高亮度大功率InGaAIP红光LED芯片研制

报道了大功率高亮度InGaAIP红光LED芯片的设计和工艺制备,实验芯片采用环形插指状电极。和传统的LED芯片相比较,环形插指状电极LED芯片电流扩展分布更均匀,而且更有利于与其它器件的集成。对制备好的芯片进行了I-V特性、光谱特性、光通量和光强的测量。芯片的电性能非常好,其开启电压VT为1．5V;当工作电压达到3V时,工作电流为500mA;在工作电流为350mA时,峰值波长为635nm,半峰全宽为16．4nm。光强为830mcd。在色度学测试中,色坐标为x=0．6943,y=0．3056,显色指数为18．4。因此可以得知高亮度大功率InGaAIP红光LED是未来LED作为普通照明光源应用的第一步,而且将会在科学研究和工业投资的很多应用领域中成为新的焦点。     

电极结构优化对大功率GaN基发光二极管性能的影响

在台面结构的GaN基发光二极管(LED)里，电流要侧向传输，当尺寸与电流密度加大之后，由于n型GaN层和下限制层的横向电阻不能忽略，造成了横向电流分布不均匀.通过优化电极结构，以减小电流横向传输距离，制作出两种不同电极结构的大功率GaN基倒装LED.通过比较这两种不同电极结构的GaN基倒装大功率LED的电、光性能，发现在350mA正向电流下，插指电极结构的倒装大功率GaN基LED的正向电压为3.35V，比环形插指电极结构的倒装大功率GaN基LED高0.15V.尽管环形插指电极结构GaN基LED的发光面积略小于插指电极结构GaN基LED，但在大电流下，环形插指电极结构倒装GaN基LED的光输出功率比插指电极结构的倒装大功率LED的光输出功率大.并且在大电流下，环形插指电极结构的倒装大功率LED光输出功率饱和速度慢，而插指电极结构的倒装大功率LED光输出功率饱和明显.这说明优化电极结构能提高电流扩展均匀性，减小焦耳热的产生，改善GaN基LED的性能.     

插指型SiO_2电流阻挡层对大功率LED外量子效率的影响

为了改善蓝光大功率LED芯片p电极处的电流拥挤现象,提高大功率LED芯片的外量子效率,在ITO透明导电层与p-GaN间沉积插指型SiO_2电流阻挡层。采用等离子体增强化学气相沉积的方法沉积SiO_2薄膜,再经过光刻和BOE湿法刻蚀技术制备插指型SiO_2电流阻挡层。采用SimuLED仿真软件分析插指型SiO_2电流阻挡层对大功率LED芯片电流扩展性能的影响,研究插指型SiO_2电流阻挡层对大功率LED芯片外量子效率的影响。结果发现,插指型SiO_2电流阻挡层结构可以有效改善p电极附近的电流拥挤现象。与没有沉积插指型SiO_2电流阻挡层的大功率LED芯片相比,光输出功率得到显著的提高。在350 mA的输入电流下,沉积插指型SiO_2电流阻挡层后的大功率LED芯片的外量子效率提高了18.7%。     

电流阻挡层对大功率LED光电热特性的影响

LED芯片作为LED光源的核心,其质量直接决定了器件的性能、寿命等,因此在内量子效率已达到高水平的情况下,致力于提高光提取效率是推动LED芯片技术发展的关键一步。由于蓝宝石衬底具有绝缘特性,传统LED将N和P电极做在芯片出光面的同一侧,而芯片出光面上的P电极焊盘金属会遮挡吸收其正下方发光区发出的大部分光而造成光损失,为改善这一现象并缓解P电极周围的电流拥挤效应,本文设计制备了在P电极正下方的氧化铟锡(ITO)透明导电层和p-GaN之间插入SiO_2薄膜作为电流阻挡层(CBL)的大功率LED,并与无CBL结构的大功率LED相比较。对未封装的有无CBL结构的LED在350 mA电流下进行正向偏压,辐射通量,主波长等裸芯性能测试,结果显示两种芯片的正向偏压均集中在3～3.1 V,而有CBL结构的LED光输出功率有明显提升,这是因为CBL阻挡了电流在P电极正下方的扩散,减少流向有源区的电流密度,故减小了P电极对光的吸收和遮挡,且电流通过CBL引导至远离P电极的区域,缓解了电极周围的电流拥挤。对两种芯片进行相同结构和工艺条件的封装,并对封装样品进行热特性及10～600 mA的变电流光电特性测试,得到两种器件的发光光谱及光功率等光学特性。结果表明随着电流增加,两种器件的光谱曲线均发生蓝移,且有CBL结构的LED主波长偏移量较无CBL结构LED少10 nm,可见有CBL结构的LED光谱受驱动电流变化的影响更小,因此其显色性能更为稳定。而在小电流条件下, CBL对器件光功率的影响不大,随着工作电流的增大, CBL对器件光功率的改善效果逐渐提升。在大电流条件下,无CBL结构的LED结温更高,正向电压更低,随电流的增大二者之间的电压差增大。在25℃的环境温度, 350 mA工作电流下,加入CBL结构使器件电压升高约0.04 V,但器件光功率最高提升了9.96%,且热阻明显小于无CBL结构器件,说明有CBL结构LED产热更少。因此CBL结构大大提高了器件的光提取效率,并使其光谱漂移更小,显色性能更为稳定。     

