YBCO超导体的磁滞损耗研究

用积分法测量了 YBCO 烧结样品和熔融织构样品在 LN_2温度下的磁滞损耗和剩余磁滞量Δm_(rem)与最大外场 H_m 的关系,发现织构样品的测量结果与 Bean 模型很吻合,而烧结样品偏离了 Bean 模型.根据实验结果对两种样品的性能进行了对比分析,并讨论了一些与磁滞损耗相关的问题.     

多芯NbTi组合导体的交流损耗

测量了多芯NbTi组合导体在纵向场和横向场中的动态磁化曲线和静态磁化曲线,给出磁场峰值最大到60kOe的交流损耗值。静态法测量结果与磁滞模型一致,动态法则包括磁滞损耗和芯间耦合导致的涡流损耗。由于几何因子的差别和钉扎强度的各向异性,导体在纵向场中的损耗低于横向场中的值。     

高温超导体的磁化与磁滞损耗

利用三种临界态模型(Bean模型、Kim模型和指数模型),采用比较简单的方法,以Bi2223高温超导体为例,给出了平板状超导体的初始磁化曲线和磁滞回线的解析表达式.对不同温度和磁场下的磁化强度进行了编程计算,对计算结果进行讨论.利用推导的公式,讨论了温度和外加磁场对高温超导体的磁滞损耗的影响. 关键词： 磁滞损耗 磁通钉扎 高温超导体 临界态模型     

基于力磁耦合效应的铁磁材料修正磁化模型

Jiles-Atherton (J-A)模型和Zheng Xiao-Jing-Liu Xing-En (Z-L)模型在分析应力对铁磁材料磁化的影响方面应用十分广泛.目前, J-A模型中的磁致伸缩应变与应力和磁化强度的关系式采用Jiles给出的经典拟合公式,该拟合公式中磁化强度的二次项和四次项系数与应力均为线性关系,不能准确描述铁磁材料磁致伸缩系数随应力、磁化强度的非线性变化规律; Z-L模型中磁致伸缩应变与应力和磁化强度的关系式采用了双曲正切函数tanh(x),更好地描述了铁磁材料磁致伸缩应变和磁化强度随应力的非线性变化规律,但Z-L模型却没有考虑Weiss分子场、钉扎效应的作用,且由于采用了基于弹性能的接近定理,只能描述弹性应力对磁化过程的影响.针对上述问题,本文结合Z-L模型中的非线性磁致伸缩应变关系式以及J-A模型中的磁滞理论,考虑弹性应力、塑性变形对模型参数的影响,建立了能够反映弹-塑性阶段应力与塑性变形对铁磁材料磁化曲线影响的修正磁化模型,分析了弹性拉、压应力及塑性拉、压变形对磁化曲线、矫顽力和剩余磁化强度的影响规律.通过与试验结果及原有模型的计算结果进行对比,发现修正模型能够更好地反映单次磁化、循环磁化过程中应力、塑性变形对磁化曲线的影响规律,理论预测结果与试验结果之间的相关系数均在0.98以上,可为分析力磁耦合效应对铁磁材料磁化影响规律提供更准确的理论模型.     

Bi2223/Ag超导带背景场损耗和磁场响应特性研究

采用改进的瓦特计技术,研究了在77K和低场范围内单芯和多芯Bi2223/Ag超导带的背景场损耗(包括表面损耗、磁滞损耗和耦合损耗)和在交变外磁场下的穿透电压与磁场响应特性.最小磁场小于1×10-4T.单芯带材和大块超导体的损耗一致,在整个磁场范围内损耗和磁场符合指数关系,Q∝Hn:当HHp时, n≈1.1,损耗主要是磁滞损耗.从单芯带材的损耗曲线我们得到了Bi2223相的Hc1≈6×10-4T.对于多芯带材而言,损耗由磁滞损耗和耦合损耗组成,耦合损耗起主要作用,损耗和磁场符合指数关系,Q∝Hn:当HHp时, n≈1.7, 损耗包括磁滞损耗和耦合损耗,耦合损耗占主要部分.在磁场小于1×10-4T的低场下,单芯和多芯带材损耗研究结果目前还未见报道.研究了超导体中穿透电压和外磁场的响应关系,给出了穿透电压和外磁场的关系曲线,结合超导体中的磁化强度变化过程对曲线给出了合理的解释.     

