大气气溶胶单粒子粒径和化学成分的LDI测量

介绍了当前应用较为广泛的大气气溶胶单粒子粒径与化学成分实时在线测量技术－激光解吸附电离（LDI）飞行时间质谱技术的原理和在气溶胶单粒子化学成分测量领域的应用。此外，还对气溶胶单粒子进样系统和气溶胶单粒子粒径的测量方法作了详细阐述。     

基于微分法精确测量气溶胶飞行时间的新方法

利用飞行时间气溶胶粒子束光谱技术对大气气溶胶牲子粒谱分布进行监测是精确测量大气气溶胶粒子粒径大小及浓度的典型方法.而精确测量气溶胶粒子飞行时间是实现粒径谱精确监测的关键.利用微分法对门限电平比较法进行优化改进,利用信号微分后的零点对应信号最大值的特点,将飞行时间提取中变化的门限电平的比较转换成零电平的比较,设计了一种精确测量气溶胶粒子飞行时间的方法.该方法不但可以忽略因气溶胶粒子大小而引起的散射光强弱变化,而且,即使散射光双峰信号并非理想的对称信号,该方法也能精确地测得飞行时间.     

PM2.5质量浓度廓线的激光雷达反演研究

针对PM2.5质量浓度在空间不同高度上的分布测量较难这一问题,采用激光雷达和大气透射仪以及粒径谱仪进行联合探测,反演PM2.5质量浓度廓线.考虑相对湿度等因素的影响,通过大气透射仪和粒径谱仪建立地面PM2.5质量浓度与大气透过率之间的函数关系.以大气透射仪所测地面大气透过率值为基准,修正激光雷达大气透过率在高空的边界值,结合Fernald后向积分法反演出大气透过率的垂直分布.依据建立的函数关系和大气透过率垂直分布,得到PM2.5质量浓度廓线,并采用HYSPLIT后向轨迹分析不同高度层气溶胶的输送和动态变化.通过激光雷达、大气透射仪和粒径谱仪的联合探测实验,结果表明:经大气透射仪修正后,大气透过率垂直分布精度得到了提高,PM2.5质量浓度廓线很好的反映了气溶胶垂直分布的微物理变化特征.     

基于无人机探测大柴旦地区近地层气溶胶特征

通过改装多旋翼无人机（UAV）和搭载各类载荷以及联合地基观测设备对大柴旦地区大气、环境以及气溶胶参数进行测量。利用获得的数据资料，对该地区近地层气溶胶粒子数浓度（即单位体积空气中气溶胶粒子的数目）、消光系数以及气象要素等特征进行了分析。结果表明，在大柴旦地区，近地层气溶胶粒子数浓度日变化显著，呈现双峰形态，气溶胶粒子数浓度的变化范围为75～220 cm^-3,消光系数的变化范围为0.004～0.038 km^-1;当风速小于6 m/s时，气溶胶粒子数浓度与风速呈负相关关系；当风速大于6 m/s时，二者呈正相关关系；相对湿度对气溶胶粒子的影响较小，这可能是由于该地区以沙尘型气溶胶为主，吸湿性较弱。本研究基于多旋翼无人机探测平台，可以有效地获得近地层精细化大气、环境结构，有助于研究人员了解该地区气溶胶的结构、变化特征以及建立气溶胶模式，同时也为气溶胶及大气环境参数探测方法提供了技术支撑及思路拓展。     

影响异戊二烯大气光解形成二次有机气溶胶的环境因素研究

通过自制的烟雾腔系统研究羟基启动的异戊二烯光解形成二次有机气溶胶(SOA)过程中环境因素的影响.使用气溶胶粒径光谱仪测量了SOA的粒径分布,通过光解实验研究了光照时间、反应物浓度以及CH3ONO浓度对异戊二烯光解形成SOA的影响.结果表明,异戊二烯光解形成的SOA空气动力学直径在0.4 mm～1.4 mm之间,这些粒子的直径小于2.5μm的微细粒子很容易沉积在人体肺泡内,对人体健康产生很大危害;不管是SOA粒子的粒子数浓度还是质量数浓度都随着反应时间的增长、光照强度的增强和反应物浓度的增加而增加.该研究为大气颗粒物排放源的外场测量提供了非常有用的信息.     

影响异戊二烯大气光解形成二次有机气溶胶的环境因素研究（英文）

通过自制的烟雾腔系统研究羟基启动的异戊二烯光解形成二次有机气溶胶(SOA)过程中环境因素的影响.使用气溶胶粒径光谱仪测量了SOA的粒径分布,通过光解实验研究了光照时间、反应物浓度以及CH3ONO浓度对异戊二烯光解形成SOA的影响.结果表明,异戊二烯光解形成的SOA空气动力学直径在0.4mm~1.4mm之间,这些粒子的直径小于2.5μm的微细粒子很容易沉积在人体肺泡内,对人体健康产生很大危害;不管是SOA粒子的粒子数浓度还是质量数浓度都随着反应时间的增长、光照强度的增强和反应物浓度的增加而增加.该研究为大气颗粒物排放源的外场测量提供了非常有用的信息.     

