同步辐射X射线荧光光谱国内外研究进展

同步辐射光源是带电粒子在加速器储存环中以接近光速的速度运动时,沿轨道切线方向发射出的辐射,同步辐射X射线荧光分析（SR-XRF）是以同步辐射X射线作为激发光源的X荧光光谱分析技术。同步辐射X射线荧光分析包括了用于微区及微量元素分析的同步辐射XRF、用于表面及薄膜分析的同步辐射全反射X射线荧光（SR-TXRF）以及用于三维无损分析的同步辐射X射线荧光扫描和成像方法（如X射线荧光CT、X射线荧光全场成像、共聚焦X射线荧光和掠出射X射线荧光等）。X射线荧光光谱法通过测量元素的特征X射线发射波长或能量,识别元素,该方法首先通过测量发射的特征线强度,然后将该强度与元素浓度联系起来,对给定元素进行量化分析。X射线荧光光谱技术可以进行多元素同时分析,同步辐射X射线荧光谱亮度高,可调谐,相干性、准直性及偏振性好,可以用于分析样品元素的含量和空间分布。近些年来随着新光源技术的使用、分析软件的更新换代和定量分析方法的发展,对同步X射线荧光光谱分析产生了极大促进,采用新型X射线光学元件和探测器,能极大提升分辨率和探测效率,促进相关学科应用的发展。介绍了近几年来国内外同步辐射X射线荧光光谱分析技术及其应用发展状况,给出了国内外比较典型的同步辐射X射线荧光光谱分析光束线站最新技术方面的发展概况,并列举了一些典型应用成果,例如在生物医学、环境科学、地质考古、材料科学和物理及化学等领域的应用。对于本领域及相关领域的专家学者了解国内外同步辐射技术发展现状、应用研究成果具有一定的参考意义。     

中国X射线荧光光谱分析的进展

作者于1979年与1982年对中国X射线荧光光谱分析的概况与进展进行过综述,并分析当时X荧光光谱分析所存在的问题,提出了建议,现结合近几年中国X射线荧光光谱分析工作者在国内外杂志上所发表的多数文章进行综述,其中包括近几年来我国X射线荧光光谱分析书刊专著的编写与出版,X射线荧光光谱分析仪器的研制与X射线荧光光谱分析的应用,特别是在X射线荧光光谱分析的应用方面,近几年进展较快,应用电子计算机校正元素间的吸收—增强效应的工作,不但吸收了国外的一些经验。应用到实际工作中去,而且对一些模式的应用提出了改进或提出不同的模式。在制样技术方面结合我国的实际情况做了某些改进,在冶金,地质,环保,建材,石油,化工,机械,文教,科研等部门,结合工作中的需要提出了不少切实可行的报告。文章中引用的文献约八十篇左右。     

X射线荧光光谱快速分析地质物料主、次元素

本文建立了X射线荧光光谱分析地质、化探扫面样的快速方法，掌握各元素的分析特征，选择适宜的条件，从而缩短分析时间，降低其成本，达到快速、简便的目的。     

高压覆膜制样X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和水系沉积物中的氯研究

氯是化探样品分析中的重要元素,而X射线荧光光谱法是测定卤族元素的重要技术手段。已有研究表明,X射线荧光光谱法在测定氯时,同一样片中氯的测定值随重复测定次数的增加而逐渐增大或减小。采用高压覆膜制样技术制片,测定土壤和水系沉积物中的氯,氯（24～40 000 μg·g-1）校准曲线的相关系数明显改善,RMS（均方根）由未贴膜的0.009 63,改善为贴膜后的RMS 0.001 98。氯的检出限由未贴膜的30 μg·g-1,改善为贴膜后的21 μg·g-1。且高压覆膜制样,同一样片连续测定10次,还是10 d内隔天测定1次,氯的测定值都保持不变或略有下降。从抽真空时间,X光管应用功率,烘样和不烘样,氯元素存在形式等角度解释了氯的测定值随重复测定次数的增加而逐渐增大或略减小的原因。高压覆膜制样,样品表面的聚酯膜,可以阻止在抽真空过程中氯随水分向样片表面迁移扩散或分解损失。高压未覆膜的样片在测定过程中,因样片表面吸附了水及空气分子,因而随抽真空时间的增加及解吸附作用,真空度下降明显,氯的强度变化明显。而高压覆膜样片在测定过程中,真空度下降不明显,氯的测定值基本不变或略有下降。高压制样（1 600 kN）可以将不同类型的地质样品压制成型,高压覆膜制样技术,完全消除了粉尘效应,对下照射的X射线荧光光谱仪具有重要意义。测过的样片可以重复测定氯,标准样片可长期保存,避免了标准样品的浪费。用该方法可以准确测定土壤和水系沉积物中32个组分。该样品制备方法也适用于测定其他难以成型的样品及其荧光强度由于真空和长时间辐射而强度变化的元素分析。     