基于Jiles-Atherton理论的铁磁材料塑性变形磁化模型修正

Jiles-Atherton(J-A)模型在磁化建模领域应用广泛,但不同文献给出的J-A模型并不一致,致使采用不同表达式建立的塑性变形磁化模型存在多种版本,其正确性难以甄别.通过对无磁滞磁化方程、能量守恒方程和等效磁场强度方程的梳理与比较,发现原有模型中存在将磁化强度和无磁滞磁化强度混用、将不可逆磁化能量等效于全部的磁化能量、等效磁场强度中应力磁化项界定不清等问题.在此基础上,对上述方程进行了修正,推导了基于J-A模型的塑性变形磁化修正模型.将修正模型计算结果与原模型计算结果、相关文献中的试验结果进行对比,结果表明:与原有计算模型相比,修正模型计算结果的饱和磁化强度和剩余磁化强度随塑性变形增加而减小,矫顽力随塑性变形增大而增大,达到饱和磁化强度时的外磁场强度随塑性变形增大而增大的趋势有所减弱,更符合试验结果,可更准确地反映塑性变形对材料磁化的影响.     

Fe含量和粒径对Fe/Cu颗粒膜结构和磁性的影响

采用共蒸发法制备不同组分的Fe/Cu颗粒膜,将样品分两组进行退火和不退火处理. 根据测量及分析,确定了不同成分的Fe/Cu颗粒膜的相组成和晶体结构;找出了 Fe/Cu颗粒膜矫顽力与粒径的关系,利用此关系由自发形核理论可知,提高功率,快速蒸镀薄膜,可得到细密颗粒的Fe/Cu颗粒膜,从而降低矫顽力,减少磁滞损耗.     

Bi系高温超导带材交流传输损耗的研究和分析

本文研究了Bi-2223高温超导带材的交流传输损耗和频率及运行电流的关系, 调查了热循环过程对交流传输损耗的影响. 实验中, 使用了Lock-in 放大器, 利用四引线法来测量带材交流传输损耗. 实验在温度为77K频率从45Hz到135Hz下进行. 在调查损耗和频率及运行电流的关系时, 发现在运行电流幅值小于临界电流时, 每周传输损耗和频率无关, 说明这时的损耗主要来源于磁滞损耗, 实验结果和Norris椭圆模型的计算结果很接近. 在研究交流传输损耗和热循环的关系时, 发现随着冷热循环次数的增加, 交流损耗也在增加. 这种损耗的增加来源于冷热循环过程中产生的应力, 这种应力的释放减弱了晶粒间的Josephson连接, 使临界电流下降, 从而造成了交流传输损耗的增加.     

弱外场对铁磁晶体定态磁化取向的影响分析

首先推出了铁磁晶体在弱外场作用下定态磁化参量,用斜率比较法分析了直接影响磁化取向的参量-平均场的取值情况,讨论了弱外场对定态磁化参量的影响机制,结果发现:①在弱外场较小时,系统与无外场时的情况类似,也有两个稳定取向和一个不稳定取向;如弱外场约大于自旋相互作用,则系统只有一个沿外场方向的稳定取向;②在外场比较弱的情况下,平均场可表示为外场的线性关系;③当平均场取下值点时,所有的N+和N-随弱外场变化的两条曲线相交于坐标轴的左边,磁化强度比的零点左移,外施磁场越大,交点越趋近于A点;当平均场取上值点时,所有的N+和N-随弱外场变化的两条曲线相交于坐标轴的右边,磁化强度比的零点右移,外施磁场越大,交点越趋近于A点.     

