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功率超声如同超声学的其他分支学科一样,由于它在技术上具有某些独特的优点,所以近年来发展迅速,应用范围也越来越广泛。 功率超声处理技术主要包括:超声清洗,超声塑料及金属焊接,超声搪锡,超声加工;超声乳化、粉碎、分散、雾化、提取、凝聚;超声加速干燥、过滤,超声金属成形,超声处理种子,超声治疗和外科术等.本文着重介绍功率超声换能器振动系统及其在某些领域中应用的发展情况。 一、换能器、变幅杆振动系统1.功率超声换能器 超声处理用的电声换能器,按其材料分类,主要有两类:一类是压电换能器,其特点是电声转换效率高,采用夹心式结构可… 相似文献
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一、概 况: 本机由电发生器和T-1型系列压电超声换能器组成,可用于超声乳化、强化处理,包括超声乳化、清洗、分散、破碎和强化化学反应等,系一机多用。 本机操作简单,实用性强,既可用于实验室小样试验处理,也可增加辅助设备配套用于工业生产。 二、主要性能和工作参数: 电发生器,频率14—20kHz可调,电功率0—250W可调。 T-1型系列压电超声换能器有T-1型T-1A型、T-1B型、T-1C型四种,都是带变幅器高强度超声换能器,频率14-20kHz,电功率小于250W。 相似文献
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研究了超声清洗和激光预处理两种后处理手段对减反膜的损伤特性的影响。采用电子束蒸发技术制备了1 064 nm减反膜,利用超声清洗及激光预处理的方法分别对样品进行处理,并对处理前后的样品分别进行激光损伤阈值测试及破斑深度测量。结果表明:处理后减反膜的损伤阈值均有所提升,但激光预处理的阈值增强效果更加明显;超声清洗前后的破斑深度没有大的变化,而激光预处理后的破斑深度比处理前浅得多;原因在于超声清洗只能去除表面杂质,激光预处理可减少和抑制膜层内较深处的缺陷。 相似文献
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人工种植黄芩与野生黄芩叶中Se含量及氨基酸含量的比较研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
采用荧光光度法测定了人工种植黄芩和野生黄芩叶中微量元素Se的含量,氨基酸分析仪测定了18种氨基酸的含量,结果表明人工种植黄芩叶与野生黄芩叶中皆含有较高的Se,但其含量没有显著差异(α=0.05)。黄芩叶中富含氨基酸,其中含量较多的是天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、亮氨酸,人工种植黄芩叶氨基酸含量高于野生黄芩叶,说明人工种植黄芩可以替代野生黄芩用于黄芩叶产品的开发。实验结果为揭示黄芩的生物功能以及比较人工种植黄芩和野生黄芩叶中Se及氨基酸的差异提供有用数据,并为开发黄芩叶食用、药用价值提供理论依据。 相似文献
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空心莲子草皂苷的提取工艺 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
确定空心莲子草皂苷最佳提取工艺。采用超声辅助法提取空心莲子草中的皂苷类化合物,通过正交试验确定了最佳提取工艺。以齐墩果酸为对照,采用分光光度法在570nm处测定其中的皂苷,回归方程为:y=1.904C+0.0054,r=0.9990。最佳工艺条件:即用60%的甲醇,固液比采用1:20,超声时间10min,超声功率80%,间歇提取2次。选出了空心莲子草皂苷的最佳工艺,用齐墩果酸标准品,采用分光光度法,操作简便,结果准确,为空心莲子草中皂苷含量测定的一种切实可行的方法。 相似文献
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采用不同电功率的超声波处理了聚乙二醇(PEG6000)溶液。凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)分析超声处理后的PEG溶液发现,当超声电功率超过250W时,PEG分子量随超声波作用强度的增大而减少,随超声波作用时间的延长而增大;在电功率超过250W超声波作用下,傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)分析表明,组成PEG的单体没有明显改变,但是,羟基含量分析表明,PEG固体样品中的羟基含量有所减少。结合实验结果,根据高分子化学、有机化学和超声化学中相关理论对PEG超声化学反应机理进行了探讨,认为:当超声波作用于PEG溶液时,同时存在有PEG的缩水聚合反应和自由基降解反应,当频率为20-25kHz、电功率为250-600W的超声作用于PEG6000溶液时,缩水聚合反应占主导地位。 相似文献
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Acoustic cavitation, generated by a piezo-driven transducer, is a commonly used technique in a variety of processes, from homogenization, emulsification, and intensification of chemical reactions to surface cleaning and wastewater treatment. An ultrasonic horn, the most commonly used acoustic cavitation device, creates unique cavitation conditions under the horn tip that depend on various parameters such as the tip diameter, the driving frequency of the horn, its amplitude, and fluid properties. Unlike for hydrodynamic cavitation, the scaling laws for acoustic cavitation are poorly understood. Empirical relationships between cavitation dynamics, ultrasonic horn operating conditions, and fluid properties were found through systematic characterization of cavitation under the tip. Experiments were conducted in distilled water with various sodium chloride salt concentrations under different horn amplitudes, tip geometries, and ambient pressures. Cavitation characteristics were monitored by high-speed (200,000 fps) imaging, and numerous relations were found between operating conditions and cavitation dynamics. The compared results are discussed along with a proposal of a novel acoustic cavitation parameter and its relationship to the size of the cavitation cloud under the horn tip. Similar to the classical hydrodynamic cavitation number, the authors propose for the first time an acoustic cavitation parameter based on experimental results. 相似文献
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The Weissler reaction in which iodide is oxidised to a tri-iodide complex (I(3)(-)) has been widely used for measurement of the intensity of ultrasonic and hydrodynamic cavitation. It was used in this work to compare ultrasonic cavitation at 24kHz with hydrodynamic cavitation using two different devices, one a venturi and the other a sudden expansion, operated up to 8.7bar. Hydrodynamic cavitation had a maximum efficiency of about 5x10(-11) moles of I(3)(-) per joule of energy compared with the maximum of almost 8x10(-11)molJ(-1) for ultrasonic cavitation. Hydrodynamic cavitation was found to be most effective at 10 degrees C compared with 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C and at higher upstream pressures. However, it was found that in hydrodynamic conditions, even without cavitation, I(3)(-) was consumed at a rapid rate leading to an equilibrium concentration. It was concluded that the Weissler reaction was not a good model reaction for the assessment of the effectiveness of hydrodynamic cavitation. 相似文献
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This study investigates hydrodynamic performance of a novel pinned disc rotating generator of hydrodynamic cavitation in comparison with a serrated disc variant on a pilot-scale. Experimental results show that at a given rotational speed and liquid flow rate, the pinned disc generates more intense cavitation (i.e. lower cavitation number, higher volume fraction of vapor and higher amplitude of pressure fluctuations) than the serrated disc, while also consuming less energy per liquid pass (i.e., higher flow rate and pumping pressure difference of water at similar power consumption). Additionally, mechanical and chemical wastewater treatment performance of the novel cavitator was evaluated on an 800 L influent sample from a wastewater treatment plant. Mechanical effects resulted in a reduction of average particle size from 148 to 38 µm and increase of specific surface area, while the oxidation potential was confirmed by reduction of COD, TOC, and BOD up to 27, 23 and 30% in 60 cavitation passes, respectively. At optimal operating conditions and 30 cavitation passes, pinned disc cavitator had a 310% higher COD removal capacity while consuming 65% less energy per kg of COD removed than the serrated disc cavitator. Furthermore, the specific COD-reduction energy consumption of the pinned disc cavitator on the pilot scale is comparable to the best cases of lab-scale orifice and venturi devices operating at much lower wastewater processing capacity. 相似文献