化学富集X-射线荧光光谱法测定微量元素

本文简要地介绍了我们在X-射线荧光光谱法中化学富集方法方面的研究工作。由于地质样品的组成复杂,直接粉末法X-射线荧光测定时,基体效应影响严重和某些元素的测定灵敏度低而不能满足分析要求。我们研究的化学富集X-射线荧光分析方法,不仅消除了基体效应,而且实现了从试样中富集出ppm量的分析元素,从而极大地提高了分析元素的灵敏度。目前国内外在X-射线荧光光谱分析中常用的化学富集方法有:有机沉淀、共沉淀、离子     

2-三氟甲基吡啶的合成与光谱表征

以2-氯基吡啶为原料,合成2-溴吡啶(收率68%)和2-碘吡啶(收率56%);2-溴吡啶和2-碘吡啶与三氟乙酸钾反应,得2-三氟甲基吡啶(收率56%-72%).通过NMR和元素分析对产物的结构进行了表征.该合成路线的优点是原料易得,反应条件温和,收率较高,总收率为38%-42%.     

XRF法在四川盆地须家河组沉积相研究中的应用

X射线荧光光谱仪在地质样品测定上的应用还不是很广泛,而将X射线荧光光谱法应用到沉积相的研究中则更少。将X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)应用到川中地区上三叠统须家河组二段沉积环境及古气候的识别中,针对四川盆地上三叠统须家河组二段沉积相及沉积环境有争议的问题,特别是须二段地层属于陆相沉积还是海相沉积的问题,采集了四川盆地内四个有代表性地区的须家河组样品,采用X 射线荧光光谱法分析须家河组各段沉积物的元素含量及变化特征,并根据不同相带及沉积环境的元素含量标志,定量分析须家河组沉积相带与沉积环境。研究结果表明： 须家河组二段的Sr/Ba值、Mn/Fe 值和Sr/Ca值均落在陆相沉积的范围内,且与须家河组三-四段的元素含量特征无明显差异,Sr/Cu元素比分析结果表明须家河组沉积时期为温暖—湿润的古气候环境,结果证明四川盆地上三叠统须家河组二段属于温湿气候下的陆相沉积,且与须家河组三-四段沉积环境相类似。X射线荧光光谱法与常规化学分析法实验结果相对误差小于3%,该方法简单易行,为沉积相及沉积环境的识别提供了一种简单、可行且能够定量分析的研究方法。为解决有争议地层沉积相的问题提供了一种较可行的新方法,推动了X射线荧光光谱分析法在地质上的应用。     

X射线荧光光谱分析在考古中应用现状和展望

叙述了X射线荧光光谱分析在文物的鉴定、断代、产地及其矿料来源分析、制作工艺和保护等考古研究中的应用现状, 指出目前研究工作中亟待解决的一些问题, 并展望了XRF技术在考古中的应用前景和发展方向,意在提请X射线荧光光谱分析和考古工作者的注意,共同推动X射线荧光光谱分析在考古研究中的应用向纵深发展,为我国的考古事业做出更大的贡献。     

