差分吸收光谱技术监测大气气溶胶粒谱分布

介绍了利用双光路差分吸收光谱(DOAS)技术监测大气气溶胶并反演其粒谱分布的新方法.该方法解决了DOAS技术中光源绝对光强难以测量的难题，去除了由于光源自身波动造成的影响，在250—650nm范围内成功的反演出气溶胶的消光系数以及0.1—1.75μm谱段的粒谱分布.通过与光学粒子计数器的对比实验证实该方法的可行性. 关键词： 差分吸收光谱 双光路 气溶胶 粒谱分布     

获取大气颗粒物消光系数的差分吸收光谱法研究

针对雾霾天气日益增多,大气污染气体向颗粒物的转化在加快,研究了一种大范围对其监测的差分吸收光谱方法。差分吸收光谱法可以实时、在线、准确同时获取颗粒物光学特性和大气痕量气体浓度。论文首先分析了双光路差分吸收光学遥感系统获取颗粒物绝对光强的原理,然后研究了基于单光路测量大气吸收谱,在干净天气状况下测量参考光谱,利用能见度数据,在550 nm波段处实现系统校准,计算校准参数,从而获得大气绝对吸收光强,然后解析出大气总的消光系数。再从总的大气消光系数中,去除瑞利散射以及大气痕量气体吸收对消光系数影响后,精确解析出颗粒物消光系数。同时基于差分思想获取大气痕量气体的浓度。最后把该方法应用于外场实验,获取大气颗粒物在350～700 nm波段范围内消光系数和大气中NO₂的浓度。研究结果表明颗粒物消光系数的随着波长的增加而减少,符合Angstrom公式。该研究为分析大气气相/粒子非均相化学反应提供有力的技术支持。     

多波段激光雷达颗粒物质量浓度探测方法

为了获得大气颗粒物的质量浓度廓线,提出一种基于多波段激光雷达回波信号的大气气溶胶消光系数与颗粒物质量消光效率相结合的新型算法。该方法利用覆盖紫外到近红外波段的激光雷达作为遥感探测工具,获取气溶胶的消光与后向散射系数,反演得到气溶胶粒子谱分布;同时,根据米散射理论算出气溶胶消光效率,结合粒子谱分布,提出颗粒物质量消光效率模型,从而建立基于消光系数与质量消光效率相结合的反演颗粒物质量浓度的新型数学模型与算法。采用该算法对两组不同天气条件多波段激光雷达实测数据进行反演,并与地表采用的颗粒物浓度对比,证明该方法的可行性,为实现颗粒物质量浓度空间分布的探测提供科学依据和方法论。     

基于主动差分吸收光谱系统获取大气颗粒物光学特性研究

以主动差分吸收光谱遥感技术为基础,在干净大气环境条件下,结合参考光路设计技术,开展了获取近地面气溶胶颗粒物的光谱新方法研究.针对以宽带氙弧灯为光源的主动差分吸收光谱系统固有宽波段特性,建立了解析颗粒物光学厚度模型,获取了大气颗粒物光学特性.最后通过外场实验,获得测量期间气溶胶颗粒物光学厚度,然后采用对数线性回归获取Angstrom波长指数和混浊系数,以及大气能见度数据.主动差分吸收光谱系统用测量光程范围内的大气总的吸收特性,获得监测区域的颗粒物平均水平,更具有代表性和进一步应用价值.     

基于DOAS技术的气溶胶粒谱分布反演方法研究

大气气溶胶不仅对全球的气候变化产生重大影响,其本身也是一种污染物,另外它在许多污染气体的化学反应中起重要作用。因此,实时监测大气气溶胶已成为环境领域的重要研究方向。差分吸收光谱技术是一种基于痕量气体“指纹”特性反演其浓度的光学遥感方法,同时该方法也可用于大气气溶胶消光系数的测量。文章介绍了利用闪烁差分吸收光谱系统监测大气气溶胶粒谱分布的方法,重点阐述了基于蒙特卡罗方法的粒谱分布反演算法,监测结果通过与PM10、能见度及Angstrom波长指数的对比证实了该方法的可行性,为近地面大气气溶胶监测提供了新的手段,同时也扩展了差分吸收光谱技术的应用范围,该方法对大气化学的研究有着重要的意义。     

颗粒物Mie散射对差分吸收光谱技术的影响

差分吸收光谱法(DOAS)应用于固定污染源烟气排放在线监测时,由于烟气中烟尘颗粒物含量较高,烟尘颗粒物Mie散射引起的消光对准确反演气体浓度应有一定影响,通过对1～10μm烟尘颗粒物Mie散射对DOAS影响的数值模拟和实验研究得出,烟尘颗粒物的散射光强与颗粒粒径分布、颗粒数密度有关,随着颗粒粒径和颗粒数密度增加,气体的差分吸收度随之而增加,差分吸收度曲线的频率特性发生变化,传统DOAS算法中的应用多项式滤波已无法消除颗粒物Mie散射对气体差分吸收度的影响,气体浓度的反演结果远远偏离真实值.     

