Performance comparison of Fabry–Perot and Mach–Zehnder interferometers for molecular Doppler lidar based on fringe-imaging technique

Fringe-imaging Fabry–Perot interferometer (FIFPI) and fringe-imaging Mach–Zehnder interferometer (FIMZI) used as frequency discriminator for incoherent molecular Doppler lidar were analyzed, respectively. For a pure molecular backscattered signal, performances (wind measurement sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio) of both FIFPI and FIMZI systems were simulated based on the U.S. standard atmospheric model. Comparisons of two systems were made under the same emitting and receiving parameters with certain wind speed dynamic range. Simulated results show that, though relatively lower sensitivity to Doppler shift, the single-channel FIMZI system provides a factor of 1.3 times smaller error in the horizontal wind velocity than that of FIFPI at a range of 20 km. We expect that the FIMZI frequency discriminator would provide an effective technique to improve the measurement accuracy for incoherent molecular Doppler lidar.     

Differential Discrimination Technique for Incoherent Doppler Lidar to Measure Atmospheric Wind and Backscatter Ratio

A new incoherent Doppler lidar scheme is proposed using a high resolution Mach-Zehnder interferometer discriminator with sinusoidal transmission functions. A two-channel differential discrimination technique is developed which provides high sensitive velocity measurement. The aerosol and molecular backscatter signals can be separately measured and the backscatter ratio obtained. Principle of the measurement is described and the characteristics of this technique are analyzed and compared. Numerical calculation for a moderate size 1.064 μ lidar shows that an accuracy better than 1 m/s for the velocity measurement and 18% for the backscatter ratio measurement can be obtained up to a height of 10 km by a 500 shot average.     

多纵模激光F-P标准具双边缘测风可行性分析

讨论采用多纵模激光器作探测光源用于双边缘多普勒激光雷达测风的可行性。给出了多纵模激光器谐振腔腔长与边缘滤波器F-P标准具腔长之间的关系。分析了多纵模双边缘测风的主要特性,计算灵敏度、信噪比和径向测速误差,并与单纵模测风性能进行对比。可用类似单纵模测风中动态频率跟踪技术解决多纵模激光器频率漂移问题。     

Mach-Zehnder干涉仪条纹成像多普勒激光雷达风速反演及视场展宽技术

相对于传统多普勒鉴频器Fabry-Perot干涉仪, Mach-Zehnder干涉仪(MZI)具有透过率高、直线条纹易于探测、可进行视场展宽等优点. 本文设计了基于条纹成像MZI的非相干多普勒测风激光雷达系统, 构建了风速反演的数学模型, 利用MZI视场展宽技术优化了激光雷达系统的性能. 数值仿真实现了MZI鉴频系统干涉条纹图样的理想输出, 采用SineSqr函数拟合法获取了高精度的多普勒频移前后干涉条纹的移动距离, 并通过视场补偿减小了入射角对MZI光程差的影响, 从而实现视场展宽. 结果表明: 采用SineSqr函数拟合法可获得在±100 m·s^-1的径向风速范围内<0.45 m·s^-1的风速误差, 克服了条纹重心法反演风速不稳定性的缺点; 视场展宽技术在不降低鉴频性能的情况下, 能最大补偿1°的视场角. MZI条纹成像多普勒激光雷达应用技术的探讨将为中高层大气风速激光雷达测量系统的实际开发奠定良好的基础. 关键词： 激光雷达 条纹成像Mach-Zehnder干涉仪 风速反演 视场补偿     

Mobile Rayleigh Doppler wind lidar based on double-edge technique

<正>We describe a mobile molecular Doppler wind lidar(DWL) based on double-edge technique for wind measurement of altitudes ranging from 10 to 40 km.A triple Fabry-Perot etalon is employed as a frequency discriminator to determine the Doppler shift proportional to the wind velocity.The lidar operates at 355 nm with a 45-cm-aperture telescope and a matching azimuth-over-elevation scanner that provides full hemispherical pointing.To guarantee wind accuracy,a single servo loop is used to monitor the outgoing laser frequency to remove inaccuracies due to the frequency drift of the laser or the etalon.The standard deviation of the outgoing laser frequency drift is 6.18 MHz and the corresponding velocity error is 1.11 m/s.The wind profiles measured by the DWL are in good agreement with the results of the wind profile radar(WPR).Evaluation is achieved by comparing at altitudes from 2 to 8 km.The relative error of horizontal wind speed is from 0.8 to 1.8 m/s in the compared ranges.The wind accuracy is less than 6 m/s at 40 km and 3 m/s at 10 km.     

