微生物污垢对典型换热器传热影响研究

本文以电厂循环冷却塔塔底黏泥中分离纯化出的致垢微生物铁细菌为实验介质,利用污垢热阻动态模拟实验台,在恒定工况下(水温30℃,流速0.4 m·s-1),动态模拟了光管、缩放管、横纹管三种不锈钢典型换热器微生物污垢形成过程。在分析比较三种典型换热器传热性能的基础上,实验测试了三种换热器的污垢热阻,并对垢样成分进行了分析。结果表明:强化管(缩放管和横纹管)传热性能和抑垢能力优于光管,光管、缩放管和横纹管的污垢诱导期分别为;25 h、40 h和45 h,污垢热阻值为:6×10~(-4)m~2·K·W~(-1)、2×10~(-4)m~2·K·W~(-1)和3×10~(-4)m~2·K·W~(-1),由此表明三种换热管的传热和抑垢能力:缩放管横纹管光管。在铁细菌形成的污垢垢样成分分析中Fe元素含量最多,其次是C,表明循环冷却水中铁含量的多少是污垢形成的重要因素之一。     

水平金属泡沫管外R134a凝结传热实验研究

对六根金属泡沫强化管在R134a工质饱和温度分别为35℃和40℃时的凝结传热进行了实验研究,分析了金属泡沫孔密度、厚度等结构参数对凝结传热性能的影响.研究表明:孔密度为130 ppi的强化管凝结传热效果最好,强化倍率最大为光管的3.06倍;金属泡沫材料厚度的增加会导致凝结传热过程恶化.通过对相同孔密度、不同饱和温度和金...     

双侧强化传热高效冷凝传热管的实验研究

本文报道了双侧强化传热高效冷凝传热管DAC管的实验研究方法与结果。所用试验装置保证在同样蒸气状态下对光管和高效传热管同时进行直接对比的性能测定,测量本体电阻以确定具有复杂机械延伸面的管壁平均温度.R11蒸气凝结的实验结果表明:DAC管外侧凝结换热性能已达到国外先进强化传热管的水平,并且在小换热温差下具有更高的强化换热倍率.DAC管内侧冷却水的放热系数可比光管提高60～80％,总传热系数比光管提高3倍以上。     

螺旋槽管管内湍流流动与换热的三维数值模拟

利用Fluent对5种不同槽深的螺旋槽管进行了模拟求解,得出了湍流状态下螺旋槽管内流体的速度场和温度场,从微观上说明了螺旋槽管的强化传热机理。分析了槽深对螺旋槽管阻力性能和换热性能的影响。数值计算结果表明,该类螺旋槽管在湍流工况下的平均Nu数大约是光管的1.6—2.1倍,平均阻力系数f大约是光管1.5—4.5倍。与实验数据进行比较发现,数值模拟具有相当的可靠性。     

波节管氦气流动与传热特性数值模拟研究

本文针对高温氦气在光管及波节管中的传热特性及阻力特性进行了Reynolds Stress Model(RSM)数值模拟研究。比较模拟计算和经验公式的结果,两者基本吻合。比较了Nu和f在波节管和光管中的变化规律,同时,分析了波节管的局部Nu和局部壁面剪切应力τ_w沿壁面的变化规律。数值模拟结果表明相同工况下波节管的Nu大于光管,说明波节管具有较强的强化换热能力,同时,波节管的f也有一定增加,但波节管总体性能优于光管。在较大雷诺数下,波节管具有更佳综合性能。     

交叉缩放椭圆管CaCO3污垢特性的实验研究

采用对比实验的方法对交叉缩放椭圆管与铜光管的传热和CaCO3污垢特性进行了研究,并用数值方法模拟了交叉缩放椭圆管的内部流场和壁面剪切力。实验结果表明：交叉缩放椭圆管的换热和抗垢性能均优于在对应状态下的铜光管,这主要是由于交叉缩放椭圆管的内部流场和壁面剪切力的周期性变化所引起的。交叉缩放椭圆管在低流速时污垢热阻渐近值较大...     

弧线管传热与污垢性能的实验研究

本研究先进行了弧线管的传热性能实验,得出了弧线管管内强制对流换热关联式。以硬度 800 mg/L的人工硬水作为工质,在流速 0.20 m/s,管外水浴温度 80℃和相同管内工质入口温度的条件下,进行了弧线管及其对应光管管内污垢的对比实验。结果表明,弧线管有良好的传热与阻垢两方面的综合性能。     

烧结多孔表面强化冷凝传热的实验研究

实验研究了不同粒径金属粉末烧结制备的多孔涂层表面对垂直管外水蒸气冷凝传热的强化作用。发现:粒径为50μm的细粉覆盖一层及两层的多孔管的传热效果反而不如光管,使冷凝传热效果恶化;而粉末粒径为250μm的烧结表面的强化传热特性比光管提高10％～15％,而且也明显优于粒径为50μm的表面。同时,两种不同粒径表面,两层粉末错落堆积烧结表面的传热效果也优于单层粉末烧结表面。基于孔隙微观结构变化对冷凝液流动与导热的影响分析讨论了多孔烧结表面强化膜状冷凝传热的机理。     