薄膜法X射线荧光测量中样品检测位置及防护铅板内衬材料的选择研究

(1)以型号316不锈钢金属板为研究对象,对薄膜法X射线荧光光谱测量中,样品检测位置的选择进行研究,确定了最佳的样品检测位置为样品距离X射线管和探测器水平基线1 cm处,并且与X射线管和探测器水平基线成16°角度。(2)以工业环境空气重金属污染物Pb,Cd,Cr为主要分析对象,在有铅板防护情况下进行薄膜法X射线荧光光谱测量研究,发现X射线会穿透样品薄膜而继续激发防护铅板,使得滤膜背景光谱中有较强的铅谱线干扰,会对实际样品中铅元素的测量产生影响。在薄样和防护铅板之间加上一层隔离材料,可有效避免防护铅板中铅谱线对样品测量产生的干扰。(3)以型号316不锈钢、黄铜、铝材、紫铜和聚四氟乙烯几种硬质隔离材料作为铅板内衬材料进行选择研究,结果表明：紫铜的X射线荧光光谱中所含元素的谱线最少,谱图中没有出现重金属Cr,Cd,Pb的谱峰,并且能量较高部分靶材散射光谱强度较弱,对实际样品中重金属元素Cr,Cd和Pb的测量不会产生干扰,作为铅板的内衬金属材料可以避免防护铅板中铅元素谱线的干扰,是最佳的薄膜法X射线荧光光谱分析中铅板的内衬金属材料。该研究为组装及搭建便携式大气及水体重金属X射线荧光光谱分析仪提供了重要的理论依据。     

薄膜法X射线荧光测量中样品检测位置及防护铅板内衬材料的选择研究

(1)以型号316不锈钢金属板为研究对象, 对薄膜法X射线荧光光谱测量中, 样品检测位置的选择进行研究, 确定了最佳的样品检测位置为样品距离X射线管和探测器水平基线1 cm处, 并且与X射线管和探测器水平基线成16°角度。(2)以工业环境空气重金属污染物Pb, Cd, Cr为主要分析对象, 在有铅板防护情况下进行薄膜法X射线荧光光谱测量研究, 发现X射线会穿透样品薄膜而继续激发防护铅板, 使得滤膜背景光谱中有较强的铅谱线干扰, 会对实际样品中铅元素的测量产生影响。在薄样和防护铅板之间加上一层隔离材料, 可有效避免防护铅板中铅谱线对样品测量产生的干扰。(3)以型号316不锈钢、黄铜、铝材、紫铜和聚四氟乙烯几种硬质隔离材料作为铅板内衬材料进行选择研究, 结果表明: 紫铜的X射线荧光光谱中所含元素的谱线最少, 谱图中没有出现重金属Cr, Cd, Pb的谱峰, 并且能量较高部分靶材散射光谱强度较弱, 对实际样品中重金属元素Cr, Cd和Pb的测量不会产生干扰, 作为铅板的内衬金属材料可以避免防护铅板中铅元素谱线的干扰, 是最佳的薄膜法X射线荧光光谱分析中铅板的内衬金属材料。该研究为组装及搭建便携式大气及水体重金属X射线荧光光谱分析仪提供了重要的理论依据。     

STUDY OF HALOGEN DOPING IN POLYCRYSTALLINE YBa2Cu3O7-δ

This paper presents systematically the doping effects of halogens in YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ polycrystalline samples, with a series of concentrations of fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. All samples were prepared by chemical method of citrate pyrolysis, which makes the halogen concentration in the samples more uniform. Samples doped with F have T_c as high as 94.5K, Cl, Br and I dopings also raise T_c to a certain extent. In addition, the influence of halogen doping on critical current density, morphology, constitution and so forth is discussed.     

Halogen impurities in CdS and ZnSe single crystals by thermal neutron activation

Halogen donors (chlorine, bromine and iodine) in cadmium sulfide and zinc selenide single crystals (vapor grown platelets with and without halogen dopants) were determined by thermal neutron activation analysis. This approach proved to be simple, rapid and highly selective. The analyzed impurity contents range from 100 ppb to several ppm. Radionuclides used for identification of chlorine, bromide and iodine were ³⁸Cl (t_1/2 ≈ 25 min), ⁸²Br (t_1/2 ≈35·1 hr) and ¹²⁸I (t_1/2 ≈ 25 min), respectively; these nuclides were radiochemically isolated and measured by gamma scintillation spectrometry. The levels of the impurities measured by this method were then used to identify new types of donor-acceptor pair line spectra and two-electron transitions accociated with chlorine, bromine or iodine impurities. The results were all in good agreement with the suspected lines, and accordingly well characterized.     