星载激光多普勒测风雷达鉴频系统仿真(Ⅱ):基于Fabry-Perot标准具的Rayleigh通道大气风速反演研究

基于星载激光多普勒测风雷达工作原理,构建了基于连续双通道Fabry-Perot(F-P)标准具的鉴频仿真系统,仿真研究了Rayleigh通道大气风速反演算法,系统分析了Rayleigh-Brillouin效应和Mie干扰信号对Rayleigh通道反演大气视线(LOS)风速的影响,并利用无线电探空数据集仿真结果统计分析了Rayleigh通道大气水平视线(HLOS)风速反演误差.结果表明,基于连续双通道F-P标准具的Rayleigh通道可反演中高层大气风速;Rayleigh-Brillouin效应和Mie干扰信号影响Rayleigh通道LOS风速反演精度;Rayleigh通道风速反演对温度精度要求最高,在晴空条件下可忽略Mie干扰信号的影响;不考虑Brillouin效应时,高度2 km以下Rayleigh通道无法反演HLOS风速,高度2 km以上Rayleigh通道反演的HLOS风速误差小于0.4 m·s-1,风速标准差在1—4 m·s-1之间;同Mie通道一样,气溶胶和云的分布影响Rayleigh通道HLOS风速反演误差.研究结果对发展星载激光雷达测风技术具有重要参考意义.     

基于双F-P干涉仪的多普勒测风激光雷达的性能分析

 自行研制了一台基于双边缘技术的多普勒激光雷达，用于测量对流层大气风场。该雷达采用具有高光谱分辨率的双Fabry-Perot干涉仪来检测气溶胶后向散射的多普勒频移量。给出了多普勒测风激光雷达的结构和参数。利用干涉仪参数讨论了雷达系统的测量精度。实验测定了双干涉仪的频谱曲线。通过计算和分析，由测量的干涉仪频谱曲线的的标准偏差引起的系统测量误差为0.5 m/s。系统的测量误差随着测量的高度和所测速度的增加在增大，在高度10 km测量50 m/s的风速时系统的测量误差小于2 m/s。     

空间多普勒激光雷达海表面散射信号分析

为了验证受海表面风速驱动的海表面反射率模型和计算海表面信号进行零风速校准的精度,开展了激光雷达海表面散射信号强度和速度特征的分析。在强度特征信息方面,进行了海表面反射率仿真模型和机载激光雷达海面散射信号实测数据的对比,考虑激光水下散射,参考QuikSCAT的海表面风速大小,测量结果和模型曲线基本吻合。在速度特征方面,通过海表面运动波形的仿真和海表面速度信息的提取,考虑波面的垂直和水平运动,采用时间积分的海表面探测信号零风速校准误差小于0.2 m/s。     

机载光纤多普勒测风激光雷达风场反演及实验验证

通过分析1 550 nm全光纤机载多普勒测风激光雷达系统的测量模式特征,给出飞机速度校正方法、机载系统风场反演模型和算法,实现了机载大气三维风场的反演和显示软件。利用机载激光雷达的飞行试验数据,结合实时测量的小球测风数据,进行了风场信息的反演和结果的对比印证,统计4个架次的风廓线测量结果,两者的水平风速标准偏差小于1.4 m/s,风向标准偏差小于10°,相关系数都达到0.95以上,从实验结果上验证了激光雷达的工作性能和数据反演算法的准确性。     

用于大气温度廓线测量的瑞利-拉曼激光雷达

大气温度廓线及其时间演变特征资料在地球科学领域具有重要的应用,为获取高时空分辨的大气温度的垂直分布,建立了瑞利-拉曼温度测量激光雷达。介绍了瑞利-拉曼激光雷达进行温度测量的主要原理和研制的瑞利-拉曼激光雷达的主要参数;数据处理方面,通过背景噪声剔除和小波算法降噪提高系统的信噪比;使用研制的激光雷达对大气温度廓线进行观测,将观测结果与大气模式数据和卫星观测结果进行对比,均显示较好的一致性,证明了激光雷达温度测量结果的准确性,其温度测量数据可以用于气象学研究。     

