Scaling property in one-nucleon removal reactions induced by exotic nuclei

Assuming a core plus valence nucleon structure, one-nucleon removal reaction is investigated within the framework of few-body Glauber theory. Fermi-type distribution is used for the core density, while the wavefunction of the valence nucleon is calculated by solving the single particle eigenvalue problem of the SchrSdinger equation with the Woods-Saxon potential. The parallel momentum distribution （P//） of the fragments is calculated for isotopes with 3 〈 Z 〈 18. A remarkable scaling property is observed from the dependence of the dimensionless quantity P^2 v/R^2 e on the full width at half maximum of the parallel momentum distribution （FWHMp//）. R^2 v/R^2 c is a measure of the exotic extent of the nuclear halo. Based on the obtained 2 2 scaling law, FWHMp// can be used as an experimental observable to extract R^2 v/R^2 c and measure the exotic extent for the nuclear halo.     

Projectile fragment emission in the fragmentation of 56Fe on C,Al and CH2 targets at 471 A MeV

The emission angle and the transverse momentum distributions of projectile fragments produced in the fragmentation of 56Fe on CHs, C and A1 targets at 471 A MeV are measured. It is found that for the same target, the average value and width of the angular distribution decrease with an increase of the projectile fragment charge; for the same projectile fragment, the average value of the distribution increases and the width of the distribution decreases with increasing the target charge number. The transverse momentum distribution of a projectile fragment can be explained by a single Gaussian distribution and the averaged transverse momentum per nucleon decreases with the increase of the charge of projectile fragment. The cumulated squared transverse momentum distribution of a projectile fragment can be explained well by a single Rayleigh distribution. The temperature parameter of the emission source of the projectile fragment, calculated from the cumulated squared transverse momentum distribution, decreases with the increase of the size of the projectile fragment.     

Strange particle production in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC and LHC energy regions

PACIAE, a parton and hadron cascade model, is utilized to systematically investigate strange particle production and strangeness enhancement in Au＋Au collisions and in Pb＋Pb collisions with the √SNN = 200 GeV at the RHIC and 2.76 TeV at the LHC, respectively. The experimental results at different centralities, using data from the STAR collaboration and the ALICE collaboration, are well described by the PACIAE model. This may represent the importance of the parton and hadron rescatterings, as well as the reduction mechanism for strange quark suppression, that are implemented in the PACIAE model.     

Rayleigh-like distribution of particle transverse momenta in collisions at high energies

The transverse momentum distributions of final-state particles produced in collisions at high energies are studied by using a two-component Rayleigh-like distribution. This representation is based on Liu's multisource ideal gas model which describes protons and fragments in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data of Au-Au, Cu-Cu, d-Au, and pp collisions at the relativistic heavy ion collider energies. The experimental particle momentum distributions of p-Be collisions at 6.4, 12.3, and 17.5 GeV/c, as well as Au-Au collisions at 1.5 AGeV are well described by a model based on a single Rayleigh-like distribution of particle transverse momenta.     

A Weighted Evolving Network with Community Size Preferential Attachment

Community structure is an important characteristic in real complex network. It is a network consists of groups of nodes within which links are dense but among which links are sparse. In this paper, the evolving network include node, link and community growth and we apply the community size preferential attachment and strength preferential attachment to a growing weighted network model and utilize weight assigning mechanism from BBV model. The resulting network reflects the intrinsic community structure with generalized power-law distributions of nodes＇ degrees and strengths.     

Size distribution of sulfur species in fine and ultrafine aerosol particles using sulfur K-edge XANES

The sulfur species existing in different size aerosol particles were determined based on the ＇white line＇ energy shift and the features of post edge structure of sulfur K-edge XANES （X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure）. The results indicated that sulfates were dominant sulfur species in aerosol particles. However, small amount of reductive sulfur species were also found in the ultrafine aerosol particles（〈0.1 μm）. Sulfates in aerosols mostly exhibited as （NH4）2SO4 and gypsum. than 0.952 μm, while gypsum was the dominant sulfate Most （NH4）2SO4 distributed in aerosol particles finer in coarse aerosols.     