Determination of halogen levels in marine geological samples

ABSTRACT

A method for determining levels of fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I) in marine geological samples using wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence is presented here. Samples are prepared as pressed powder pellets. The method makes full use of the advantages of the ability of the modern X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to detect ultra-light elements and high-powered X-rays. A series of calibration standards with an appropriate concentration range was developed using a standard addition method. Empirical coefficients were used to correct for matrix effects in the case of F and Cl, the rhodium Kα -Compton peak was used as internal standard for Br matrix corrections, and the rhodium Kb-Compton peak was used to correct for the matrix effect on I. For % concentration of the analyte, the precision (relative standard deviation) of the method was <5%. For concentrations <0.1%, the relative standard deviation depended heavily on the count rates (or concentration). The accuracy of the method was validated by comparison of the results to similar reference materials. The detection levels of this method (counting time100 s) were 100, 5, 0.5, and 10 µg g^?1 for F, Cl, Br, and I, respectively. The method was here used to determine the levels of halogens in samples of 19 marine sediments (China, Russia, Canada, American), 10 marine manganese nodules (China, Russia, American, Germany, India, Japan), 4 cobalt-rich crust reference materials (Russia, China), reference materials, and 3 phosphorites.     

Spectroscopic investigations on kidney stones using Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry

Kidney stone is the most painful and prevalent urological disorder of the urinary system throughout the world. Thus, analysis of kidney stones is an integral part in the evaluation of patents having stone disease. Spectroscopic investigations of stones provide an idea about the pathogenesis of stones for its better cure and treatment. Hence, the present work targets multispectroscopic investigations on kidney stones using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and wave dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WD‐XRF) spectroscopy which are the most useful analytical methods for the purpose of bio‐medical diagnostics. In the present study, FTIR spectral method is used to investigate the chemical composition and classification of kidney stones. The multicomponents of kidney stones such as calcium oxalate, hydroxyl apatite, phosphates, carbonates, and struvite were investigated and studied. Qualitative and quantitative determination of major and trace elements present in the kidney stones was performed employing WD‐XRF spectroscopy. The wide range of elements determined in the kidney stones were calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorous (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), sulfur (S), silicon (Si), iodine (I), titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), strontium (Sr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and bromine (Br). For the first time, ruthenium was detected in kidney stone samples employing WD‐XRF in very low concentration. Our results revealed that the presence and relative concentrations of trace elements in different kinds of stones are different and depend on the stone types. From the experiments carried out on kidney stones for trace elemental detection, it was found that WD‐XRF is a robust analytical tool that can be useful for the diagnosis of urological disorders. We have also compared our findings with the results reported using XRF technique. The results obtained in the present paper show interesting prospects for FTIR and WD‐XRF spectrometry in nephrolithiasis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stability, defect and electronic properties of graphane-like carbon-halogen compounds

We perform first-principles total energy calculations to investigate the stabilities and the electronic structures of graphane-like structures of carbon-halogen compounds, where the hydrogen atoms in the graphane are substituted by halogen atoms. Three halogen elements, fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br), are considered, and the graphane-like structures are named as CF, CCl and CBr, respectively. It is found that for the single-atom adsorption, only the F adatom can be chemically adsorbed on the graphene. However, the stable graphane-like structures of CF, CCl and CBr can form due to the interaction between the halogen atoms. The carbon atoms in the stable CF, CCl and CBr compounds are in the sp³ hybridization, forming a hexagonal network similar to the graphane. The electronic band calculations show that CF and CCl are semiconductors with band gaps of 3.28 eV and 1.66 eV, respectively, while CBr is a metal. Moreover, the molecular dynamics simulation is employed to clarify the stabilities of CF and CCl. Those two compounds are stable at room temperature. A high temperature (≥1200 K) is needed to damage CF, while CCl is destroyed at 700 K. Furthermore, the effects of a vacancy on the structure and the electronic property of CF are discussed.     