Low tropospheric wind measurement with Mie Doppler Lidar

A double edge Mie Doppler lidar at 1064 nm was developed in Hefei, China in 2005 for low tropospheric wind measurement. Intercomparison experiments with a wind profiler and a wiresonde were held. Intercomparisons of concurrent lidar and other instrument observations show good agreement with expected measurement accuracy. The examples of validated lidar wind profiles obtained during these experiments as well as an example of continuous wind observations are presented. The instrument has demonstrated the capability of atmospheric wind field measurement from 0.2 to 5 km altitude, achieving below 2 m/s accuracy with 1 min averaging and 21.2 m vertical resolution.     

Accuracy Analysis of the Fabry–Perot Etalon Based Doppler Wind Lidar

A direct detection Doppler wind lidar with the dual Fabry–Perot technique has been built in Hefei, China, and the system is described in this paper. A dual, air-spaced Fabry–Perot etalon is designed as the frequency discriminator and the transmission characteristics are measured with a stabilized cw laser and a pulse laser. The experimental data are found to be in agreement with the designed parameters. The Doppler shift is measured by taking the ratio of the transmitted intensities from the dual etalon. Analysis of the accuracy of Doppler measurement is made by considering the factors of the number of iterations in converting the measured ratio to the Doppler shift, the laser intensity fluctuation and the signal-to-noise ratio. In the sufficient signal-to-noise ratio the velocity accuracy of the Doppler lidar system is estimated to be better than 0.5 m/s.     

瑞利散射多普勒测风激光雷达的校准

 在进行实际风速测量之前,对于新研制的测风激光雷达系统进行校准,可以验证并提高风速测量的准确性。根据瑞利散射多普勒激光雷达的测量原理,提出了利用瑞利散射谱和米散射谱之间的关系,采用运动硬目标实现对瑞利散射多普勒测风激光雷达进行校准的方法。设计了对瑞利散射多普勒测风激光雷达进行校准的实验系统,并给出了详细的校准步骤。     

全光纤M-Z干涉仪的高灵敏度与大动态范围多普勒激光雷达风场探测技术

多普勒测风激光雷达是大气风场探测的重要手段之一。通过检测风速导致的大气后向散射谱的多普勒频移从而实现风速的探测。由于受鉴频器本身特性的影响,高灵敏度与大动态范围的探测一直是大气风场探测的难点。提出采用双光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪(FMZI)作为多普勒激光雷达的鉴频器件,设计两路不同动态范围及风速探测灵敏度的FMZI鉴频器同时对大气回波信号进行鉴频。采用小光程差(13.7 cm)、大动态范围(±100 m·s-1)鉴频光路FMZI-2对风速区间进行定位,大光程差(74.8 cm)、高探测灵敏度(2.62%/(m·s-1))的鉴频光路FMZI-1进行风速精细探测,从而实现大动态范围高灵敏度的风场探测。利用标准大气模型对不同参数条件下的系统灵敏度、系统探测的信噪比及风速误差进行仿真分析。结果表明,该系统可以实现±100 m·s-1大动态范围内风速误差小于1 m·s-1的大气风场探测,为大动态范围高灵敏度测风激光雷达的发展进行了有益的探索。     

瑞利散射多普勒激光雷达风场反演方法

介绍了瑞利散射多普勒激光雷达的风场探测原理和系统结构. 给出了Fabry-Perot(FP)标准具透过率曲线的校准方法. 指出对透过率采用Lorentz或Voigt拟合会产生较大误差,特别是采用Lorentz拟合最大将引起8%的误差. 提出了采用非线性最小二乘法拟合标准具的透过率函数,该方法可以有效消除拟合误差,提高风速测量精度. 考虑到温度不确定度在风场反演过程中的主导影响,提出了同时反演风速和大气温度的非线性迭代算法. 风场反演仿真试验结果表明:在不考虑米散射信号的影响下,该反演算法与传统的反演方法相 关键词： 激光雷达 瑞利散射 多普勒 风     

Wind profiling from high troposphere to low stratosphere using a scanning Rayleigh Doppler lidar