4.5K下的Bi2223／Ag多芯带材的磁化和磁滞损耗

本利用临界态模型Ｊｃ＝βＢ＾－ｐ叙述了长柱矩形或圆形截面Ｂｉ２２２３／Ａｇ１９芯高温超导带材在温度４．５Ｋ和与柱轴平行外场下的磁化行为，临界电流密度和磁滞损耗，并与实验结果进行比较。     

外应力对铁磁/反铁磁体系交换偏置的影响及阶跃现象

采用能量极小原理及S-W模型研究了外应力对铁磁/反铁磁（FM/AFM）双层薄膜体系交换偏置的影响.不施加外磁场时,根据能量与铁磁层磁化强度方向之间的关系,指出体系存在单稳态和双稳态两种不同的状态,是由交换各向异性与单轴各向异性之间的竞争控制的.体系处于单稳态还是双稳态直接决定着交换偏置的角度依赖关系.分析磁化过程发现,外磁场沿内禀易轴及内禀难轴方向施加时,磁滞回线的一支转换场发生突变,而另一支转换场则保持不变,最终导致交换偏置场和矫顽场出现阶跃行为.数值计算表明,交换偏置场和矫顽场在阶跃点均具有较大的数值 关键词： 单稳态 双稳态 外应力     

Topology-like dynamical behavior of magnetization reversal in exchange-bias systems

In an exchange-bias system, the barriers with intrinsic potential energy may be asymmetric due to unidirectional anisotropy. Based on the Stoner-Wohlfarth model, we show that the asymmetric barriers may lead to four kinds of dynamical process underlying the hysteresis-loop measurement. These kinds of dynamical processes are different in a topology-like property, which can be controlled by the orientation of the external field. In our study, a new analysis approach has been proposed to reveal the dynamical behaviors of magnetization reversal. With this approach, coercivity, exchange-bias field, and asymmetry of hysteresis loops can be quantitatively obtained.     

Nickel nanofibers and nanowires: Elaboration by reduction in polyol medium assisted by external magnetic field

Nickel nanowires, with diameter 250 nm and a length of several microns, were prepared by the polyol process (chemical reduction) while an external magnetic field of 1.4 T has been applied during preparation. This combination has allowed the elaboration of Ni nanowires with a yield of over 90%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that these nanowires crystallize with the face-centered-cubic structure. Magnetic static measurements showed the effect on the nanoparticles’ morphology of the external magnetic field applied during the synthesis. They also allowed studying the effect of the external magnetic field on the magnetic properties of nanowires as a function of their orientation. When nanowires are aligned parallel with magnetic field, the hysteresis loop obtained is very open with a coercivity field (Hc) value of 385 Oe and a high remanence to saturation ratio Mr/Ms of 0.85.     

不同易轴取向下对Nd_2Fe_(14)B/Fe_(65)Co_(35)磁性双层膜的微磁学模拟

运用三维数值模拟计算方法,计算了膜面外不同易轴取向下Nd2Fe14B/Fe65Co35磁性双层膜的磁滞回线、角度分布、成核场、矫顽力和磁能积等,并与实验结果进行了细致比较.计算结果表明:只有当易轴与外场之间的夹角β=0?时,才有明显的成核现象,其成核场和矫顽力均随着软磁相厚度Ls的增加而降低;随着易轴偏角β的增大,剩磁逐渐减小,磁滞回线的方形度降低,从而磁能积减小,在Ls=1 nm,β=0?时磁能积(561.61 kJ/m3)最大.理论计算所得的磁滞回线与实验磁滞回线符合得很好,剩磁和矫顽力的理论值与实验值相差很小.     

Magnetization processes in Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets

The hysteresis loop of Nd₁₅Fe₇₇B₈ can be decomposed in hysteresis loops of two magnetic phases; one with a comparatively low coercivity and the other with a high coercivity. The volume ratio of these phases depends on the temperature and the angle between the external field and pseudo c-axis.     

