可双参量同时测量的干涉型全光纤传感器

提出并制作了一种马赫增德干涉仪级联光纤布喇格光栅的全光纤传感器,其中马赫增德干涉仪由两个球形结构组成,起分光器和耦合器的作用.分析了各项结构参量对灵敏度的影响,结果表明马赫增德干涉峰和光纤布喇格光栅的透射峰对不同参量的灵敏度不同.实验测得马赫增德干涉峰对温度、折射率和液位的灵敏度分别为0.072 45nm/℃、87.65nm/RIU和0.029 714nm/mm;光纤布喇格光栅透射峰对温度的灵敏度为0.009 89nm/℃,但对折射率、液位不灵敏,因此可利用敏感矩阵实现双参量同时测量.该传感器可广泛应用于化学、生物和制药等领域.     

活塞式菱形结构光纤布喇格光栅渗压传感器

为了适应矿井、大坝对渗压监测的需要,提出一种活塞和菱形传压结构相结合的光纤布喇格光栅渗压传感器,活塞把测试压力传递到菱形传压结构,菱形传压结构拉动其上下对称连接的弹性钢片,导致粘贴在弹性钢片上的光纤布喇格光栅中心波长产生变化.利用有限元方法在500kPa的测试环境中对顶角分别为90°、110°、130°、150°情况下菱形传压结构的应力特性进行分析,根据仿真参量研制了渗压传感器,并对该传感器进行了压力标定试验和温度补偿试验.实验结果表明:传感器对渗压的灵敏度为2.04nm/MPa,拟合度为0.997,重复性为0.9%,两个测压光栅温度灵敏度分别为0.023 33nm/℃、0.021 68nm/℃,温补光栅为0.009 916nm/℃.     

光纤布喇格光栅沉降传感器

根据光纤布喇格光栅的光学传感原理,提出了一种基于悬臂梁及金属弹性膜片的光纤布喇格光栅沉降传感器结构,对其传感特性进行了实验研究.实验通过产生水的液位差来模拟地基沉降,分析结果显示,光纤布喇格光栅中心反射波长漂移对液位差呈现良好的线性关系,线性度高于0.999,灵敏度可达-2.11 pm/mm.通过改变悬臂梁厚度和有效长度,可以对传感器测量范围和灵敏度进行调整,以满足各种应用场合.综合实验结果,该传感器在桥梁、铁路地基等沉降监测方面具有重要意义.     

一种测量温度和流速的光纤光栅传感器

提出一种基于铝片的测量温度和流速的光纤布喇格光栅(FBG)传感器。采用一种耐高温胶将光纤布喇格光栅封装在一小铝片上，经过高温固化处理，可保持光纤光栅传感器的稳定性。通过-20℃～100℃温度实验，得到该传感器的温度灵敏度系数为0.0392nm/℃,是封装前的3.5倍，且传感器温度响应保持了很好的线性和重复性。从水温14.5℃时的流速实验中得到水流速在0～20m/s范围变化时，FBG峰值波长漂移了0.13nm,验证了此光纤光栅传感器测量流速的可行性。试验结果表明，该传感器既可以作为温度传感器，又可以作为流量传感器，并且制作简单，成本较低。     

可双参量同时测量的光纤磁场传感器

设计并制作了一种马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(Mach-Zehnder Interferometer,MZI)与光纤布喇格光栅级联的光纤磁场传感器,其中MZI由相当于分光器的锥结构和相当于耦合器的花生锥结构级联组成,封装在填充了磁流体的毛细管中.由于磁流体的有效折射率会随着外界磁场强度的改变而变化,故可通过观察干涉谱的特征波长的变化来测量外界磁场强度,而光纤布喇格光栅透射峰对磁场强度不敏感.当磁场强度由0mT变化到20mT时,马赫-曾德尔干涉峰的灵敏度为0.11nm/mT.温度特性实验测得马赫-曾德尔干涉峰和光纤布喇格光栅透射峰的温度灵敏度分别为0.401 5nm/℃和0.011 4nm/℃.因此,可利用敏感矩阵实现双参量同时测量.     