缩放管混合污垢特性的实验研究

实验室里进行了缩放管与对应光管管内混合污垢的对比实验,实验工质为加有MgO或CaSO颗粒的人工硬水.实验结果表明:在相同流速、浓度条件下,与对应光管相比,缩放管不仅有较好的阻垢性能,还有较好的传热性能;流速、颗粒浓度和颗粒粒径对混合污垢热阻有较大影响:增大流速、减小颗粒浓度、增大颗粒粒径都会使缩放管混合污垢热阻的渐近值减小.     

基于普朗特类比的多种强化管内污垢数据分析

针对光管和四种不同结构的强化管(缩放管I、缩放管Ⅱ、弧线管及波纹管)在相同条件(工质流速、入口温度、水浴温度及微粒浓度)下的颗粒污垢实验数据,基于普朗特类比法,以φ(φ=(Km/Kmp)/(f/fp),Km为质量传递系数,f为摩擦因子,下标p表示光管)和ψ(ψ=j/jp)/(f/fp)1/3,J为传热因子)作为传热性能...     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER FROM A DISCRETE SOURCE TO A CIRCULAR LIQUID JET WITH ANNULAR COLLECTION OF THE SPENT FLUID

This study reports an experimental investigation of evaporative heat transfer and pressure drop of R-134a flowing downward inside vertical corrugated tubes with different corrugation pitches. The double tube test section is 0.5 m long with refrigerant flowing in the inner tube and hot water flowing in the annulus. The inner tubes are comprised of one smooth tube and three corrugated tubes with different corrugation pitches of 6.35, 8.46, and 12.7 mm. The test runs are performed at evaporating temperatures of 10°C, 15°C, and 20°C; heat fluxes of 20, 25, and 30 kW/m²; and mass fluxes of 200, 300, and 400 kg/m²s. The experimental data obtained from the smooth tube are plotted with flow pattern map for vertical flow. Comparisons between smooth and corrugated tubes on the heat transfer and pressure drop are also discussed. It is observed that the heat transfer coefficient and frictional pressure drop obtained from the corrugated tubes are higher than those from the smooth tube. Furthermore, the heat transfer coefficient and frictional pressure drop increase as the corrugation pitch decreases. The maximum heat transfer enhancement factor and penalty factor are up to 1.22 and 4.0, respectively.     

Laboratory Practices with the Wilson Plot Method

The Wilson plot method is a well-known tool used in practical applications and research activities that involve the analysis of different heat exchanger devices. Therefore, it is of interest to researchers and engineers working on heat transfer and related fields. Moreover, the application of this method is simple enough to be taught in laboratory practices with students. Taking into account the reasons cited above, a simple experimental apparatus has been designed and built at our laboratory. In this article, the calculation procedure to apply the Wilson plot method is explained and characteristic experimental results for a smooth tube and a spirally corrugated tube are reported. Moreover, the experimental results are compared with different correlations proposed in the literature.     

超临界水在倾斜上升管内的非均匀传热特性数值模拟

对超临界压力水在管径为Φ32mm×3mm、长度为8000mm、倾角为20°的倾斜光管内的流动与传热特性进行数值模拟研究,重点考察超临界水在大比热区内的奇异物性变化对倾斜管内的传热特性的影响.通过与实验数据的对比,验证计算模型的正确性;计算压力P=26,34 MPa时,不同质量流速和热负荷下倾斜光管内壁温随超临界水焓值增大而变化的规律,以及倾斜光管内壁周向温度及热负荷分布的不均匀性;分析大比热区管内上下母线处内壁温度差随工质焓值变化的特性及机理,讨论大比热区水的物性变化对倾斜光管内传热不均匀性的影响;引入截面横向动能与截面相对横向动能两个变量对二次流的强度进行描述,重点考察超临界水在大比热区内的二次流的流动特点及其对倾斜管内传热特性影响的机理.并利用截面中垂线上的密度梯度定量分析二次流变化的规律,讨论超临界压力下大比热区内倾斜光管内壁温分布异常的机理.     