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In this paper, the decomposition of Rhodamine B (RhB) by hydrodynamic cavitation (HC), acoustic cavitation (AC) and the combination of these individual methods (HAC) have been investigated. The degradation of 20 L RhB aqueous solution was carried out in a self-designed HAC reactor, where hydrodynamic cavitation and acoustic cavitation could take place in the same space simultaneously. The effects of initial concentration, inlet pressure, solution temperature and ultrasonic power were studied and discussed. Obvious synergies were found in the HAC process. The combined method achieved the best conversion, and the synergistic effect in HAC was even up to 119% with the ultrasonic power of 220 W in a treatment time of 30 min. The time-independent synergistic factor based on rate constant was introduced and the maximum value reached 40% in the HAC system. Besides, the hybrid HAC method showed great superiority in energy efficiency at lower ultrasonic power (88–176 W). Therefore, HAC technology can be visualized as a promising method for wastewater treatment with good scale-up possibilities. 相似文献
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Studies of a novel sensor for assessing the spatial distribution of cavitation activity within ultrasonic cleaning vessels 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
This paper describes investigations of the spatial distribution of cavitation activity generated within an ultrasonic cleaning vessel, undertaken using a novel cavitation sensor concept. The new sensor monitors high frequency acoustic emissions (>1 MHz) generated by micron-sized bubbles driven into acoustic cavitation by the applied acoustic field. Novel design features of the sensor, including its hollow, cylindrical shape, provide the sensor with spatial resolution, enabling it to associate the megahertz acoustic emissions produced by the cavitating bubbles with specific regions of space within the vessel. The performance of the new sensor has been tested using a 40 kHz ultrasonic cleaner employing four transducers and operating at a nominal electrical power of 140 W under controlled conditions. The results demonstrate the ability of the sensors to identify 'hot-spots' and 'cold-spots' in cavitation activity within the vessel, and show good qualitative agreement with an assessment of the spatial distribution of cavitation determined through erosion monitoring of thin sheets of aluminium foil. The implications of the studies for the development of reliable methods of quantifying the performance of cleaning vessels are discussed in detail. 相似文献
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The present review emphasizes the role of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) and acoustic cavitation in clean and green technologies for selected fuels (of hydrocarbon origins such as gasoline, naphtha, diesel, heavy oil, and crude oil) processing applications including biodiesel production. Herein, the role of cavitation reactors, their geometrical parameters, physicochemical properties of liquid media, liquid oxidants, catalyst loading, reactive oxygen species, and different types of emulsification and formation of radicals, formation as well as extraction of formed by-products are systematically reviewed. Among all types of HC reactors, vortex diode and single hole orifices revealed more than 95 % desulfurization yield and a 20 % viscosity reduction in heavy oil upgrading, while multi-hole orifice (100 holes) and slit Venturi allowed obtaining the best biodiesel production processes in terms of high (%) yield, low cost of treatment, and short processing time (5 min; 99 % biodiesel; 4.80 USD/m3). On the other hand, the acoustic cavitation devices are likely to be the most effective in biodiesel production based on ultrasonic bath (90 min; 95 %; 6.7 $/m3) and desulfurization treatment based on ultrasonic transducers (15 min; 98.3 % desulfurization; 10.8 $/m3). The implementation of HC-based processes reveals to be the most cost-effective method over acoustic cavitation-based devices. Finally, by reviewing the ongoing applications and development works, the limitations and challenges for further research are addressed emphasizing the cleaner production and guidelines for future scientists to assure obtaining comprehensive data useful for the research community. 相似文献
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The results of ultrasonic action to the substances have been presented. It is examined, the correlation between the electrical
parameters of ultrasonic equipment and acoustic performances of the ultrasonic field in treating the medium, the efficiency
of ultrasonic technological facility, and the peculiarities of oscillations introduced into the load under cavitation development.