大功率GaN基发光二极管的电流扩展效应及电极结构优化研究

定性分析了GaN基LED的电流扩展效应，发现电流密度和电流横向扩展的有效长度对电流均匀扩展有很大影响.基于此，对GaN基大功率LED提出了优化的电极结构，以减缓电流拥挤效应，降低器件串联电阻.通过用红外热像仪测量器件表面的温度分布，发现具有优化的环形插指电极结构的GaN基大功率LED表面温度分布比较均匀，证明芯片接触处电流扩展均匀，局部电流密度降低，减小了焦耳热的产生，增强了器件的可靠性.     

大功率GaN基发光二极管的电流扩展效应及电极结构优化研究

定性分析了GaN基LED的电流扩展效应,发现电流密度和电流横向扩展的有效长度对电流均匀扩展有很大影响.基于此,对GaN基大功率LED提出了优化的电极结构,以减缓电流拥挤效应,降低器件串联电阻.通过用红外热像仪测量器件表面的温度分布,发现具有优化的环形插指电极结构的GaN基大功率LED表面温度分布比较均匀,证明芯片接触处电流扩展均匀,局部电流密度降低,减小了焦耳热的产生,增强了器件的可靠性. 关键词： 氮化镓 发光二极管 电流扩展 电极结构优化     

GaN基LED电流扩展的有限元模型及电极结构优化

针对目前蓝宝石衬底上外延生长制备的GaN基半导体发光二极管(LED)器件存在电流分布不均匀的问题,建立了LED的电流扩展模型,提出了定量评价其特性的参数和标准。通过用有限元方法计算LED中电流的三维空间分布,对不同的电极结构进行了定量的比较,给出了优化的电极结构。计算结果显示,在相同工艺参数下,采用插指型电极结构的LED与采用传统型电极结构和扩展正极型电极结构的LED相比,电流扩展更均匀,串联电阻更小。在此基础上,对插指型电极结构作了进一步的参数优化,得出了使LED的串联电阻取最小值时的插指型电极的结构参数。根据优化得到的参数制作了相应的LED样品,并与采用扩展正极型电极结构的LED做了对比实验。实验结果表明,计算得出的结果与实验结果符合得很好。采用了优化后的插指型电极结构的LED与采用扩展正极型电极结构的LED相比,前者的串联电阻仅为后者的44.4%。     

基于金属线路板的新型大功率LED及其光电特性研究

设计、制作了基于金属线路板和板上芯片技术的大功率白光LED,对其光电特性进行了实验测量,输入电流达到800 mA,对应的输入功率3.3 W,大功率LED的输出光通量才达到饱和.输入电流达到900 mA,对应的输入功率3.8 W,大功率LED电流—电压特性仍未表现出饱和特性.实验结果表明,采用金属线路板和板上芯片技术可以得到良好的散热特性,大大提高LED的输入功率.同时还测量了光谱分布、光通量、色坐标随电流的变化情况,对其中的变化规律进行了理论分析.     

中高温GaN插入层厚度对蓝光LED光电性能的影响

利用金属有机气相化学沉积(MOCVD)技术在蓝宝石图形衬底上生长GaN基蓝光LED,并系统研究了不同中高温GaN插入层厚度对其光电性能的影响。利用芯片测试仪和原子力显微镜(AFM)表征了GaN基蓝光LED外延片的光电性能以及表面形貌。当中高温GaN插入层厚度从60 nm增加至100 nm时,V形坑尺寸从70~110 nm增加至110~150 nm。当注入电流为20 mA时,LED芯片的光功率从21.9 mW增加至24.1mW;当注入电流为120 mA时,LED芯片的光功率从72.4 mW增加至82.4 mW。对V形坑尺寸调控LED光电性能的相关物理机制进行了分析,结果表明:增大V形坑尺寸有利于增加空穴注入面积和注入效率,进而提高LED器件的光功率。     

注入电流对绿光高压LED光电特性的影响

设计并制备了12 V 的GaN基绿光高压发光二极管（LED）,并对其进行了变电流测试。研究了绿光高压LED的正向电压、峰值波长、光功率以及光效等重要参数随注入电流的变化关系,电流变化范围为3~50 mA,测试温度为25 ℃。实验结果表明：电流对绿光高压LED的光电特性有很大影响。在驱动电流为20 mA时,对应电压为14 V。随着注入电流的增大,峰值波长蓝移了2 nm。随着电流的增大,光功率近似于线性增加。在注入电流从3 mA增大到20 mA的过程中,光效降低了约61%;在注入电流从20 mA增大到50 mA的过程中,光效降低了约39%。这说明高压LED在大电流驱动时,光效降低的幅度比较缓慢。上述结果对 GaN基绿光高压 LED 的改进优化具有一定的参考价值。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.