BOILING HEAT TRANSFER OF WATER AND R-11 ON HORIZONTALLY SMOOTH AND ENHANCED TUBES ENCLOSED BY A CONCENTRIC OUTER TUBE WITH TWO HORIZONTAL SLOTS

An experimental investigation was carried out on the boiling heat transfer characteristics of water and R-11 on the outside of a horizontal heated tube in narrow spaces. Two kinds of heat transfer surfaces (roll-worked and smooth surfaces) were tested. The test section consisted of a narrow annular space formed by enclosing the heated tube in an isolated concentric outer tube with two horizontal slats on the top and bottom. The nucleate boiling heat transfer characteristics were investigated experimentally at atmospheric pressure. The experimental results indicated that a single roll-worked tube in bulk liquid showed better boiling heat transfer than a single smooth tube. In the narrow spaces, the boiling heat transfer coefficients for the smooth tube were considerably enhanced when the gap size was so selected as to take an optimum value. There was no clear optimum gap size for heat transfer enhancement for the roll-worked tube in the narrow spaces. Enhancement of boiling heat transfer in the narrow spaces for the roll-worked tube was not clearly observed in this experiment. Finally, the critical heat flux (CHF) for boiling heat transfer in narrow spaces can be predicted by using a proposed CHF correlation.     

波纹管污垢特性的试验研究

波纹管是一种有效的强化换热元件,在工业上有广泛的应用。本研究采用半工业性对比实验研究了波纹管的污垢特性。试验结果表明：波纹管的抑制污垢性能要优于光管。     

影响波纹换热管换热性能因素的数值模拟研究

为研究工业生产中应用的波纹换热管换热性能以及相关的影响因素,课题中应用FLUENT软件建立了6种当量直径相同,波高和波距不同的波纹管模型,以常温下水为工质,设置不同的雷诺数并进行数值模拟。模拟结果显示,波纹管的波高波距比和雷诺数作为影响波纹管换热性能的两个重要因素,对波纹管的换热系数有着较显著的影响。其中,在一定范围内波纹管的换热系数随着雷诺数的增大而增大,另外,当波纹管的波高波距比值在0.24～0.26范围之间时波纹管的换热系数可以达到一个相对较优的值。     

Spreading of a viscous liquid film over the corrugated surface and the heat and mass transfer calculations

There are a lot of industrial applications of structured packing. Distillation columns are one of the examples where the liquid flows over the corrugated surface as a thin film to provide a good mass-transfer surface between the liquid and vapor phase. The purpose of the present paper is to study the hydrodynamics and the heat-mass transfer of the liquid film spreading down the corrugated surfaces when the corrugation amplitude is comparable with Nusselt’s film thickness (the amplitude corresponds to a small texture of the structured packing). As a result, a nonlinear type diffusion equation is obtained to describe the evolution of the film thickness profile. The nonlinear diffusion coefficient is obtained for three cases: a smooth inclined plate, a corrugated plate with large ribs, and an inclined corrugated plate with small ribs. The equations are solved numerically. As a result, it has been obtained that the small texture significantly increases the rate of the film thickness evolution in comparison with a smooth plate. To obtain the nonlinear diffusion coefficient in the case of a small texture, the hydrodynamics of the film flow over an inclined corrugated surface are studied. The viscosity, inertia, and surface tension forces are taken into account. The calculations were carried out on the basis of the Navier-Stokes equations. The influence of the microcorrugations on both the heat transfer from the wall and the mass transfer through the free surface was investigated.     

列管式换热器强化传热研究及发展

简述了列管式换热器强化传热技术的进展及发展方向,管程强化传热采用螺纹管、横纹管、波纹管、缩放管、管内插入物、三维内肋管、翘片管等传热元件,壳程强化传热采用板式支撑、折流插式支撑、空心环支撑、管子自支撑等管束支撑结构。指出了列管式换热器研究中存在的不足。指出了今后的发展方向,为列管式换热器的研究和应用提供理论参考。     

斜翅型冷凝强化换热管传热性能的实验研究

对一种斜翅型外翅片带内螺纹的冷凝强化换热管进行传热性能的实验研究。管外冷凝换热的制冷剂为R134a,管内对流换热的介质为水。分别在定热流密度与定水流速的条件下进行一系列工况的实验,得到相应的实验数据。在定热流密度条件下,利用Wilson图解法得到管内的换热系数数据及相应的计算关联式。在定水流速的条件下,利用分离方法得到管外冷凝换热系数数据及相应的计算关联式。将强化管换热系数数据与光管换热系数的理论计算值进行了比较,结果表明:冷凝强化换热管管内对流换热的强化倍率为2.4,管外凝结换热系数随壁面过冷度的增加而增大,管外凝结换热的强化倍率为:1.78～3.92。     

R134a在水平三维内微肋管内的沸腾换热

本文以 Ｒ１３４ａ为工质,在外径为 １６ ｍｍ的两种不同几何结构的水平三维微肋管内进行了沸腾换热实验,研究了质量流率、热流密度、蒸汽干度等因素对沸腾换热系数的影响。与相同工况下的水平光管比较, １＃微肋管的换热强化因子在１．５～２．１之间,２＃微肋管的换热强化因子在１．９～２．８之间。两种三维微肋管的比较结果显示,单位内表面积上具有更多的微肋数目的 ２＃管的平均沸腾换热系数比 １＃管增加了 ２８～４３％。