A scanning mobile Rayleigh Doppler lidar based on the molecular double-edge technique is developed for wind measurement from high troposphere to low stratosphere in 5–35 km. To get higher optical efficiency and make the system more stable, a non-polarized beam splitter cube optically contacted to the FPI is used. This layout also provides a convenient method for null Doppler calibration. The laser frequency drift is measured by a wavelength meter and laser frequency locking is performed and an accuracy of ±?0.5 m/s are obtained in 10 h. Horizontal wind velocity and direction retrieval is described for a detecting method of scanning in four directions. To validate the performance of the lidar, comparison experiments were carried out in in Jiuquan (39.741°N, 98.495°E), Gansu province, northwest of China, from 16th October to 12th November 2015, which showed good agreement with radiosonde.     

Theoretical description of improving measurement accuracy for incoherence Mie Doppler wind lidar

For the nonlinearity of Fabry-Perot interferometer(FPI) transmission spectrum,the measurement uncertainty of incoherent Mie Doppler wind lidar based on it increases evidently with the increase of backscattering signal Doppler shift.A method of repeating the use of the approximate linear part of FPI transmission spectra for reducing the high uncertainty of a big Doppler shift is proposed.One of the ways of realizing this method is discussed in detail,in which the characteristics of FPI transmission spectrum changing with thickness and incident angle are utilized simultaneously.Under different atmosphere conditions,it has been proved theoretically that the range of measurement uncertainty drops to one-sixth while its minimum has no serious change.This method can be used not only to guide the new system design,but also as a new working way for the fabricated system.     

基于改进小波阈值的量子点荧光光谱降噪研究

使用光谱仪采集到的信号难免受到不同噪声源的影响。为了提高光谱信号解析的精准度,通过分析小波应用于信号降噪的原理以及经典的软、硬阈值降噪法存在的缺陷,提出了一种改进的阈值降噪法。该方法既克服了硬阈值法产生间断点,软阈值法产生恒定偏差的缺陷,又尽量地保留了有用信号。实验选用的小波基函数为SymletsA,分解层数为4,结合Birge Massart策略模型确定的分层阈值对硒化镉量子点荧光光谱信号进行降噪处理。结果表明,与经典的软、硬阈值降噪法相比,通过改进阈值降噪法得到重构信号的信噪比（SNR=47.550 2）、能量占比（PER=0.973 3）和均方误差（MSE=149.421 3）均有提高和改善。     

基于单Fabry-Perot标准具的双频率多普勒激光雷达数据反演技术

本文导出了大气后向散射信号光入射到Fabry-Perot (F-P)标准具的有效透过率表达式. 在基于单F-P 标准具的双频率多普勒激光雷达系统中, 采用平均值法定量分析了瑞利后向散射信号对风场测量准确度的影响. 提出了同时反演风速和后向散射比的非线性迭代方法, 并通过仿真试验验证了该方法的有效性. 同时, 导出了径向风速和后向散射比测量误差的具体表达式, 并据此进行了仿真. 仿真结果表明: 若假定望远镜接收到的总后向散射光子数为50000, 径向风速测量误差随后向散射比的增大迅速减小, 在±25 m/s的风速测量动态范围内, 当R_β > 1.2时, 误差小于3 m/s; 后向散射比测量误差随后向散射比的增大而增大, 与径向风速大小几乎无关, 当R_β<10时, 相对误差小于13%. 关键词： 多普勒激光雷达 Fabry-Perot标准具 边缘技术 双频率     

Noise reduction for lidar returns using self-adaptive wavelet neural network

Lidar has been widely applied in many fields, such as meteorology and environment. However, because lidar returns are very weak, the influence of noise on useful signal is very serious. To obtain useful lidar return signals from raw data, a self-adaptive method combining wavelet analysis and a neural network that suppresses noise is proposed, in which the orthogonal Daubechies wavelet family serves as node functions in the hidden layer of the neural network, a search algorithm is selected to optimize the parameters and thresholds, and the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is adopted in the neural network gradient algorithm. Some comparative experiments were carried out to verify the feasibility of the noise reduction method and the results showed that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the common wavelet threshold denoising method is about 10, while that of the self-adaptive wavelet neural network denoising method is more than 20. From the experimental results, it can be seen that the wavelet neural network denoising method has less distortion and a higher SNR value than other methods, giving it superior performance.