy were used for the identification of pigments in wall painting. Raman spectroscopy, which provides the molecular ‘fingerprint’ of the compound, is nowadays widely used by the archaeometry community, especially for pigment analysis. LIBS, which provides the elementary composition of samples, is a rapid noncontact method, enabling layer‐by‐layer analysis through a precise laser ablation of the sample. This work deals with the behavior of pigments after a LIBS analysis, by trying to identify the compounds before and after the laser shot. Six commercial pigments prepared with the fresco technique were investigated: ultramarine blue, red lead, charcoal, a yellow and a red ochre, and a green earth. Raman spectra, acquired on the sample surface and in the crater induced by LIBS analysis, were compared. The results show that these pigments are well recognized after a LIBS measurement. The analysis of green earth illustrates that the combination of these two techniques gives complete information from a sample. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Early stage expansion and time-resolved spectral emission of laser-induced plasma from polymer

In the nanosecond laser ablation regime, absorption of laser energy by the plasma during its early stage expansion critically influences the properties of the plasma and thus its interaction with ambient air. These influences can significantly alter spectral emission of the plasma. For organic samples especially, recombination of the plasma with the ambient air leads to interfering emissions with respect to emissions due to native species evaporated from the sample. Distinguishing interfering emissions due to ambient air represents a critical issue for the application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to the analysis of organic materials. In this paper, we report observations of early stage expansion and interaction with ambient air of the plasma induced on a typical organic sample (nylon) using time-resolved shadowgraph. We compare, in the nanosecond ablation regime, plasmas induced by infrared (IR) laser pulses (1064 nm) and ultraviolet (UV) laser pulses (266 nm). Nanosecond ablation is compared with femtosecond ablation where the post-ablation interaction is absent. Subsequent to the early stage expansion, we observe for each studied ablation regime, spectral emission from CN, a typical radical for organic and biological samples. Time-resolved LIBS allows identifying emissions from native molecular species and those due to recombination with ambient air through their different time evolution behaviors.     

激光击穿光谱检测赣南脐橙中铬元素的实验研究

为评估激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)对水果样品中重金属元素的检测潜力,选用在不同浓度梯度重铬酸钾水溶液中浸泡了30个小时的赣南脐橙样品进行LIBS实验,采集铬元素的特征谱线与峰值强度信息。在激光照射部位称取3 g左右的脐橙样品进行湿法消解,用原子分光光度计检测样品中的铬浓度。实验数据用Origin软件进行拟合后得到了谱线峰值强度和Cr浓度之间的关系曲线,即定标曲线,二者有线性关系,线性相关度0.981 66。由检测限公式计算得到铬浓度的检测限为11.68 μg·g-1。采用该定标曲线即可对赣南脐橙中的铬元素进行定量检测。实验结果表明LIBS技术是一种检测、定量分析水果样品中重金属元素含量的有效手段。     

Calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for quantitative elemental analysis of materials

The application of calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) for quantitative analysis of materials, illustrated by CF-LIBS applied to a brass sample of known composition, is presented in this paper. The LIBS plasma is produced by a 355?nm pulsed Nd:YAG laser with a pulse duration of 6?ns focussed onto a brass sample in air at atmospheric pressure. The time-resolved atomic and ionic emission lines of Cu and Zn from the LIBS spectra recorded by an Echelle spectrograph coupled with a gated intensified charge coupled detector are used for the plasma characterization and the quantitative analysis of the sample. The time delay where the plasma is optically thin and is also in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), necessary for the elemental analysis of samples from the LIBS spectra, is deduced. An algorithm relating the experimentally measured spectral intensity values with the basic physics of the plasma is developed. Using the algorithm, the Zn and Cu concentrations in the brass sample are determined. The analytical results obtained from the CF-LIBS technique agree well with the certified values of the elements in the sample, with an accuracy error <1%.     