差分吸收光谱技术监测气溶胶光学厚度及大气能见度的研究

介绍了一种基于闪烁氙灯光源、利用差分光谱吸收(DOAS)技术监测大气气溶胶的新方法。提出用大气能见度确定系统校正参量的可行做法,解决了差分光谱吸收探测气溶胶领域原始光强难以测量的难题。并对350~650 nm范围内的气溶胶光学厚度进行反演,通过与多道太阳光度计的对比证实方法的可行性,实验中发现气溶胶光学厚度与悬浮颗粒物(SPM)浓度具有很好的相关性。同时,利用气溶胶550 nm处的消光系数确定大气能见度。     

利用DOAS技术同时反演气溶胶和大气痕量气体方法研究

针对我国大气污染严重和气溶胶多的特点,文章开展基于差分吸收光谱(DOAS)同时反演大气痕量气体和气溶胶特性方法研究。从DOAS系统获得的总大气消光信息中,解析多种痕量气体浓度的同时,获得大气气溶胶质粒导致的光谱消光;并基于气溶胶消光信息,通过查表法反演气溶胶的平均直径、总个数和总比表面积等物理特性。实验结果表明该方法可以在获取痕量气体浓度同时,并能精确反演气溶胶物理特性。     

差分吸收光谱中甲醛的反演研究

由于甲醛(HCHO)在城市大气光化学反应中的重要性,测量大气环境中的甲醛已经成为全球的热点。针对目前国内检测甲醛的方法基本局限于化学法,文章详细介绍了采用差分吸收光谱(DOAS)技术反演得到大气环境中甲醛的方法,利用自制的差分吸收光谱系统测量了北京地区大气中的甲醛。文章分析了DOAS反演过程中反演甲醛光谱波段的选择及去除大气中SO₂,NO₂,O₃的吸收以及氙灯灯谱结构对光谱反演中的交叉干扰影响;通过采用选择不同干扰气体所对应的最优波段,同时反演获得大气环境甲醛的浓度,避免了甲醛选择波段过窄,干扰气体去除不全的缺点;通过对误差来源的分析,得到该甲醛的反演方法总误差在13.7%内。     

大气污染物垂直廓线扫描差分吸收光谱方法研究

差分光学吸收光谱法(DOAS)已经成为测量大气痕量气体含量的常用方法,该方法灵敏度高,可同时监测多种大气痕量气体.提出了应用差分吸收光谱方法监测大气痕量气体垂直分布,结合放置数套角反射器的近地层高塔,研制出扫描长光程差分吸收光谱(扫描LP-DOAS)系统.应用此系统于2007年夏季对北京城市重要大气污染物NO2的垂直分布进行了外场监测,准确获得了NO2沿各光路的积分浓度,确定了系统在各光路的检测限和系统总的测量误差.基于垂直廓线模型,成功反演了NO2的垂直廓线和垂直梯度.研究结果表明扫描LP-DOAS技术监测城市大气近地层痕量气体垂直分布的可行性.     

Retrieval of aerosol physical and chemical properties from mid-infrared extinction spectra

We report several results that validate the accuracy of a retrieval method for the determination of a number of aerosol particle properties from their mid infrared (600-6000 cm⁻¹) extinction spectra. These properties include the number density, chemical composition, phase, size distribution, and to some extent, shape. The approach is based on information obtained in laboratory studies of micron-sized particles using the aerosol flow tube (AFT) technique. We report here experiments in which our method is used to measure a variety of aerosols including SiO₂ micro-spheres as well as solid NaCl, (NH₄)₂SO₄, ice and liquid water particles. The uncertainties in the retrieved aerosol properties associated with the particle shapes (spheres, spheroids, cylinders, hexagonal and rectangular prisms) as well as the effect of variations in the spectral range were evaluated. To assess the accuracy of the retrieved size distributions and particle shapes, the properties calculated from infrared spectra were compared with corresponding properties determined using alternative methods. We used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for solid (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NaCl aerosols and direct particle imaging with an optical microscope assembly for liquid water aerosols. On the basis of the validation results, we discuss the boundaries of applicability of the most popular spectral model, single scattering by spherical, homogeneous aerosol particles.     