台风对沿海地区气溶胶光学特性的影响分析

利用CE317太阳辐射计对2005年第19号台风登陆前后期问(9月29 H至10月6日)进行观测实验,采用Langley法分析台风对中国大陆沿海地区气溶胶光学特性的影响.指出台风过后气溶胶光学特性明显发生改变,气溶胶大粒子数增多,小粒子数减小.气溶胶光学厚度、Angstr(o)m波长指数α和大气混浊度系数β为测量期间最低分别为0.132(550 nm处),0.861和0.079.同时利用实验期间APS3321空气动力学粒度仪分析的气溶胶单位体积数粗细质粒所占比重、气溶胶粒子尺度谱分布和实测的日际气溶胶粒子数浓度对实验分析结果.α,β进行对比,发现它们之间的一致性很好.     

双光路DOAS系统获取大气颗粒物粒谱分布方法研究

当前大气复合污染日趋严重,造成大气氧化性增强,气体向颗粒物的转化加快。大气颗粒物粒径大小及谱分布决定其在大气中的行为,以差分吸收光谱法（DOAS）为基础,结合双光路设计技术,开展实时、在线、获取近地面大气气溶胶颗粒物的粒谱分布的光谱方法研究。首先构建低噪声性能稳定的宽带氙弧灯为光源的双光路差分吸收光谱系统,基于干净天气条件下大气的能见度数据对系统进行校准,通过两个不同光路获得的光谱信号强度之比获取近地面紫外-近红外波段的大气总宽波段消光系数。基于宽波段消光系数,在去除瑞利散射以及气体吸收对消光系数的影响后,解析出气溶胶颗粒物的消光系数。基于核函数准则,利用均匀球型粒子的电磁场Mie理论来反演气溶胶物理特性,获得气溶胶粒子在该测量谱段的体积谱分布,利用体积谱与数密度谱的关系,反演出气溶胶粒子的数密度谱分布。开展利用直方图方法来表现颗粒物的粒谱分布方法研究,首先将DOAS测量波段近似等分为若干谱段,利用谱段处平均值,获取气溶胶粒谱直方分布图。最后把该系统和方法应用于外场实验,获得了气溶胶颗粒物在300～650 nm范围内的消光系数,将测量波段等分为11个谱段,反演了颗粒物的在0.1～1.25 μm粒径范围的数密度谱分布。该研究为整治我国灰霾天气,研究大气气相/粒子非均相化学反应提供科学依据。同时将推动DOAS技术的进一步发展和应用。     

Influence Factors on Particle Growth for On-line Aerosol Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

利用自行研制的蒸发/冷凝实验装置作为基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱仪的特种接口,通过冷凝方式在线添加基质,冷凝管出口处的最终粒子直接引入空气动力学粒径分析仪或自行研制的飞行时间质谱仪,可对实验室产生的生物气溶胶粒子进行实时检测. 同时研究了最终粒子粒径大小的决定因素：加热池温度、初始粒子大小及其粒子数浓度及基质种类,获得了探测分析物分子离子峰所需的实验条件.     

基于光声光谱气溶胶吸收测量的标定方法研究

大气气溶胶吸收太阳辐射,直接影响地气系统辐射平衡,降低能见度,改变局地气候效应。光声光谱技术具有灵敏度高、原位测量、结构简单等优势,是研究气溶胶吸收特性最为直接、有效的方法。光声光谱近红外气溶胶吸收系数测量系统的精度与标定方法密切相关,为了探究不同标定方案的差异,选择NO₂气体(532 nm)和单分散苯胺黑气溶胶(532、 1 064 nm)分别开展气溶胶吸收系数标定实验。其中,单分散苯胺黑气溶胶的标定方法主要基于Mie理论,结合苯胺黑气溶胶粒子数浓度、苯胺黑气溶胶粒子的复折射率、苯胺黑粒子粒径分别计算532和1 064 nm单分散苯胺黑气溶胶吸收系数。实验结果表明：NO₂气体获取的标定系数介于苯胺黑气溶胶在532和1 064 nm波长处获取的标定系数之间,与532 nm波长处粒径225 nm的苯胺黑单分散气溶胶、 1 064 nm波长处粒径125 nm的单分散苯胺黑气溶胶标定系数相近,在其他粒径处存在一定差异。尽管NO₂气体与苯胺黑气溶胶在特定波长处具有相似的连续吸收特征,对于同一标定系统,标定气体和气溶胶性质、状态不...     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.