基于K-CV参数优化支持向量机的LIBS燃煤热值定量分析

热值是煤质特性的重要参数之一,很大程度上影响着燃煤锅炉的运行。为了克服传统检测方法所存在的问题,将激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)应用于燃煤热值的定量分析。煤的结构复杂,所含的元素种类众多,包括了主量元素、次量元素和痕量元素,致使煤的LIBS光谱信息复杂。如何有效提取LIBS光谱信息,实现准确的定量化测量是LIBS在煤特性检测中发挥作用的前提和基础。近年来,随着人工智能技术的发展,相关的分析技术也开始应用于煤的工业指标分析和热值预测中。为实现煤样品中LIBS光谱信息的有效提取,同时为克服常规的分析方法易出现的过渡拟合、收敛性不好等问题,提出采用结合K-fold Cross Validation(K-CV)参数优化的支持向量机(SVM)回归方法,实现LIBS定量分析煤中的热值。SVM方法是结构风险最小化的近似实现,可用于模式分类和非线性回归。为了得到有效的LIBS分析模型,实验选用44种电厂常用的热值含量不同的煤样作为实验对象,选择其中33个作为训练集,剩余11个为测试集。利用搭建的LIBS实验系统获取所选煤样品的等离子体发射光谱数据,首先分析了SVM热值回归模型的参数-惩罚因子C、核函数参数g与模型精度的关联,确定C和g最佳取值范围,然后分别建立了基于LIBS全谱和某些元素(非金属元素和金属元素)特征光谱的SVM回归模型。利用训练集光谱数据,结合K-CV法得到热值SVM回归模型的最优参数C和g的值,建立基于SVM最优参数的煤热值定量分析模型。然后将测试集的光谱数据作为输入量用于测试所建立模型的可靠性,得到分别采用全谱、非金属元素特征光谱、非金属与金属元素特征谱相结合的热值定量分析模型,其决定系数R2均达到0.99以上,均方误差分别为0.12,0.17和0.06 (MJ·kg-1)2,预测平均相对偏差分别为1.2%,1.23%和0.69%。结果表明：基于K-CV参数优化SVM回归方法可用于LIBS技术实现燃煤热值的定量分析,且可得到较高的分析精确度和准确度;同时通过对比选用不同的光谱特征的定量分析模型可知,采用非金属与金属元素的特征光谱所建立的基于K-CV参数优化SVM的热值定量模型,能够有效提高LIBS应用于快速检测煤热值的精度和准确度,实现煤热值的准确预测。     

LIBS结合单变量定标法对土壤中铅元素含量检测

重金属污染一直影响着人们的健康生活,如镉,铅和铜等的污染,故而土壤重金属的快速检测和如何预防,一直受各国学者关注和研究。传统土壤重金属检测方法（如原子吸收光谱法、X荧光光谱法等）样品预处理复杂,分析成本较高,易形成样品的二次污染,不能满足快速分析的要求。激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）是一种典型的原子发射光谱,它是基于分析物质中原子和离子受激发而发射的特征谱线信息,进而研究物质成分的分析方法。LIBS技术能够快速检测任何状态（固、液和气态）物质元素的成分和含量,被看作是未来化学检测和快速绿色分析领域的新兴技术。LIBS技术具有对样本简单预处理（或不需要处理）、多元素同步分析、远距离测量、适用性广等优势,被广泛用于生活生产的各个领域,已成为近年来国内外学者广泛关注和研究的热点之一。在农业信息快速感知的大背景下,以激光诱导击穿光谱技术为技术手段,以土壤重金属铅元素为研究对象,运用理论分析和数学建模相结合,建立了多种基于单变量定标曲线的土壤重金属铅检测模型,并进行了模型验证。自制15个已知的铅元素浓度梯度的谱线土壤样本,在获取了土壤LIBS数据之后,对其进行预处理对比,建立了基于谱峰强度、谱峰积分、洛伦兹拟合强度三种定标曲线模型,对土壤中铅元素含量进行定量分析,得出基于三种定标曲线模型对土壤中铅元素含量的预测决定系数R2分别为0.918 0,0.910 1和0.914 3,三种定标曲线分析方法的预测结果都较好,说明了LIBS结合单变量定标曲线法对土壤中铅含量的检测可靠性高。最后选取部分样本数据进行验证,结果较好。研究结果为研发便携式农田土壤污染物检测技术与装备提供技术支撑,也为农田精准管理和科学施肥奠定基础。     

激光诱导击穿光谱技术及应用研究进展

激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）技术是一种基于原子发射光谱学的元素定性、定量检测手段。本文介绍了LIBS技术的原理、应用方式、检测元素种类及检测极限;综述了该项技术在固体、液体、气体组分检测方面的技术发展,以及在环境检测、食品安全、生物医药、材料、军事、太空领域的应用进展。最后,提出了高功率、高稳定的激光光源和准确的定量分析方法是LIBS技术目前所面临的问题和挑战。     

基于激光诱导击穿光谱技术的土壤泥浆中Pb元素检测

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)作为一种新兴的元素分析技术,具有实时在线、非接触、多元素同时探测等渚多优点.将LIBS技术引入土壤泥浆重金属污染的检测分析,力图发展一种针对泥浆重金属污染监测的原位传感技术.实验选择Pb作为探测元素,Mn为内标元素;采用重复频率10 Hz的Nd:YAG调Q激光器的二倍频(532 nm)输出作为激发光源,OCD收集信号,对实验室配制的不同浓度Pb泥浆样品的LIBS信号进行了探测分析.获得了各种浓度下Pb泥浆样品在Pb 405.78 nm和Mn 403.07 nm处的原子线强度比IPb/IMn及其随浓度变化的规律.结果显示IPb/IMn与样品的含铅浓度有着很好的线性关系,线性拟合相关系数R2达到0.994 9.初步证实了采用内标法对土壤泥浆中重金属Pb进行LIBS检测分析的可行性.文章还对泥浆重金属LIBS检测的影响因素进行了讨论.