Unified description of angular distributions of target particles in light and heavy ion induced interactions in nuclear emulsions at high energies

Some investigations show that in light ion （LI） induced reactions, such as He, O, Ne, and Ar in nuclear emulsions （Em） at high energies, the angular distributions of the target particles show a wide structure around the polar angle V ≈ 60°. With heavy ions （HI） such as Kr and Au such a wide structure has not been observed. The experimental results on Mg-Em and Si-Em interactions also do not show such a wide structure in the angular distribution of the target particles. Using a multisource ideal gas model we uniformly describe the angular distributions of the target particles produced in LI-Em and HI-Em interactions. The result is not only in agreement with the mean trend, but also with the fluctuations of the experimental data. We conclude that the wide structure observed in LI-Em interactions may be the result of statistical fluctuations.     

Cation distributions estimated using the magnetic moments of the spinel ferrites Co_(1-x)Cr_xFe_2O_4 at 10K

（A）[B]2O4 ferrite samples with the composition COl_xCrxFe204 （0.0 ≤ x ≤1.0） are prepared using a hydrothermal method, and subjected to calcining in a tube furnace with an argon-flow at 1673 K for 2 h. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that each of all the samples has a single phase cubic spinel structure with a space group of Fd3m. Magnetic measurements show that the saturation magnetization decreases with as the Cr content x increases. The cation distribution of the samples is estimated by fitting the dependence of the magnetic moments on x at l 0 K, using the quantum mechanical model previously proposed by our group. The calculated sum of the content values of the Cr3＋ and Cr2＋ cations occupying the （A） sites increases as the value of x increases. In the fitting process, the magnetic moment directions of the Cr3＋ and Cr2＋ cations are assumed to be antiparallel to those of the Fe and Co cations, respectively, which is in accordance with Hund＇s rules.     

Quantum Statistical Properties of Binomial Field Interacting with Two Entangled Atoms

Quantum statistical properties of the binomial field interacting with the two entangled atoms are investigated for the different initial conditions. It is found that the sub-Poissonian distribution and the antibunching effect can be presented for the certain ranges of the involved parameters.     

Study of the circumstance influence on the elemental distribution in ancient animal bone using μ-XRF

Elemental analysis of archaeological bone plays an important role in the study of the dietary habits of ancient animals. The elemental characteristic of diagenetic skeletons depends on the surrounding circumstance. The study of environmental influence on the elemental concentration of ancient bone is significant. In this paper, the diagenetic influence on archaeological skeletons is analyzed by microbeam X-ray fluorescence （p.-XRF）. The results show that the enamel is an excellent barrier to the diagenesis and the element Sr in bone isn＇t susceptible to contamination from the buried environment.     

Non-Gaussian Phase Screen Based on log-Poisson Distribution and Effect on Imaging

Gaussian models without intermittency are extensively used in estimating the effect of turbulence, but it also brings some puzzles, for example the observed pulse shape that disagrees with the result of the standard theory of interstellar scintillations. Indeed the property of intermittency is inherent in turbulence, i.e., all the quantities that characterize it suffer from strong fluctuations. So it is necessary to consider turbulent intermittency in many applications. In this paper we propose a non-Gaussian phase screen, which obeys log-Poisson statistics, and also offers the corresponding point spread function （PSF）. These results describe that intermittency leads to the more extent and different directional distribution of PSF. Theoretical analysis is made under the hypothesis of the phase difference satisfying log-Poisson statistics, and the average point spread function, which accord qualitatively with the result of the above generated phase screen, is derived.     

An autobias control system for the electro optic modulator used in a quantum key distribution system

In a quantum key distribution system, it is crucial to keep the extinction ratio of the coherent pulses stable. This means that the direct current bias point of the electro–optic modulator(EOM) used for generating coherent pulses must be locked. In this paper, an autobias control system based on a lock-in-amplifier for the EOM is introduced. Its drift information extracting theory and control method are analyzed comprehensively. The long term drift of the extinction ratio of the coherent pulses is measured by a single photon detector, which indicates that the autobias control system is effective for stabilizing the bias point of the EOM.     

Charged-particle pseudorapidity distributions in Au+Au collisions at RHIC

Using the Glauber model, we present the formulas for calculating the numbers of participants, spectators and binary nucleon-nucleon collisions. Based on this work, we get the pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles as the function of the impact parameter in nucleus-nucleus collisions. The theoretical results agree well with the experimental observations made by the BRAHMS Collaboration in Au＋Au collisions at √^SNN=200 GeV in different centrality bins over the whole pseudorapidity range.     