差分吸收光谱技术监测气溶胶消光系数的误差分析

给出了在利用差分吸收光谱技术监测大气气溶胶消光系数时确定测量误差的方法。分析了光源变化、探测器积分时间间隔、大气湍流、系统参数校正、测量系统位移以及粒子后向散射等可能对测量结果产生影响的因素,通过理论分析和实际测量确定气溶胶消光系数误差为0.03 km-1。     

Evidence for particle size–shape correlations in the optical properties of silicate clay aerosol

Accurate modeling of the optical properties of atmospheric mineral dust is important for climate modeling calculations and remote sensing data retrievals. Atmospheric mineral dust in the accumulation mode size range is often rich in silicate clays including kaolinite and illite. This is important because dust optical properties depend on particle shape, and fundamental clay particles are known to consist of very thin flakes.In this combined laboratory and modeling study, we investigate the optical properties (IR extinction and visible light scattering) of two samples of silicate clay dust aerosol, kaolinite and illite. Particle size distributions are measured simultaneously with the optical properties. T-Matrix theory based simulations using a spheroidal particle approximation are compared with experimental data. We find that the full range of visible scattering and polarimetry data, and IR extinction profiles are not well fit by assuming a single size–shape distribution for the aerosol. In contrast, a simple bimodal distribution model that treats small particles (fundamental clay flakes) in the distribution as highly eccentric oblate spheroids with axial ratio parameters ≥5, but approximates larger particles by a more moderate shape distribution with axial ratio parameters <3, gives better agreement with the full range of experimental data. These conclusions are consistent with mineralogical data on the dimensions of fundamental clay particles.     

近红外波段气溶胶的衰减特性研究

在已知大气气溶胶折射率和气溶胶谱分布的基础上, 对近红外波段的气溶胶衰减特性进行了研究。利用Mie散射理论计算并讨论了气溶胶的消光、散射、吸收效率因子随尺度参数的变化和消光系数随半径和波长的变化, 并且在MATLAB中对各种变化情况进行了仿真。结果表明, 三种气溶胶粒子的消光和散射能力依次为沙尘性粒子, 水溶性粒子, 烟煤。消光系数在粒子半径和入射波长相近时达到最大, 并且粒子半径对消光、散射、吸收系数的影响比入射波长更明显。这些结论可以为红外辐射在大气中的衰减计算和分析提供依据。     

Determination of aerosol extinction coefficient and mass extinction efficiency by DOAS with a flashlight source

With the method of differential optical absorption spectroscopy （DOAS）, average concentrations of aerosol particles along light path were measured with a flashlight source in Chiba area during the period of one month. The optical thickness at 550 nm is compared with the concentration of ground-measured suspended particulate matter （SPM）. Good correlations are found between the DOAS and SPM data, leading to the determination of the aerosol mass extinction efficiency （MEE） to be possible in the lower troposphere. The average MEE value is about 7.6m^2.g^-1 , and the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the particle size as determined from the wavelength dependence of the DOAS signal intensity.     

Particle Size Distributions Based on a Multipopulation Genetic Algorithm Used in Multiwavelength Lidar

Aerosols influence the radiation budget of the Earth’s atmospheric system. Aerosol particle size distribution is one of the major parameters used for characterizing aerosol influence on radiative forcing. The optical and microphysical properties of aerosol particles over Yinchuan, China, were measured with a multiwavelength lidar developed at Beifang University of Nationalities using backscatter and extinction coefficients at wavelengths of 1064, 532, and 355 nm. These data were used to retrieve particle size distributions. Given the disadvantages of the traditional regularization method, the innovative multipopulation genetic algorithm (MPGA) was used to retrieve the particle size distribution from the lidar data. To verify the feasibility of using the MPGA on multiwavelength lidar data, experiments were carried out under different atmospheric conditions, including a background sunny day, a cloudy day, and a foggy day. The particle size distributions obtained from the multiwavelength lidar data were compared with results retrieved from direct irradiance data from a sun photometer. Results showed that the MPGA is suitable for retrieving particle size distributions from multiwavelength lidar data.