The correlation between the acoustic powers of oscillations securing the needed level of cavitation and desired technological
effect, and the electrical parameters of the ultrasonic facility, first of all, the power, is established. The peculiarities
of cavitation development in liquids with different physical-chemical properties (including the molten low-melting metals)
have been studied, and the acoustic power of oscillations introduced into the load under input variation of electric power
to the generator has been also estimated. 相似文献
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Ultrasonic sonotrodes play an essential role in transmitting power ultrasound into the large-scale metallic casting. However, cavitation erosion considerably impairs the in-service performance of ultrasonic sonotrodes, leading to marginal microstructural refinement. In this work, the cavitation erosion behaviour of ultrasonic sonotrodes in large-scale castings was explored using the industry-level experiments of Al alloy cylindrical ingots (i.e. 630 mm in diameter and 6000 mm in length). When introducing power ultrasound, severe cavitation erosion was found to reproducibly occur at some specific positions on ultrasonic sonotrodes. However, there is no cavitation erosion present on the ultrasonic sonotrodes that were not driven by electric generator. Vibratory examination showed cavitation erosion depended on the vibration state of ultrasonic sonotrodes. Moreover, a finite element (FE) model was developed to simulate the evolution and distribution of acoustic pressure in 3-D solidification volume. FE simulation results confirmed that significant dynamic interaction between sonotrodes and melts only happened at some specific positions corresponding to severe cavitation erosion. This work will allow for developing more advanced ultrasonic sonotrodes with better cavitation erosion-resistance, in particular for large-scale castings, from the perspectives of ultrasonic physics and mechanical design. 相似文献
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High power ultrasound reactors have gained a lot of interest in the food industry given the effects that can arise from ultrasonic-induced cavitation in liquid foods. However, most of the new food processing developments have been based on empirical approaches. Thus, there is a need for mathematical models which help to understand, optimize, and scale up ultrasonic reactors. In this work, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to predict the acoustic streaming and induced heat generated by an ultrasonic horn reactor. In the model it is assumed that the horn tip is a fluid inlet, where a turbulent jet flow is injected into the vessel. The hydrodynamic momentum rate of the incoming jet is assumed to be equal to the total acoustic momentum rate emitted by the acoustic power source. CFD velocity predictions show excellent agreement with the experimental data for power densities higher than W(0)/V ≥ 25kWm(-3). This model successfully describes hydrodynamic fields (streaming) generated by low-frequency-high-power ultrasound. 相似文献
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《Ultrasonics sonochemistry》2014,21(4):1392-1399
Industrial wastewater streams containing high concentrations of biorefractory materials like cyanides should ideally be treated at source. In the present work, degradation of potassium ferrocyanide (K4Fe(CN)6) as a model pollutant has been investigated using cavitational reactors with possible intensification studies using different approaches. Effect of different operating parameters such as initial concentration, temperature and pH on the extent of degradation using acoustic cavitation has been investigated. For the case of hydrodynamic cavitation, flow characteristics of cavitating device (venturi) have been established initially followed by the effect of inlet pressure and pH on the extent of degradation. Under the optimized set of operating parameters, the addition of hydrogen peroxide (ratio of K4Fe(CN)6:H2O2 varied from 1:1 to 1:30 mol basis) as process intensifying approach has been investigated. The present work has conclusively established that under the set of optimized operating parameters, cavitation can be effectively used for degradation of potassium ferrocyanide. The comparative study of hydrodynamic cavitation and acoustic cavitation suggested that hydrodynamic cavitation is more energy efficient and gives higher degradation as compared to acoustic cavitation for equivalent power/energy dissipation. The present work is the first one to report comparison of cavitation based treatment schemes for degradation of cyanide containing wastewaters. 相似文献