Generalized Wigner Operator and Bivariate Normal Distribution in p-q Phase Space

We introduce a kind of generalized Wigner operator, whose normally ordered form can lead to the bivariate normal distribution in p-q phase space. While this bivariate normal distribution corresponds to the pure vacuum state in the generalized Wigner function phase space, it corresponds to a mixed state in the usual Wigner function phase space.     

Distribution of Equilibrium Free Energies in a Thermodynamic System with Broken Ergodicity

At low temperatures the configurational phase space of a macroscopic complex system （e.g., a spin-glass） of N - 10^23 interacting particles may split into an exponential number Ωs - exp（const × N） of ergodic sub-spaces （thermodynamic states）. It is usually assumed that the equilibrium collective behavior of such a system is determined by its ground thermodynamic states of the minimal free-energy density, and that the equilibrium free energies follow the distribution of exponentied decay. But actually for some complex systems, the equilibrium free-energy values may follow a Gaussian distribution within an intermediate temperature range, and consequently their equilibrium properties are contributed by excited thermodynamic states. Based on this analysis, the re-weighting parameter y in the cavity approach of spin-glasses is easily understood. Depending on the free-energy distribution, the optimal y can either be equal to or be strictly less than the inverse temperature β.     

Quantum Communication Scheme Using Non-symmetric Quantum Channel

A theoretical quantum communication scheme based on entanglement swapping and superdense coding is proposed with a 3-dimensional Bell state and 2-dimensional Bell state function as quantum channel, quantum key distribution and quantum secure direct communication can be simultaneously accomplished in the scheme. The scheme is secure and has high source capacity. At last, we generalize the quantum communication scheme to d-dimensional quantum channel     

An improved deconvolution method for X-ray coded imaging in inertial confinement fusion

In inertial confinement fusion （ICF）, X-ray coded imaging is considered as the most potential means to diagnose the compressed core. The traditional Richardson-Lucy （RL） method has a strong ability to deblur the image where the noise follows the Poisson distribution. However, it always suffers from over-fitting and noise amplification, especially when the signal-to-noise ratio of image is relatively low. In this paper, we propose an improved deconvolution method for X-ray coded imaging. We model the image data as a set of independent Gaussian distributions and derive the iterative solution with a maximum-likelihood scheme. The experimental results on X-ray coded imaging data demonstrate that this method is superior to the RL method in terms of anti-overfitting and noise suppression.     

Effect of an Arbitrary Dust Size Distribution Dust Particles for Vortex-Like Ion Distribution Dusty Plasma

In order to investigate the effect of an arbitrary dust size distribution for vortex-like ion distribution dusty plasma, we use a reasonable polynomial-expressed function to represent an arbitrary dust size distribution. The numerical results of linear dispersion relation, nonlinear solitary wave amplitude, width and velocity for polynomial expressed dust size distribution dusty plasma with vortex-like ion distribution have been studied.     

Methyl orbital signatures in 2-amino-l-propanol

Electron density distributions of 2-aminoethanol （2AE） and 2-amino-l-propanol （2AP） are calculated in both the coordinate and the momentum spaces using the B3LYP/TZVP method. Using the dual space analysis, molecular orbital signatures of the methyl substituent in 2AP are identified with respect to 2AE. Relaxations of the geometry and the valence orbital in 2AP are found to be due to the insertion of the methyl group. Five orbitals, not four orbitals, are identified as the methyl signatures. They are orbital 5a in the core shell, orbitals 9a and 10a in the inner valence shell, and orbitals 15a and 16a in the outer valence. In the inner valence shell, the attachment of methyl to 2AE causes a splitting of its orbital 8a into orbitals 9a and 10a of 2AP, whereas in the outer valence shell, the methyl group results in the insertion of an additional orbital pair of 15a and 16a. The frontier molecular orbitals 21a, 20a, and 19a are found to have no significant role in the methylation of 2AE.     

Effects of N/Z on Spin Distribution of Evaporation Residue Cross Section as a Probe of Nuclear Dissipation

The spin distribution of the evaporation residue cross section of nuclei ^194pb, ^200Pb, ^206Pb, and ^200 Os are calculated via a Langevin equation coupled with a statistical decay model. It is shown that with increasing the neutronto-proton ratio （N/Z） of the system, the sensitivity of the significantly. Moreover, for ^200Os this spin distribution is no spin distribution to the nuclear dissipation is decreased longer sensitive to the nuclear dissipation. These results suggest that to obtain a more accurate pre-saddle viscosity coefficient through the measurement of the evaporation residue spin distribution, it is best to yield those compound systems with low N/Z.