光纤布喇格光栅沉降传感器

根据光纤布喇格光栅的光学传感原理,提出了一种基于悬臂梁及金属弹性膜片的光纤布喇格光栅沉降传感器结构,对其传感特性进行了实验研究.实验通过产生水的液位差来模拟地基沉降,分析结果显示,光纤布喇格光栅中心反射波长漂移对液位差呈现良好的线性关系,线性度高于0.999,灵敏度可达一2.11 pm/mm.通过改变悬臂梁厚度和有效长...     

非栅区封装光纤布喇格光栅应变传感特性研究

针对表面粘贴式非栅区封装结构,依据变形等效原理,推导了该结构的应变传递函数,仿真分析了非栅区封装中间段长度与封装材料弹性模量对应变传递效率的影响.分别采用有机环氧胶与金属锌,将两只光纤布喇格光栅用非栅区封装方式固定在同一根钢丝上,进行拉伸试验,试验结果表明:两种材料的拉伸曲线线性度均达到0.99以上,表明两种封装材料的应变传递一致性较好;金属锌封装结构的应力感知灵敏度平均值为0.142 6nm/KN,环氧有机胶封装结构的应力感知灵敏度平均值为0.130 4nm/KN;各种应变值下,金属锌封装结构的应变传递系数均稳定在0.995左右,而环氧有机胶封装结构的应变传递系数在0.91左右上下波动,金属锌的应变传递效率较有机环氧胶高了近9.34%.试验结果与数值仿真结果较为吻合,可为非栅区封装光纤布喇格光栅传感器的设计提供依据.     

铝槽封装光纤光栅传感器的增敏特性研究

提出了一种光纤布喇格光栅的铝槽封装工艺,并对铝槽封装光纤光栅传感器的应变与温度传感特性进行了实验研究和理论分析.与裸光纤光栅的测试结果比较表明,铝槽封装工艺基本不改变光纤光栅应变传感的灵敏性,但是温度灵敏度系数提高了3.5倍.经过该工艺封装的光纤光栅可以探测识别0.2 με的应变与0.02℃的温度变化.     

基于多芯光纤级联布喇格光纤光栅的横向压力与温度同时测量

提出并制作了一种基于多芯光纤与单模光纤错位构成的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪,将其与光纤布喇格光栅级联,形成的全光纤传感系统可实现横向压力和温度双参量同时测量.马赫-曾德尔干涉仪是利用多芯光纤和单模光纤的模场不匹配而发生模间干涉,当外界横向压力直接作用在多芯光纤内部光场,干涉仪具有较高的灵敏度.实验结果表明:马赫-曾德尔干涉仪压力灵敏度为28.57nm/(N·mm~(-1)),线性度为0.997,而光纤布喇格光栅在一定范围内对压力变化不敏感;马赫-曾德干涉仪和光纤布喇格光栅对温度变化都具有较高的线性度,温度灵敏度分别为56.1pm/℃和11.3pm/℃.对于分辨率为0.02nm的光谱仪,传感器可实现的压力和温度测量分辨率分别为7.0×10~(-4)N/mm和0.03℃.马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的透射谱和光纤布拉光栅的谐振峰对横向压力和温度的变化有不同的光谱响应,利用光谱仪对传感器的透射谱实时监测,方便地实现了压力与温度双参量的测量.该传感器结构简单,灵敏度高,可用于不同领域的压力传感.     

一种新型的光纤光栅封装装置

介绍了一种新型剪刀形封装装置,并利用其进行了光纤布拉格光栅的温度补偿实验.这种封装结构保持了光纤光栅体积小的优点,同时无需给光纤光栅施加预应力;封装后不产生啁啾,并可与压电陶瓷结合,扩展光纤光栅布喇格波长的调谐范围;应变量的调节只跟金属丝有关,与支架的材料无关,从而大大简化了设计.在－30℃~80℃温区,温度灵敏度降低10倍以上,达到0.001 nm/℃,符合光纤通信要求.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.