EDXRF测定土壤元素含量及其在有机碳垂直分布特征研究中的应用

针对X射线荧光光谱(XRF)法不确定度计算和测定地质样品中硫的准确度、精密度与可靠性不高的难点,研究了提高土壤中硫分析准确度的途径,建立了土壤中S的XRF分析方法,完善了偏振能量色散XRF测定土壤中主、次、痕量元素的方法,利用不确定度评价、证实了所见方法的有效性和可靠性。测定、获得了研究区土壤元素剖面,通过对短期植被更替土壤剖面的土壤有机碳含量(TOC)、有机碳稳定碳同位素((13C)特征及其与元素垂直分布的关系研究,发现土壤中元素含量与有机碳含量和有机碳稳定碳同位素存在显著相关性。     

X‐ray‐induced alteration of specimens as crucial obstacle in XRF spectrometry of fluorine in rocks and soils

Occasionally suggested yet rarely performed X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry of fluorine seems to fail systematically in yielding reliable quantitative results for rocks and soils. Repeated analyses reveal continuously drifting fluorescence intensities for fluorine, boron and chlorine. Typically, an increase, but in few cases also a decrease, over X‐ray exposure time is observed. For instance, fluorine concentrations in a soil standard appear to increase steadily from below the detection limit in the first run to nearly 850 mg/kg F more than 10 h later in the last. In contrast, cryolite is characterised by drastically decreasing intensities for fluorine. Although fluorescence intensities may be affected by preparation methods, specimen surface conditions and dynamic contamination, it is shown that none of these influencing factors is responsible for the observed trends. In fact, there is evidence that X‐radiation impact mobilises fluorine, boron and chlorine. Diffusion of radiolysis products towards the specimen's surface as well as the kinetics of adsorption and desorption or chemical reactions are believed to control the analyte concentration in the analysed layer decisively. Furthermore, during analysis, the latter is altered by considerable losses of binder or flux – if applicable – thus enhancing XRF intensities of boron and fluorine because of reduced absorption. In any case, signal stability appears to be limited by insufficient sample and specimen stability. It is concluded that for many soil and rock samples, XRF spectrometry is inappropriate to quantify fluorine, although the crucial obstacle is neither the analytical method nor the spectrometer sensu strictu. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于手持式X荧光光谱仪对乐山大佛赋存砂岩的分析

为探索手持式X荧光光谱仪在石窟研究和保护中的应用,结合岩相分析和前期地调数据,使用手持式X荧光光谱仪,对四川乐山大佛从佛脚到胸部位置共42 m厚的砂岩以平均0.5 m间隔进行高密度XRF测试,做出元素含量和比值变化曲线。研究结果显示,手持式XRF测试结果中的Si,Ca,Al和Fe等主量元素可以较好地与岩相分析结果和自然层划分结果吻合,反映石英、方解石、褐铁矿的含量变化以及岩屑绢云母化程度。元素比值能够反映厚层块状岩体内部的抗风化能力差异,Si/(Si+Fe+Al)可以反映砂岩胶结物含量变化和受溶蚀程度,(K₂O+CaO)/Al₂O₃指示抗化学风化强度变化,S元素含量与Fe、Mn元素的去耦合指示了溶孔发育,综合反映了大佛赋存岩体在胶结物成分、孔隙度和层理发育方面的情况。Cl元素的两段高值与乐山大佛胸部带状滞状区及大佛脚部潜水区高度吻合。手持式X荧光光谱仪应用在石质文物分析中具有以下三个优势：（1）对大型、不可移动的石质文物本体来说,手持式X荧光光谱仪提供了高效、无损的岩石化学成分分析手段,主量元素的含量及分布可以较好地与赋存岩体的岩相分析结果和自然层划分结果吻合,能够成为石质文物本体岩性和岩层划分的辅助手段,有利于进行不同区域石质文物的对比研究。（2）对凿造于同一厚层块状岩层中的石质文物来说,手持式X荧光光谱仪能够满足测试间隔不到0.1 m的高分辨XRF扫描,元素比值的波动和元素间耦合关系的变化反应胶结物成分、孔隙度、溶孔发育度等方面反应块状岩体抗风化能力的内部差异。（3）Cl元素含量变化曲线可以精确指示含水量高的岩层,有助于进行滞水、透水情况和水患防治重点的评估,为处于不同气候和水文条件下的石质文物进行病害位置和机制对比提供辅助信息。     

Inner shell excitation and ionization of the monohalobenzenes

Energy loss (excitation) spectra of the gaseous monohalobenzenes, C ₆H ₅X (X = F, Cl, Br and I), were obtained by fast electron impact in the regions of the respective carbon 1 s, chlorine 2 p and 2 s, bromine 3 d and iodine 4 d edges. Gas phase X-ray PES measurements of the binding energies of these levels are also reported. Structure observed below the ionization limits has been interpreted with the aid of term values derived from the two sets of measurements.