Switching process in hard Co–Pt films

The switching process of electrodeposited Co-rich Co–Pt thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy is investigated by out-of-plane angle-dependent hysteresis loop measurements. The switching field angular dependence is discussed in terms of basic reversal mechanisms. A model is proposed, based on a two-step switching process, to evaluate the variations of the intensity and orientation of the internal field as the modulus of external magnetic field is varied at each angle φ. Several experimentally observed salient features are well-understood, indicating that switching is due to inverse domain propagation.     

Extraction of hysteresis loops from main magnetization curves

In firm catalogues,the basic properties of magnetic materials are often described by their main magnetization curves. Such curves may be used for the first analysis of circuits containing ferromagnetic cores. The analysis will be more accurate, if the curves are transformed into the families of hysteresis loops. To enable the reconstruction of such loops, we formulate a simple model of hysteresis, making main magnetization curve directly dependent on coercivity. In this way we can approximate hysteresis loops of most typical materials in a pretty wide range of magnetization. Application of variable coercivity enables extension of the model to stronger fields.     

Exchange bias for ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic bilayers with the uniaxial anisotropy being misaligned with the exchange anisotropy

Using the principle of minimal energy and S-W model, the exchange bias for ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic bilayers has been investigated when the uniaxial anisotropy is misaligned with the exchange anisotropy. According to the relation between the energy of the bilayer and the orientation of ferromagnetic magnetization, it is found that the bilayer will be in the monostable state or bistable state when the external field is absent in the initial magnetization state. The monostable state or bistable state of the bilayer, which determines the angular dependence of exchange bias directly, is controlled by the competition between the exchange anisotropy and uniaxial anisotropy. When the applied field is parallel to the intrinsic easy axes and intrinsic hard axes, one of the switching fields of the hysteresis loop shows an abrupt change, while the other keep continuous by analyzing the magnetization reversal processes. Consequently, the exchange bias field and the coercivity will show a jump phenomenon. The numerical calculations indicate that both the magnitude and direction of the exchange anisotropy will significantly affect the angular dependence of exchange bias. The jump phenomenon of exchange bias is an intrinsic property of the bilayer, which is dependent on the interfacial exchange-coupling constant, the orientation of the exchange anisotropy, the thickness and uniaxial anisotropy constant of the ferromagnetic layer.     

Dynamic hysteresis in ferroelectric systems: experiment and Monte Carlo simulation

A Monte Carlo algorithm for dynamic hysteresis simulation in ferroelectric spin systems is developed based on a DIFFOUR model in which the local spontaneous polarization is defined by the double-well potential energy and the nearest-neighbor spin interaction as well as an external electrical field of variable amplitude and frequency. A direct measurement of the hysteresis loop for ferroelectric Pb(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O₃ thin film capacitors using the Sawyer–Tower technique is performed. Significant dependence of the hysteresis shape and pattern on the external field is revealed. Direct imaging of the simulated domain pattern indicates serious suppression of the domain switching over the high-frequency range. The evaluated scaling relations from the simulation for remanence, coercivity, and the area of the hysteresis over the low-frequency range are supported by theoretical predictions and experiments, but the high-frequency scaling behaviors as derived are different from one and another. Received: 23 January 2001 / Accepted: 17 August 2001 / Published online: 20 December 2001     

Unusual magnetic hysteresis behavior of oxide spinel MnCo2O4

Magnetic hysteresis behavior of the oxide spinel MnCo₂O₄ has been studied at different temperatures below its T_c≈184 K. Normal hysteresis behavior is observed down to 130 K whereas below this temperature the initial magnetization curve, at higher magnetic fields, lies outside the main loop. No related anomaly is observed in the temperature variation of magnetization or coercivity. However, the anisotropy field overcomes the coercivity below 130 K. The unusual magnetic hysteresis behavior of MnCo₂O₄, at low temperatures, may be associated with irreversible domain wall movements due to the rearrangement of the valence electrons.